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Chapter 12 Chapter 12 Wastes in the Wastes in the EnvironmentEnvironment
Old AutomobilesOld Automobiles In NA, close to 12 million vehicles are In NA, close to 12 million vehicles are
discardeddiscarded 75% of a car can be reused or recycled75% of a car can be reused or recycled Reduces air and water Reduces air and water
pollutionpollution Challenge: recycling Challenge: recycling
plasticplastic
Automakers making changesAutomakers making changes Many companies developing Many companies developing
completely recyclable carscompletely recyclable cars EU requiring cars to EU requiring cars to
be 95% recoverablebe 95% recoverable
by 2015by 2015
Old AutomobilesOld Automobiles
Solid Waste FactsSolid Waste Facts
U.S. generates most per capita, with U.S. generates most per capita, with Canada secondCanada second
How much produced per person per How much produced per person per day?day?
Why do we produce so much solid Why do we produce so much solid waste?waste?
Solid WasteSolid Waste Most produced by mining, agriculture, Most produced by mining, agriculture,
industryindustry Nonmunicipal solid wasteNonmunicipal solid waste 98.5% of waste produced98.5% of waste produced
Municipal Solid WasteMunicipal Solid Waste Residential and commercial waste Residential and commercial waste
produced in an areaproduced in an area Heterogeneous mixtureHeterogeneous mixture
Disposal Of Solid WasteDisposal Of Solid Waste Open DumpsOpen Dumps
Now illegalNow illegal Sanitary LandfillsSanitary Landfills
Receive close to 55% of the municipal Receive close to 55% of the municipal solid waste generated in NAsolid waste generated in NA
Compacts waste and buries it under a Compacts waste and buries it under a shallow layer of soilshallow layer of soil
Plastic is a special problem, Why?Plastic is a special problem, Why?
Sanitary LandfillsSanitary Landfills ≈ ≈ 54% MSW54% MSW Dig hole, add waste, compact, buryDig hole, add waste, compact, bury Liner at the bottomLiner at the bottom LeachateLeachate
Liquid that seeps Liquid that seeps
downdown Collection systemCollection system
Sanitary LandfillsSanitary Landfills
Problems With LandfillsProblems With Landfills No location is idealNo location is ideal Methane may build upMethane may build up Leachate may contaminate water Leachate may contaminate water
suppliessupplies They fill upThey fill up Passing problem onPassing problem on
PlasticsPlastics
Fastest growing part of the waste Fastest growing part of the waste streamstream
Why do we use so much plastic?Why do we use so much plastic? Don’t degradeDon’t degrade Some countries banning/taxing useSome countries banning/taxing use Photodegradable?Photodegradable? Biodegradable?Biodegradable?
IncinerationIncineration Burning solid wasteBurning solid waste Two benefitsTwo benefits
Volume reduced up to 90%Volume reduced up to 90% Produces heat that Produces heat that
can be usedcan be used Waste-to-energy Waste-to-energy
incineratorsincinerators Less COLess CO22 produced produced
Best materialsBest materials Paper, plastics, Paper, plastics,
rubberrubber TiresTires
Produce a lot Produce a lot of heatof heat
Use instead Use instead of coal?of coal?
IncinerationIncineration
Types Of IncineratorsTypes Of Incinerators
Mass burn: recover energy producedMass burn: recover energy produced Modular: small, less expensiveModular: small, less expensive Refuse-derivedRefuse-derived
Remove noncombustible wasteRemove noncombustible waste Burn combustibles onlyBurn combustibles only
Mass Burn IncineratorMass Burn Incinerator
Problems With IncinerationProblems With Incineration
Air pollutionAir pollution Large amounts of ash producedLarge amounts of ash produced
Bottom ashBottom ash Fly ashFly ash
No ideal locationNo ideal location ExpensiveExpensive Passing problem onPassing problem on
CompostingComposting
Biodegradable solid wasteBiodegradable solid waste Yard waste, food scraps, sewage Yard waste, food scraps, sewage
sludgesludge Forms compostForms compost Uses?Uses?
Reducing Solid WasteReducing Solid Waste Three goalsThree goals
ReduceReduce ReuseReuse RecycleRecycle
Needs vs. wantsNeeds vs. wants Make good choices!Make good choices!
Source ReductionSource Reduction
Waste reduced at the sourceWaste reduced at the source Aluminum cans 35% lighterAluminum cans 35% lighter Dry-cell batteries contain less mercuryDry-cell batteries contain less mercury DematerializationDematerialization
Decrease in size and weight of a Decrease in size and weight of a product as technology improvesproduct as technology improves
Must be durable!Must be durable!
How Can You Reduce?How Can You Reduce? Use reusable grocery bagsUse reusable grocery bags Eliminate your junk mail!Eliminate your junk mail!
Mail Preference ServiceMail Preference Service Don’t use paper plates, cups, towelsDon’t use paper plates, cups, towels Use a lunchbox & reusable containersUse a lunchbox & reusable containers Buy in concentrateBuy in concentrate Buy in bulkBuy in bulk
Buy durable productsBuy durable products Use rechargeable batteriesUse rechargeable batteries Buy items with the least amount of Buy items with the least amount of
packagingpackaging Eat less fast foodEat less fast food Think about your purchases before Think about your purchases before
you buyyou buy
How Can You Reduce?How Can You Reduce?
Reusing ProductsReusing Products Many reduce ideas also good for reusing!Many reduce ideas also good for reusing! Donate or sell used itemsDonate or sell used items Should beverage containers be refillable?Should beverage containers be refillable? Why don’t we reuse items?Why don’t we reuse items?
RecyclingRecycling Reclaiming a resourceReclaiming a resource Use it for same or different productUse it for same or different product ≈ ≈ 32% MSW32% MSW Increased during the 1990sIncreased during the 1990s There must be a market for recycled There must be a market for recycled
goodsgoods Buy items made from recycled Buy items made from recycled
materials!materials!
Recycling BenefitsRecycling Benefits
Conserves resourcesConserves resources Saves energySaves energy Creates jobsCreates jobs
Recycling ConcernsRecycling Concerns
Generates pollution: de-inking paperGenerates pollution: de-inking paper Separation may be difficultSeparation may be difficult Market fluctuates Market fluctuates Still encourages consumption Still encourages consumption
Recycling PaperRecycling Paper
≈ ≈ 1/31/3rdrd of waste in Canada is paper of waste in Canada is paper and paperboard and paperboard
Denmark ≈ 97% of its paper is Denmark ≈ 97% of its paper is recycledrecycled
Legislation can make a difference: Legislation can make a difference: how?how?
Buy recycled paper!Buy recycled paper!
Recycling GlassRecycling Glass Each year Canadians Each year Canadians
throw away 6 million throw away 6 million tones of glasstones of glass
Forms culletForms cullet Make new productsMake new products Add to roadways: Add to roadways:
glassphaltglassphalt
Recycling MetalsRecycling Metals AluminumAluminum
Big success story!Big success story! In U.S. ≈ 44% In U.S. ≈ 44%
beverage cans beverage cans recycledrecycled
Other metals also Other metals also recycledrecycled
May be difficult: why?May be difficult: why?
Recycling PlasticRecycling Plastic
In Canada, plastic equals 7% of In Canada, plastic equals 7% of total weight in a typical landfilltotal weight in a typical landfill
May be more expensive to recycle: May be more expensive to recycle: why?why?
Challenge: different kindsChallenge: different kinds Separation necessarySeparation necessary
Recycling TiresRecycling Tires EPA indicates ≈ 36% of tires recycledEPA indicates ≈ 36% of tires recycled What are they used for?What are they used for? Future holds many opportunitiesFuture holds many opportunities
Recycling electronics and Recycling electronics and Electrical EquipmentElectrical Equipment
In Canada, provincial responsibility to In Canada, provincial responsibility to regulate electronic wasteregulate electronic waste
““Take Back” program exists in a Take Back” program exists in a number of promisesnumber of promises
E-waste is still a massive problem in E-waste is still a massive problem in CanadaCanada
Exporting used electronics to places Exporting used electronics to places like Guiyu, China is a huge problemlike Guiyu, China is a huge problem
Integrated Waste ManagementIntegrated Waste Management Development of an overall waste Development of an overall waste
management planmanagement plan Use the three R’s and other disposal Use the three R’s and other disposal
methodsmethods
Hazardous WasteHazardous Waste
Any discarded chemical that threatens Any discarded chemical that threatens human health or the environmenthuman health or the environment
Reactive, corrosive, ignitable & toxic Reactive, corrosive, ignitable & toxic substancessubstances
≈ ≈ 1% of North America solid waste 1% of North America solid waste streamstream
700,000+ chemicals known to exist700,000+ chemicals known to exist
Love CanalLove Canal
Neighborhood in Niagara Falls, NYNeighborhood in Niagara Falls, NY 19771977 Hooker Chemical Co.Hooker Chemical Co.
Disposed of toxic waste in canal Disposed of toxic waste in canal
After filled, covered with topsoil After filled, covered with topsoil
and donated land and donated land
School and houses School and houses builtbuilt
Toxic waste oozed outToxic waste oozed out 1978: many families 1978: many families
evacuatedevacuated 1990: area safe for 1990: area safe for
resettlementresettlement
Love CanalLove Canal
Types of Hazardous WastesTypes of Hazardous Wastes AcidsAcids DioxinsDioxins Abandoned explosivesAbandoned explosives Heavy metalsHeavy metals Infectious wasteInfectious waste Nerve gasNerve gas Organic solventsOrganic solvents PCBsPCBs
DioxinsDioxins Group of 75 chemical Group of 75 chemical
compoundscompounds Formed by Formed by
combustion of combustion of chlorine compoundschlorine compounds
Incineration, Incineration, smelters, paper millssmelters, paper mills
Emitted in smokeEmitted in smoke Settle on landSettle on land Incorporated into food webIncorporated into food web Virtually everyone has them in Virtually everyone has them in
their bodytheir body CarcinogenicCarcinogenic
DioxinsDioxins
PCBsPCBs Polychlorinated biphenylsPolychlorinated biphenyls Group of 209 industrial chemicalsGroup of 209 industrial chemicals manufactured between 1929-1979manufactured between 1929-1979 Cooling fluids, vacuum pumps, inksCooling fluids, vacuum pumps, inks Dangers discovered in 1968Dangers discovered in 1968
Harm skin, eyes, reproductive organs, GI Harm skin, eyes, reproductive organs, GI tracttract
Hormone disruptersHormone disrupters Intellectual impairmentsIntellectual impairments Carcinogenic?Carcinogenic? Hard to get out of Hard to get out of
environmentenvironment Some bacteria can degradeSome bacteria can degrade
PCBsPCBs
Managing Hazardous WasteManaging Hazardous Waste Technology exists for Technology exists for
environmentally sound managementenvironmentally sound management Very expensive!Very expensive! No country currently has an effective No country currently has an effective
programprogram Using fewer Using fewer
chemicals would helpchemicals would help
Chemical AccidentsChemical Accidents In Canada, each province has a “hazmat In Canada, each province has a “hazmat
team”team” Most involve oil, gasoline, petroleumMost involve oil, gasoline, petroleum Principle of inherent safetyPrinciple of inherent safety
Use less toxic materialsUse less toxic materials Fewer dangerous accidentsFewer dangerous accidents
1984, Bhopal chemical spill, one of the 1984, Bhopal chemical spill, one of the worst in world’s historyworst in world’s history
Public Policy & Toxic Public Policy & Toxic Waste CleanupWaste Cleanup
Transportation of Dangerous Goods ActTransportation of Dangerous Goods Act Canadian Environmental Protection Canadian Environmental Protection
Act, Clean Air Act, Canada Water Act, Act, Clean Air Act, Canada Water Act, Ocean Dumping Control ActOcean Dumping Control Act
Basel ConventionBasel Convention
A global convention under the United A global convention under the United NationsNations
Goal is to harmonize hazardous waste Goal is to harmonize hazardous waste disposal among nationsdisposal among nations
As of October 2006, 168 countries As of October 2006, 168 countries were a part of the conventionwere a part of the convention
Managing Toxic Waste Managing Toxic Waste ProductionProduction
Three waysThree ways Source reductionSource reduction Conversion to less hazardous Conversion to less hazardous
materialsmaterials Long-term storageLong-term storage
Source ReductionSource Reduction Most effective approachMost effective approach Green chemistryGreen chemistry
Redesigning chemical processesRedesigning chemical processes Reduce environmental harmReduce environmental harm
Will not eliminate hazardous wasteWill not eliminate hazardous waste
Convert MaterialsConvert Materials Reduce dangerous compounds to Reduce dangerous compounds to
less dangerous onesless dangerous ones High-temperature incinerationHigh-temperature incineration
PCBs PCBs water, CO water, CO22
Still must dispose of ashStill must dispose of ash
Long-Term StorageLong-Term Storage
Hazardous waste landfillsHazardous waste landfills Strict environmental criteria and Strict environmental criteria and
designdesign Leaching must be preventedLeaching must be prevented
Hazardous Waste LandfillHazardous Waste Landfill
Eco Canada Career FocusEco Canada Career Focus
Consider a career Consider a career as a Hazardous as a Hazardous Waste TechnicianWaste Technician
Handle, process, Handle, process, pack and track pack and track hazardous waste hazardous waste for shipment, for shipment, treatment and treatment and disposaldisposal
Case Study: Montreal’s Case Study: Montreal’s Waste Management PlanWaste Management Plan
Waste management is a big concern for Waste management is a big concern for industrial societiesindustrial societies
Montreal implemented a Metropolitan Montreal implemented a Metropolitan Waste Management Master Plan (MWMMP)Waste Management Master Plan (MWMMP)
Plan outlines reduction, recovery, reuse, Plan outlines reduction, recovery, reuse, and disposaland disposal
Focuses on increased citizen involvementFocuses on increased citizen involvement
Aims to recover and Aims to recover and reuse 60 % of wastereuse 60 % of waste
Is the MWMMP Is the MWMMP meeting it’s goals?meeting it’s goals?
Meanwhile other Meanwhile other cities in Canada are cities in Canada are diverting between diverting between 52and 60% of their 52and 60% of their waste waste
Case Study: Montreal’s Case Study: Montreal’s Waste Management PlanWaste Management Plan