Chapter 13

How Does Earth’s Orbit Affect the Seasons?

Everyday the sun rises in the east and sets in the west.

Sun- the star at the center of our solar system Rotates-spins on its axis Axis-an imaginary line that passes through

the North and South Poles.

In 1884, standard times were set up in 24 time zones around the world.

Each time zone represents one of the hours in a day.

The United States has seven time zones.

revolves- to travel in a closed path around another object. Orbit- a path one body takes in space as it revolves around another body. Equator- an imaginary line going all the way

around Earth halfway between the North and the South poles.

Sunrise, Sunset Use a flashlight and a ball to model day and

night. Where on the ball are sunrise and sunset represented?

1. Why does the earth have 4 seasons? A- Because the Earth’s axis are tilted. 2. When it is summer in the Northern

Hemisphere, what season is it in the Southern Hemisphere?

A- Winter 3. Why is it warmer in the summer than in

the winter? A- During the summer, the number of hours

of daylight is longer and the sun’s rays strike much of the hemisphere directly.

Brain pop seasons Brain pop more seasons

Summer and Winter solstice Summer solstice June,20th or 21st

Winter solstice, December 21st or 22nd Equinox Autumn equinox- September 22nd or 23rd Spring equinox- March 20th or 21st

How do Earth and the Moon Compare?

Moon- any natural body that revolves around a planet.

Crater- a low, bowl-shaped area on the surface of a planet or moon.

Earth and Moon Similarities Both are rocky and fairly dense. Both are made up of many of the same

elements. Aluminum, oxygen, calcium, silicon, and iron.

Both have craters.

Differences Size- moon is about 2160 miles, which is

only about 1/4th of the earth’s diameter.

Differences The moons pull of gravity is only 1/6th of

that on earth. The moon, has almost no atmosphere and

no liquid water. Temperatures on the moon range from 212

degrees F during day to -247 degrees F during the night.

Moon’s surface is covered with many more craters than earths.

Bill Nye

The Earth and the Moon both rotate, but at different speeds.

The moon rotates more slowly. Moon- rotates every 29 ½ days Earth – rotates every 24 hours The same side of the moon always faces the

earth. Moon does NOT give off light, it is the

reflection of the sun.

Moon phase- is one of the shapes the moon seems to have as it orbits Earth.

Sun Earth Moon = Full moon (can see) Sun Moon Earth = New Moon (can’t see)

Eclipse- occurs when one body on space blocks light from reaching another body in space.

Solar eclipse- occurs when the moon, always a new moon, casts a shadow on Earth.

The moon seems to cover the sun, and the sky gets dark.

Lunar eclipse- occurs when the moon, always a full moon, passes through the shadow of Earth.

Earth blocks the sun’s light from reaching the moon, but the moon does not look black. Instead, it looks red.

This is because the Earth’s atmosphere bends the red light, which then reflects off the moon.

Refraction- bending light

What makes up our Solar System?

Star- a huge ball of very hot gases in space. Solar system- made up of a star and all the

planets and other objects that revolve around that star.

The source of much of the energy on Earth Plants use energy from the sun to make

food and store energy. Animals eat plants to use that food energy. Some plants and animals that died long ago

became fossil fuels, such as oil that we use today.

The sun is huge, a million Earths could fit inside it.

Sunspots are darker, cooler areas of the sun.

Sunspots can produce brief bursts of energy called solar flares.

Brain pop – sun See Roles of the sun PowerPoint

One way scientists classify stars is by their color.

Stars can be blue, white, and yellow, to orange and red.

The color of the star is a clue to how hot it is.

Another way scientists classify stars is by their brightness.

Depends on how close it is to Earth And how bright it actually is.

A pattern of stars that is named after a religious or mythical object or animal.

One set is visible from the Northern Hemisphere, another is visible from the Southern Hemisphere. (see PowerPoint called Constellation drawings)

My- Mercury Very- Venus Excellent-

Earth Mother- Mars Just- Jupiter Served- Saturn Us- Uranus Nine- Neptune Pizza’s- Pluto

Planet- a body that revolves around a star. We have 9 in our solar system. A planet is held in its orbit by the

gravitational force between the planet and the star.

Asteroid belt- a ring-shaped area where many small, rocky bodies, or asteroids, are located. It is located between the inner and outer planets.

There are 4, they are rocky and dense.

Mercury Closest to the sun About the size of Earth’s moon. Almost no atmosphere and a surface

covered with craters and dust. The side facing the sun is HOT!!- about 810

degrees F.The side not facing the sun can be very cold.

About -290 degrees.

Venus The brightest object in the night sky, after

the moon. About the same size as Earth and it’s rocky Venus can be very hot, even hotter than

Mercury because Venus’s thick atmosphere keeps heat from escaping.

Earth Only planet to support life, because of its

liquid water and atmosphere. Earth’s atmosphere maintains temperatures

in which living things can survive.

Mars Called the red planet because of its reddish

soil. Atmosphere is mostly carbon dioxide. Its valley’s are evidence that Mars once

had liquid water. Has the largest volcano in the solar system It has dust storms that can last for months.

Beyond the asteroid belt Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, Neptune, and Pluto The first 4 are called gas giants because the

are composed mostly of hydrogen and helium.

Jupiter Largest planet in the solar system Has rings and dozens of moons, including

Ganymede, the largest moon in the solar system.

There is a huge storm on Jupiter that has lasted for about 400 years.

The storm is called – The Great Red Spot

Saturn Best known for its rings, made of ice, dust,

boulders, and frozen gas. Its rings stretch about 84,650 miles from

the center of the planet. Has dozens of moons.

Uranus Many moons and rings Rotates on an axis that is tilted much more

than those of other planets. Looks like a top that has fallen over and is

still spinning.

Several rings and moons Has the fastest winds in the solar system.

Pluto Small and rocky Unusual orbit. Sometimes is closer to the

sun than Neptune. It has one moon, that is ½ its size.

Just how far apart are they??? Bill Nye School House Rock- Interplant Janet Planets song Planets song #2

Universe- everything that exists- all the stars, the planets, dust, gases, and energy.

Galaxy- is gas, dust, and a group of stars, including any objects orbiting the stars.

Our galaxy is the Milky Way. Scientists estimate that the universe

contains more than 100 billion galaxies. See brain pop galaxies and Milky way

4 basic types: spiral, barred spiral, elliptical, and irregular.

Milky way is a spiral galaxy with a bulge of stars in the center and rotating arms around a disk. The sun is in one of the Milky Way Galaxy’s spiral arms.

Barred spiral galaxy is similar to a spiral galaxy, but the spiral arms extend from a bar of stars that stretches across the center.

Elliptical galaxies- make up about half of all galaxies.

Their shapes range from almost a sphere to a flattened football shape.

They do not seem to rotate.

Irregular galaxies are groups of stars with no obvious shape.

Galaxies

Is an object of extremely intense gravity. They are so dense that even light gets

pulled into them. Scientists concluded that a black hole forms

when a large star collapses.

In 1609 the telescope was invented, this gave people a closer look into space.

Russian satellite Sputnik 1 was launched into Earth’s atmosphere in 1957.

1960’s- Russian and United States spacecraft carried the first humans into space.

1969- U.S. astronaut Neil Armstrong became the first person to walk on the moon.

Scientists use telescopes, satellites, and space probes to continue to explore space.