Chapter 1.2 - Western Colonization

8/3/2019 Chapter 1.2 - Western Colonization

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LAN 1003:

MALAYSIAN STUDIES

CHAPTER 1:HISTORY & POLITICS

1.2WESTERN COLONIZATION


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WESTERN COLONIZATION

3 parties: Portugese, Dutch, British

Reason for colonization:

a) Natural resources (tin & timber)

b) Cheap labour

c) Trading spices, wares, etc.

d) Land for plantation esp. for rubber trees.e) Spreading Christianity


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WESTERN COLONIZATIONCOLONIST DURATION NOTES

PORTUEGESE 1511-1641

(130 YEARS)

-Mainly in Malacca

-Was opposed by the Malays of

Malacca with the aid of Acheh

-Did not leave behind many traces,except in the areas of language

(borrowed and dances)

DUTCH 1641-1824

(183 YEARS)

-Mainly in Malacca

-Did not leave many traces,

focused on colonizing Indonesia

-Was opposed by the Malays who

frequently received help from

the Bugis


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BRITISH (1824-1957)

>130 YEARS

-Colonized the whole of peninsula Malaysia: Two

Phases

-Left behind significant influence on the way of the

life of the people (political, economic and

social)

-Was strongly opposed by the countrys population

SIAMESE 1821-1909

(88 YEARS)

-Was for a long time lord of the states in the north

of the Malay Peninsula-Stayed mainly in the Northern states of the Malay

Peninsula namely Perlis, Kedah and Kelantan

-Traces of influence very evident in the states in the

North especially in the areas of religion

(Buddhist) and artJAPANESE 1942-1945

(3 YEARS)

-Colonized the entire country

-Greatly influenced the life of the people, especially

in terms of relations between the races

-was opposed by the whole country


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PORTUGESE

Conquered Malacca in 1511.

The fall of Malacca was due to

a) Internal conflicts between rulers

b) Political conflicts

c) Corrupted noblesd) Disloyal merchants

e) Weak administration


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PORTUGESEUnder the administrative of a captain.

1571 title changed to Governor.

Introduced too Chief Judge (Justice) &Captain General (Defence).

Still maintained the old admin. system.

a) Bendahara(Prime Minister)

b) Temenggung(Police Chief)

c) Syahbandar(Finance Minister)

d) Laksamana(Marine Chief)


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PORTUGESE

1511 Arrival of Portuguese to Malacca


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PORTUGESEPortugese became greedy, asked 610% value of goods from ships sailedthrough Malacca.

Forced traders to sell trade cheaply &sell back expensively.

Letter of Permission was required totrade in Malacca.


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PORTUGESE

Johore & Acheh attacked Malacca,traders avoid & fall to Dutch in 1641.

Portugese left their descendants, FortA-Famosa, Roman Catholic religion,language & culture.

Finally left after 130 years in Malacca.


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KELENGKAPAN

PERSENJATAAN

PORTUGIS


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DUTCH EMPIRE(1641-1824)


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DUTCH

Successfully conquered Malacca withthe help from Johore (Sultan Abdul

Jalil).Grateful with help from Johore.

Signed an agreement in 1639 with

Johore allow free trade.Dutch then tried to spread theirauthority to other parts.


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DUTCH

Tried to monopolize tin trade fromPerak.

Perak signed agreement.People of Perak unhappy.

1690 - Panglima Kutup Ali attacked

Dutch settlement in Pangkor Island.Selangor also signed agreement.

Forced Sultan Ibrahim to sell tin.


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DUTCH

Broke relationship between Johore &Dutch.

Dutch unhappy with monopoly fromJohore.

1782 Dutch attacked Riau.

Sultan Ibrahim angry & attacked Dutchwith help of Rembau (Neg. Sembilan).


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DUTCH

Raja Haji (Yamtuan Muda Johor) helpedSultan Ibrahim.

Attack failed & Raja Haji died in 1784.Dutch & Selangor continued fighting till1786.

Dutch also threatened Johore by agreement

(1784).Forced Sultan Mahmud Shah III surrenderRiau & Johore must under Dutch althoughSultan is ruler.


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DUTCH

Sultan Mahmud became angrier whenDutch sent a Resident to Riau.

Johore took offensive against Riausettlement in 1878.

However, Dutch took over Riau again.


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MALACCA UNDER

DUTCH RULED


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DUTCH MILITARY

WEAPONS


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DUTCH BATTLE SHIP


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BRITISH EMPIRE


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BRITISH EMPIRE


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BRITISH EMPIRE
http://www.britishempire.co.uk/images3/straitsmap.jpg


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BRITISH

Began from Penang withFrancis Light.

End of 18th century Britishbuild influence.

British transformed Penanginto army camp & port.

Penang was under Kedah &Kedah under threat of Siam &Burma.


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BRITISH

Sultan Muhammad Jiwa offered the BritishPenang if British was willing to help Kedah inhandling the Siamese threat.

Also facing threat from Bugis.

Sultan set conditions:a) British patrol coast in Kedah

b) Enemies of Sultan are enemies of British

c) Costs of war borne by companyd) Ships free to trade in Kedah & Penang

e) 30,000 Spanish Peso must be paid to Sultan tomake up losses of trade


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BRITISH

1785 - Francis Light signed agreementalthough no permission has been

given.British superior refused the agreement& Raja Abdullah insisted British leavePenang.

British refused & attacked SeberangPerai & Kedah.


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BRITISH

1791 - Sultan Kedah lost & forced withagreement from British.

Include British rights to stay in Penang& $6,000 Spanish Peso as yearlycompensation.

Kedah unhappy with conditions &stopped food supply to Penang.


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BRITISH

British know Kedah is weak.

1800 - British forced Kedah to

surrender Seberang Perai throughagreement.

Sultan of Kedah is paid $10,000Spanish Peso as compensation for hiswillingness to give up Seberang Perai.

No mention of protection offered toKedah.


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BRITISH

British planned to find another new port in anarea closer to the Straits of Malacca.

Stamford Raffles was given this duty and hefound Singapore was suitable.

Raffles then found out that there was astruggle for the throne between the two

princes of the Sultan of Johore, SultanMahmud III.


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BRITISH

Raffles recognized Tengku Husin, elder son,and the Sultan of Johore.

1819 - Tengku Husin allowed Raffles to opena British settlement in Spore as per anagreement.

Stated that the British must pay $3000

Spanish Peso and protect Tengku Husin,and that the ruler of Johore or his heir cannotform any relationship with other Europeanpowers.


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BRITISH

British conquered 2 important ports inMalaya.

In 1824, an agreement was signedbetween the British and the Dutch.

Both parties determined the boundary

of their respective land as to avoid anyconflict that may cause a war.


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BRITISH

North & East of Malacca Straits belong to theBritish and the South and West region

belong to the Dutch.Dutch surrendered Malacca to British &British surrendered Bangkahulu to Dutch.

British had 3 ports.

Established Straits of Settlement (Negeri-negeri Selat) consisted of Penang, Malacca& Singapore.


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BRITISHEMPIRE IN

MALAYA
http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f9/British_Malaya_circa_1922.PNG


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BRITISH ARMY


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BRITISH ARMY


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BRITISH

Colonization of Sabah started.

Surrender of Bruneis right over the West of

Sabah to Overbeck & Dent Company, acompany owned by Baron Von Overbeck, anAustrian and Alfred Dent, a British.

Alfred Dent obtained permission from British

government to establish British North BorneoCompany to carry out its activities in Sabah..


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BRITISH

Colonization spread to Sarawak.

1841 - James Brooke succeeded as

Sarawak Governor by representativesof Sultan of Brunei after succeeded indestroying rebellion in Sarawak.

Brooke was successful in forcing theSultan of Brunei to surrender Sarawakto him.


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BRITISH

Introduced the Resident system.

Role of Resident was to advise Sultan

in all aspects of administrationexcept in religion and Malaycustoms.

Sultan must follow the advice of theResident.

Perak, Negeri Sembilan, Selangor,Pahang under residency.


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BRITISH

Resident was not given clear guidelines ofduties.

Residents used their own discretion andjudgement to carry out duties.

There were Residents who did not co-operate from the local ministers (Pembesar).

For example, Sultan Perak disliked J.W.WBirch and he also faced oppositions fromlocal ministers until he was killed in PasirSalak.


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BRITISHJ.G. Davidson and Frank Swettenham,2 other residents were very good intaking care feelings of local ministers.

Slavery was abolished slowly throughan arranged mechanism withoutoffending them.


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FEDERATED MALAY STATES

1895 - Federated Malay Statesestablished due to weakness of

Resident System.4 states that had Residents (Perak,Selangor, Negeri Sembilan &

Pahang) were combined.Head of the federation was ResidentGeneral, based in Kuala Lumpur.


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FEDERATED MALAY STATES

Residents were head administrators ofthe state governments department only.

No longer the Sultans adviser.


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UNFEDERATED MALAY

STATESAdviser system was carried out.

Different from the Resident System.

Malay rulers were not required to followthe advice of the British adviser.

1910 - Kelantan accepted British

adviser officially through a mutualagreement.

J.S Mason appointed first adviser.


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RESISTANCE BY LOCALS

British administration caused dissatisfactionamong ministers & people.

Resistance in Naning

Issue - Naning as a part of Malacca empire,tax-paying

Leader - Datuk Dol Said

Resistance in Selangor

Issue - The appointment of Tengku Kudin asthe Selangor viceroy by British

Leader - Raja Mahadi


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Resistance in Perak

Issue - Pangkor Agreement

1874, J.W.W. Birch wasappointed First Resident & SultanAbdullah was recognized as

Sultan Perak. Birch meddledwith the affairs of the Malayincluding the Malay customs.

Leader - Datuk Maharaja Lela
http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/a/a7/Jww_birch.gifhttp://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/a/a7/Jww_birch.gifhttp://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/a/a7/Jww_birch.gifhttp://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/a/a7/Jww_birch.gifhttp://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/a/a7/Jww_birch.gifhttp://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/a/a7/Jww_birch.gif


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DATOMAHARAJA LELA


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Resistance in Negeri Sembilan

Issue - Power struggle between Tengku

Antah and Datuk Kelana. Tax issue inSungai Ujong.

Leader - Tengku Antah, appointed as

Yamtuan Besar Seri Menanti and Britishtried to colonize Negeri Sembilan.


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Resistance in Pahang

Issue - Civil war between Wan Ahmad

and Wan Muhatir over the post ofBendahara. Resistance started whenJ.P. Rodger appointed as Resident andintroduced the "Collector andMagistrate".

Leader - Tok Gajah, Datuk Bahaman


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DATO BAHAMAN


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Resistance in KelantanIssue - Rebellion of Tok Janggut in PasirPuteh. British imposed various taxes onlocals.

Leader - Tok Janggut (Haji Wan Hassan)

Resistance in Terengganu

Issue - Tani rebellion. British imposed taxesand restriction. Rules to get pass to openlands.

Leader - Haji Abdul Rahman Limbong



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TOK JANGGUT


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MAT SALLEH


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Resistance in Sarawak

Issue - James Brooke's

rule: tried to eradicatethe custom and traditionthat was the practice ofthe locals

Leader - SharifMasahor, Rentap


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RENTAP

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Chapter 1.2 - Western Colonization