Chapter 13States of Matter

Liquids and SolidsChanges of State

Objectives

• Liquid (13.2)– How the atoms are arranged– Basic properties

• Solids (13.3)– How the atoms are arranged– Basic properties

• Changes of State (13.4)– What does equilibrium mean?– Le Chatelier’s Principle (We will talk more in another unit)– The six basic phase changes– Be able to describe the parts of a heating and cooling curve– Understand a phase diagram

The Four States of Matter

Plasma

Solid

Liquid

Gas

What determines which state of matter you are in?

Particle arrangementEnergy of the particlesDistance between particles

STATES OF MATTERSOLIDS

•Particles of solids are tightly packed, vibrating about a fixed position.

•Solids have a definite shape and a definite volume.

STATES OF MATTERLIQUID

Particles of liquids are tightly packed, but are far enough apart to slide over one another.

Liquids have an indefinite shape and a definite volume.

STATES OF MATTERGAS

Particles of gases are very far apart and move freely.

Gases have an indefinite shape and an indefinite volume.

Compression of Gases, Liquids and Solids– Gases are compressible fluids. Their molecules

are widely separated.– Liquids are relatively incompressible fluids.

Their molecules are more tightly packed.– Solids are nearly incompressible and rigid.

Their molecules or ions are in close contact and do not move.

Properties of Liquids

• Relative High Density• Relative Incompressibility• Ability to diffuse• Surface Tension• Viscosity• Capillary Action• Vaporization (Evaporation and Boiling)• Freezing

Properties of Solids• High Density• High Incompressibility• Definite Melting Point• Low Rate Of Diffusion• Amorphous versus Crystalline

Equilibrium

A condition in which two opposing changes occur at equal rates in a closed system

PHASE CHANGES

Description of Phase Change

Term for Phase Change

Heat Movement DuringPhase Change

Solid to liquid

MeltingHeat goes into the solid as it melts.

Liquid to solid

FreezingHeat leaves the liquid as it freezes.

PHASE CHANGESDescription of Phase Change

Term for Phase Change

Heat Movement During Phase Change

Liquid to gas

Vaporization, which includes boiling and evaporation

Heat goes into the liquid as it vaporizes.

Gas to liquid

CondensationHeat leaves the gas as it condenses.

Solid to gas

Gas to solid

Sublimation

Deposition

Heat goes into the solid as it sublimates.

Heat leaves the gas as it condenses.

But what happens if you raise the temperature to super-high levels…

between 1000°C and 1,000,000,000°C ?

Will everything just be a gas?

STATES OF MATTERPLASMA

A plasma is an ionized gas.

A plasma is a very good conductor of electricity and is affected by magnetic fields.

Plasmas, like gases have an indefinite shape and an indefinite volume.

• Plasma is the common state of matter

STATES OF MATTER

SOLID LIQUID GAS PLASMA

Tightly packed, in a regular pattern

Vibrate, but do not move from place to

place

Close together with no regular

arrangement.Vibrate, move

about, and slide past each other

Well separated with no regular

arrangement.Vibrate and move

freely at high speeds

Has no definite volume or shape

and is composed of electrical charged

particles

The Six Basic Phase Changes

Phase Changes: Where Does the Heat Go?

Heating/Cooling Curve

Heating/Cooling Curve

Heating/Cooling Curve

Phase Diagrams• Graph of pressure-temperature

relationship: Show were each of the phases are

• Lines indicate equilibrium state two phases.

• Triple point- Temp. and Pressure where all three phases co-exist in equilibrium.

• Critical temp.- Temp. where substance must always be gas, no matter what pressure.

• Critical pressure- vapor pressure at critical temp.• Critical point- point where system is at its critical pressure and temp.

Phase Diagram of H2O

Water Vapor

<---CondensationVaporization --->

Water

Ice

<---MeltingFreezing--->

Triple Point

<---DepositionSublimation--->