Chapter 13 – Japan, Korea, Vietnam

AP WORLD HISTORY

What do we know about Post-Classical China?

Sui, Tang, Song Dynasties

Sui: rebuilds after chaos resulting from the fall of the Han dynasty; Grand Canal to connect north and south

Tang: Early support and promotion of Buddhism (Empress Wu); increase in temples/education/rights of women; eventually ban Buddhism; Perfect Bureaucracy/Civil Service Exam; growth of large cities

Song: Neo-Confucianism; foot binding; strong trade networks and navy; some tendencies for exploration

Eventually will be invaded by Mongols in 1237 CE

China’s View of the Asian Peoples

•Story of Phuc and the Barbarians’ Hotel•Story shows reverence for China but also showed the view China held for “others”•China was seen as “Middle Kingdom”•Chinese language, Confucianism, technological innovations and social/political organization spread throughout Vietnam, Korea and Japan•This spread was also met with open resistance when direct control was exerted (Vietnam & Korea)

Japan in the Post-Classical Period

Influence of Chinese Government, Culture and

Traditions in Japan7th and 8th centuries CE - Chinese

influence in full effect in Japan Taika Reforms (646 CE)

Change Japanese leader into absolute emperorChinese language in Japanese bureaucracyDynastic historiesEtiquette blended from China and JapanBuddhist art; Confucian practices Ultimately fail - WHY?

Buddhist monks overly powerful; aristocratic families seize control in reaction and move capital to Heian

Chinese Influence Upon Japanese Culture

Royal Court Proceedings Emphasized education, politeness, social norms,

literature/poetry/artPalaces and Gardens

The Tale of GenjiDecline of Chinese influence

Imperial family loses power to powerful landownersLess stress on importance of Chinese customs which

were deeply connected to Imperial family Formal gov’t replaced with bakufu (military

government)

The emperor The emperor reigned, but did reigned, but did not always rule!not always rule! JapanesJapanes

eFeudal eFeudal SocietySociety

JapanesJapaneseFeudal eFeudal SocietySociety

Japanese Social Structure Samurai Code of

Honor (Bushido)Loyalty to lords and

emperor, Politeness, Simplicity

Hunting, Archery, Steel Swords and Longbow

Seppuku - killing oneself for dishonorable deeds

Japanese vs. European Feudalism

Japanese vs. European Feudalism

  Europe Japan

Nobility king, lordsemperor, shogun,

daimyo

Warriors knights samurai

Code of conduct chivalry bushido

Evolution

Both practices developed in response to the need for security and stability everyone had well-defined social roles helped preserve law and order

Japanese Economy

Growth of urban commerceGuildsBetter crops (soybeans)Settle in new areas

Impact on WomenGuild and trade participation in merchant classesElite women: lost rights to inherit land and certain

forms of education Used in marriage alliances

Decline of Post-Classical Japan

ShogunsGain too much power; manipulated emperors

Military DivisionsDivide Japan into 300 little kingdoms

Changes in WarfareSneak attacks, untrained forces; decreased focus

on role of samuraiPeasant Unrest

Badly trained and poorly fed troopsRaid cities; some unsuccessful revolts and uprisings

Korea in the Post-Classical Period

Chinese Influence Upon Korea

Before arrival of Chinese Influence:Descendants of Siberia and ManchuriaSettle in Korean by 4th century BCE

Han Dynasty conquered Korea in 109 BCE; Chinese settlers to Korea

SinificationAdoption of Chinese cultureAided by Buddhism

Acceptance of certain Chinese traditionsWriting, unified law code, universities, bureaucracy

Sinification

Tang Dynasty conquers Korea, but eventually removes influence in 668 CEKorea remains independent until 20th century

Send groups to China to study Chinese culture (Tribute system)

Study Chinese textsArt - modeled Chinese pottery, architecture

(templies, pagodas), print-makingBuddhism

Limited Acceptance

Which group was most likely to accept Chinese culture in Korea?

Why?Elites did not intermarry or socialize outside of classes

so ideas never spreadDominated trade with China and JapanCommoners only related to religious (Buddhist) aspect

due to missionaries and festivals After expulsion of Mongols in 1231, Korea

establishes the Yi dynasty which will continue many of these trends until its rule ends in 1910

Vietnam in the Post-Classical Period

Vietnam

2nd century BCE - conquered by Han Pre-conquest: Viets had strong cultural

heritage of their ownAlready settled in area when come in

contact with Qin dynasty 100 years beforeResisted cultural influences but accepted

technological innovations and ideas about government

China views Viets as “southern barbarians”

Chinese vs. Vietnamese Cultures in Post-Classical Period

Chinese CultureXenophobicMandarin ChineseEmphasis on centralized

government/ bureaucracy

Women’s roles limited to household

Vietnamese Culture Willing to marry outside of

culture (Khmers in Cambodia)

Distinct language Emphasized local village

autonomy Women have good deal of

independence Also have different styles of

dress and hygiene

Influence Upon Vietnamese Elite

111 BCE - Han conquers VietnamElite look to benefit

Attend Chinese schoolsEnforce exam system for gov’t jobsAdopt irrigation techniques, Chinese

military organization, ancestor worship

Vietnamese Resistance to Chinese Influence

Peasants oppose influence - they don’t benefit as much as elite

Chinese in Vietnam look down upon lower-class customs

Trung sisters led revolt in 39 CeOpposed Confucian values - WHY?

Vietnam difficult for China to control due to geography (Distance/mountains)

939 CE - gain independence from ChinaRemain independent until 19th c. French colonization