Chapter 13 Addictive Behavior CHAPTER OUTLINE AddictionRisk Factors for Addiction Drugs and Dependence AlcoholTreatment of Addiction Tobacco Use

Chapter 13

Addictive Behavior

CHAPTER

OUTLINE Addiction Risk Factors for Addiction

Drugs and Dependence

Alcohol Treatment of Addiction

Tobacco Use

Key TermAddiction: Compulsive and uncontrollable behavior(s) or use of substance(s)

Addiction Risk Factors for Addiction



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Addictive BehaviorsAlmost anything can be addictive:

Work, shopping, television, the Internet, computer games, exercise, food, drugs

Other addictions includeGambling, pornography, sex, people, places




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Addictive BehaviorsThe most serious type is chemical dependency on drugs; examples include

Socially “accepted” substancesCoffee, tobacco, alcohol

Illegal substances Cocaine, methamphetamine, MDMA, ecstasy, heroin, marijuana

OthersPrescription drugs




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Risk Factors for AddictionThe behavior is reinforced

The addiction is an attempt to meet a basic need

Stress

Peer pressure

Acceptance within a value system




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Risk Factors for AddictionPain from serious illness

Pressure to perform or succeed

Low self-esteem

Genetic susceptibility

Society accepts addictive behaviors




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What Is a Drug?A drug is any substance that alters the user’s ability to function

Over-the-counter drugs

Prescription medications

Illegal substances

Many drugs lead to physical and psychological dependence




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DrugsAny drug can be misused or abused

Misuse: the intentional or inappropriate use of over-the-counter or prescribed medications

Abuse: the intentional or inappropriate use of a drug resulting in physical, emotional, financial, intellectual, or social consequences

The body often develops tolerance to drugs, requiring a higher dose with subsequent use




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The Influence of Drug AbuseMore than 50% of adolescent suicides are drug-related

Drug abuse can open the gate to other illegal activities

70% of federal inmates and 80% of state inmates have abused drugs

60% of the world’s production of illegal drugs is consumed in the U.S.

Americans spend more than $65 billion each year on illegal drugs (more than for all U.S. crops)




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MarijuanaMost widely used illegal drug in the U.S.Low doses yield a sedative effectLarger doses produce physical and psychic changesShort-term effects include

Tachycardia, difficulty in concentration, decreased coordination, memory impairment, confusion, increased heart attack risk

Long-term effects includeThe amotivational syndrome, brain atrophy, brain damage, immune system dysfunction, chronic bronchitis, lung cancer, sterility, impotence




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Critical ThinkingThe legalization of marijuana for medical purposes is being heatedly debated across the United States. Do you think this decision should rest with the government, medical personnel, or the individuals themselves?




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CocaineMore than 5.7 million Americans use cocaine25% of first time users will become addictedAddiction becomes a lifetime nightmarePopularity based on the almost immediate feeling of euphoria




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CocaineInitial high

Alleviates fatigue, raises energy, decreases need for food and sleepBut increases risk of sudden death

Then comes the “crash”Physiological and psychological depression leaving a desire for additional drug

Long-term consequences includeDigestive disorders, malnutrition, insomnia, anxiety, cocaine psychosis (“coke bugs”), tremors, seizures, strokes, cardiac arrhytmias




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MethamphetamineFastest growing drug problem in the U.S.A central nervous system stimulantPrimary effect

Produces a feeling of well-being and increased motor activityBut decreases appetite, fatigue, and sleep

Chronic users experienceInflammation of the heart lining, schizophrenia-like mental disorder, and brain cell damage

Users are frequently involved in violent crime, homicide, and suicide




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MDMA (Ecstasy)Most common club drug in the U.S.A stimulant and hallucinogenic drugPromoted as a drug that increases energy, pleasure, and self-confidenceUsers may experience

Faintness, blurred vision, chills, sweating, nausea, muscle tension, and teeth-grinding

Long-term effects includeConfusion, depression, sleep disorders, anxiety, aggression, paranoia, and verbal and visual memory impairment




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HeroinA sedative drug synthesized from morphine (opium)

An extremely addictive and tolerance-developing drug

Induces an almost immediate state of euphoria

An overdose can cause convulsions, coma, and death




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HeroinShort-term use symptoms include

Bone and muscle pains, muscle spasms and cramps, runny nose and eyes, drowsiness, slurred speech, nausea, and violent yawning

Long-term symptoms includeHallucinations; nightmares; constipation; sexual difficulties; and increased risk for lung, liver, and cardiovascular disease

SIDS is more frequently seen in children born to addicted mothers




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AlcoholAlcohol abuse is one of the most significant health-related drug problems in the U.S.

Alcohol intake impedes peripheral vision, impairs the ability to see and hear, decreases reaction time, hinders concentration and motor performance, and causes impaired judgment of distance and speed of moving objects

Alcohol use also lessens fear, increases risk-taking behaviors, stimulates urination, and induces sleep




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13.1Long-Term Risks Associated with Alcohol Abuse

13.2Average Number of Drinks by College Students per Week by GPA

College Students and Alcohol Misuse

44% of students engage in binge drinking (5 or more drinks in a row)

Alcohol is a factor in 28% of all college dropouts

25% of students report academic problems as a result of alcohol misuse

29% of students admit driving while intoxicated

More than 50% of students participate in games that involve heavy drinking




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The Impact of Binge Drinking

Key TermSynergistic action: The effect of mixing two or more drugs, which can be much greater than the drugs acting by themselves




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Alcohol and Dating

Decide ahead of time what action to take if your date puts you in an uncomfortable situationMost people think they are in control of their drinking habits and do not realize they have a problem until they become alcoholics

How to Cut Down on DrinkingDetermine that you want to cut down on drinking

Set reasonable limits

Learn to say no politely and firmly

Drink slowly

Dilute your drinks

Do not drink on your own




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Treatment of AddictionRecognize that there is a problem

Recovery almost always requires professional help

Consult a physician, counseling center, or local mental health clinic

Contact the National Center for Substance Abuse Treatment at 1-800-662-HELP for 24-hour substance abuse treatment centers in your area

Successful treatment includes psychotherapy, medical care, and behavior modification




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Cigarette SmokingCigarette smoking became popular in the mid 1800s

Harmful effects of cigarette smoking became known in the 1960s

More than 1,200 toxic chemicals have been found in tobacco smoke

Tar contains about 60 chemical compounds that are proven carcinogens




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Key TermsNicotine: Addictive compound found in tobacco leaves

Tar: Chemical compound that forms during the burning of tobacco leaves




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Morbidity & MortalityThe World Health Organization estimates that 10% of the 6 billion people presently living will die from smoking-related illnesses

Cigarettes kill 26 times as many people as all illegal drugs combined (about 435,000/year)

Cigarette smoking is the single largest preventable cause of illness and premature death in the U.S.




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Morbidity & MortalityThe most common carcinogenic exposure in the workplace is cigarette smoke

Secondhand smoke causes an estimated 35,000 to 40,000 yearly deaths from heart disease in nonsmokers

About 3,000 people die each year from lung cancer because of secondhand smoke

Pipe and cigar smoking and chewing tobacco also increase the mortality rates from heart disease and lung, lip, mouth, and larynx cancer




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Every day, 1,200 Americans die from smoking 13.4The Health Effects of Smoking

Smoking-Related ProblemsCauses heart disease, cancer, stroke, aortic aneurysm, chronic bronchitis, emphysema, and peptic ulcers On average, each cigarette shortens life expectancyby 7 minutes87% of lung cancer and 30% of all cancers are caused by smokingSmoking affects the cardiovascular system by increasing heart rate, blood pressure, susceptibility to atherosclerosis, blood clots, coronary artery spasm, cardiac arrhythmia, and arteriosclerotic peripheral vascular disease




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Smoking-Related ProblemsAs far as the extra load on the heart is concerned, smoking one pack of cigarettes per day is the equivalent of carrying between 50 and 75 pounds of excess body fat

Smoking is the most prevalent cause of injury and death from fire

Cigarette smoke contains carbon monoxide which reduces the blood’s oxygen carrying capacity

Carbon monoxide and nicotine can cause damage to the arterial wall, enhancing atherosclerosis

Smoking causes increased adhesiveness and clustering of platelets, increasing blood thickness that may precipitate a heart attack




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13.3A Normal and a Diseased Alveoli

Critical ThinkingCigarette smoking is the largest preventable cause of premature illness and death in the United States. Do you think the government should outlaw the use of tobacco in all forms? Or does the individual have the right to engage in self-destructive behavior?




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Economic ImpactSmokers use the health care system twice as much as nonsmokers

A smoking employee costs an employer up to an additional $4,611 annually




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Critical ThinkingYou are in a designated nonsmoking area and the person next to you lights up a cigarette. What can you say to this person to protect your right to clean air?




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Smokeless TobaccoUse has increased during the last 15 years

Leads to health problemsGingivitis and periodontitis

Four times greater risk of oral cancer

Increased cavities, sore gums, bad breath, and stained teeth

Diminishes smell and taste

Increases heart rate and blood pressure

Just as addictive as cigarette smoking




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Smoking CessationNicotine is perhaps the most addictive drug known to humans

75 to 90% of smokers would like to quit

Most important factor in quitting is sincere desire to do so

20% of smokers who try to quit succeed the first time

More than 91% of successful ex-smokers have been able to quit on their own




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Steps to Smoking Cessation1. Decide positively that you want to quit2. Initiate a personal diet and exercise program3. Decide on the approach you will use to stop smoking

Cold turkeyCutting down gradually

4. Keep a daily log of your smoking habit for a few days5. Set the target date for quitting6. Stock up on low-calorie foods7. Quit!




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Life after CigarettesWithdrawal symptoms should be expected

Physiological addiction is broken in about 3 days following the last cigarette

Psychological addiction takes longer, possibly years to break

Benefits begin right after smoking cessation




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Following Smoking CessationRisk for illness starts to decrease the moment you stop smokingSore throats, sores in the mouth, hoarseness, cigarette cough, and risk for peptic ulcers decreaseCirculation to the hands and feet improveGastrointestinal, kidney, and bladder functions improveEverything tastes and smells betterYou will have more energyYou gain a sense of freedom, pride, and well-being




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Critical ThinkingIf you ever smoked or now smoke cigarettes, discuss your perceptions of how others accepted your behavior.

If you smoked and have quit, how did you accomplish the task, and has it helped in how you are viewed by others?

If you never smoked, how do perceive smokers?




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End of Chapter

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Chapter 13 Addictive Behavior CHAPTER OUTLINE AddictionRisk Factors for Addiction Drugs and Dependence AlcoholTreatment of Addiction Tobacco Use