Upload
phamdien
View
214
Download
0
Embed Size (px)
Citation preview
Chapter 12 Services
Services: Tasks that you
pay others to do for you.
A shift toward a
“postindustrial”
or “post Fordist”
economic order
Deindustrialization: A relative decline
in industrial employment in the core
basic industries: economic activities that provide
income from sales to customers beyond city limits.
nonbasic functions: economic
activities that serve a city’s own
population.
regional multiplier:
The multiplier is
the total number of
jobs created in the
basic and nonbasic
sectors for each
new basic job in a
region.
To induce Toyota to build its U.S. production
facilities in Kentucky,
the state spent $49 million to buy the 1,500-acre
site (32,667/acre),
$40 million to construct roads and sewers, and
$68 million to train new workers. Kentucky also
agreed to spend up to $168 million to pay the
interest on loans should Toyota decide to borrow
money to finance the project? Did Kentucky
overpay to win Toyota’s business? Assess,
Evaluate?
backward
linkages: firms
that supply with
components and
services
forward
linkages: firms
using output.
ancillary
activities:
activities such as
maintenance,
repair, security,
and haulage
services variety
of industries.
Regional Growth
Regional Growth
Regional Growth
The factors of production (L,L,C) are less
important for service industries than for
manufacturing.
Market accessibility is more relevant
However, some types of services, can
operate almost anywhere
Call Centers: India
tertiary activities:
takes the goods that
are produced and
manufactured by
the primary and
secondary sectors
and either sells
them to consumers
or uses them to
perform services
for consumers.
In recent years, geographers have begun to identify a
fourth type of activities - quaternary activities.
These are mainly found in nations with more
complex economic structures, and they embrace
services that are highly skilled and professional in
nature.
Examples include research and development work,
information processing and management.
quaternary industries(white
collar jobs): financial,
insurance, real estate
(FIRE), health services,
entertainment, education,
and management
(pneumonic device: make
quarter the amount of
money as quinary)
And maybe a 5th sector
quinary industries (gold
collar jobs): high-level
management,
administration and
executive decision
makers. There are fewer
of these jobs, but they are
some of the highest-
paying.
Economic Structure
5 sectors of the economy:
• Primary: Agriculture, gathering/extracting
• Secondary: Manufacturing, processing,
construction, power production
• Tertiary: Retail/wholesale trade, personal
and professional services
• Quaternary: Information, research,
management
• Quinary: Executive decision makers
Or post industrial
Sketch
The balance between these activities will
vary from place to place.
Discuss the historical economic
structure changes in the US and how it
affected migration.
• The US shifted from an agricultural
economy to an industrial economy
(primary to secondary)
• This promoted immigration from
Europe with an increase in factory
jobs.
The US then shifted from secondary to tertiary.
(economic restructuring)
• demand for educated experts (some from
abroad)
• Many citizens have taken higher paying
service jobs instead of manufacturing
• Immigrants have been able to take many
low-wage/low statues jobs that citizens are
not interested in (ag and manufacturing)
• Thus restructuring has pulled some
immigrants in.
Why have Europeans, Latin Americans,
and Asian moved away from their
countries:
• Lack of jobs
• Poverty
• poor economic opportunity
Migration has a lot to do with Demographic
Transition
3 Types of Services:
1. Consumer Services: Businesses that provide services to individual consumers who desire them and can afford to pay for them.
a. Retail services - provide goods for sale to consumers.
b. Personal services — provide services for the well-being and personal improvement of individual consumers.
2. Business Services
a. Producer services —
services to help people
conduct other business.
b. Transportation and
similar services —
businesses that diffuse
and distribute services.
Producer Services cluster in the center because of
accessibility.
3. Public Services
provide security
and protection for
citizens and
businesses.
government
FR Define range (higher and lower order)
and threshold and give examples of both.
range: the maximum distance that consumers will
normally travel to obtain it.
High-order goods and services are those that are relatively costly, specialized and/or infrequently required. A 60 mile range is not unusual.
Examples?
Low-order goods and services are those that are relatively inexpensive and required at frequent intervals
Examples:
threshold: Minimum # of people
needed to support the service
Convenience Store
Supermarket
market area is the area
surrounding a business
from which the bulk of
its customers are drawn
Department Store
Clustered rural
settlements
Dispersed
Rural
Settlement
services are clustered in and have their origins in
settlements.
FR Define and describe the major
principles of Walter Christaller’s
central place theory.
central place: a settlement in
which certain types of goods
and services are available to
consumers.
Walter Christaller formulated the
Central place theory: A theory that
explains the distribution of services,
based on the fact that settlements serve as
centers of market areas for services.
larger settlements are fewer and farther apart
than smaller settlements
What does Pomona have
that Walnut doesn’t?
larger
settlements
provide
services for a
larger number
of people who
are willing to
travel farther.
towns and cities
(central places) tend
to be arranged in
clear, orderly
hierarchies
Very small towns have general practitioners and
few to no specialists--larger towns have more
specialized doctors, and the largest towns have even
more specialized practitioners. This is a function of
threshold in particular, as a neurosurgeon would not
encounter enough cases if she established her
practice in a town of 1,000 people-perhaps one
would require surgery in a year! It's also a function
of range, though, as people are increasingly willing
to travel longer and longer distances for more
specialized services. You wouldn't fly halfway
across the country for a sinus infection, but you
probably would for a bone marrow transplant!
Under ideal circumstances (on flat plains,
with good transportation in every
direction),with hexagonal-shaped market
areas of different sizes arranged around
different-sized places
FR Draw a diagram to help illustrate the central place
theory.
Note: look at
the 4 different
size of market
areas
The Spanish Urban System
For each large central place many
smaller central places are located
within the larger place’s hinterland.
Iowa map
incorrect
rank-size rule: a
statistical regularity in
city-size distributions
of cities and regions.
The relationship is such that the nth largest city in a
country or region is 1/n the size of the largest city in
that country or region.
The absence of the rank-size distribution in a less
developed country indicates that there is not enough
wealth in the society to pay for a full variety of
services.
Primate city: population of the largest city in
an urban system is disproportionately large
Examples?
Primacy is not simply a matter of sheer
size.
Some of the largest metropolitan areas in
the world are not primate.
For example:
Found in both the core and the periphery
• Here is a summary of CMSA/MSAs for April 1, 2000 (with percent change since 1990)
• 1 New York--Northern New Jersey--Long Island, NY--NJ--CT--PA CMSA 21,199,865 8.4%
• 2 Los Angeles--Riverside--Orange County, CA CMSA 16,373,645 12.7%
• 3 Chicago--Gary--Kenosha, IL--IN--WI CMSA 9,157,540 11.1% 4 Washington--Baltimore, DC--MD--VA--WV CMSA 7,608,070 13.1% 5 San Francisco--Oakland--San Jose, CA CMSA 7,039,362 12.6% 6 Philadelphia--Wilmington--Atlantic City, PA--NJ--DE--MD CMSA 6,188,463 5.0% 7 Boston--Worcester--Lawrence, MA--NH--ME--CT CMSA 5,819,100 6.7% 8 Detroit--Ann Arbor--Flint, MI CMSA 5,456,428 5.2% 9 Dallas--Fort Worth, TX CMSA 5,221,801 29.3% 10 Houston--Galveston--Brazoria, TX CMSA 4,669,571 25.2%
Primacy in peripheral countries is usually a
consequence of early roles as gateway cities.
In core countries it is usually a consequence of roles
as imperial capitals
A forward capital is a city or location chosen because
it has one or more of the following characteristics:
(1) it is centrally located, either geographically or
culturally
(2) it is located on some sort of settlement frontier or
designed to attract people to an area or region
(3) it is located away from centers of colonial, cultural,
or economic power
(4) it is oriented away from one culture, group, or idea
and toward another
Some examples:
• Some examples: Abuja/ Nigeria,
Brasília/Brazil,
Canberra/Australia, Helsinki/
Finland, Islamabad/Pakistan, New
Delhi/India, Ottawa/Canada,
Washington/United States •
FR Define and explain what makes a city a world city?
The sphere of influence of world cities
world cities: cities in which a
disproportionate part of the most important
business is conducted.
world cities possess several functional
characteristics:
• business services international in
scope
• corporate headquarters
• internationally influential media
organizations
• centers of culture
• a vacation destination
• Targets of Terrorism
A city like New York, for example, attracts transnational
corporations because it is a center of culture and
communications. It attracts specialized business services
because it is a center of corporate headquarters and of
global markets; and so on.
Dominate World Cities
London, New York, and Tokyo.
Major world cities
Chicago, Los Angeles, and Washington
Brussels, Frankfurt, Paris, and Zurich in Western Europe.
Only two of the nine major world cities are less developed regions.
Sao Paulo (Brazil) and Singapore
Secondary World Cities: contain the headquarters of many
large corporations, important educational, medical and public
institutions
North America: Houston, Miami, San Francisco, and Toronto
Asia: Bangkok, Bombay, Hong Kong, Manila, Osaka, Seoul,
and Taipei
Western Europe: Berlin, Madrid, Milan, Rotterdam, and
Vienna
Latin America: Buenos Aires, Caracas, Mexico City, and Rio
de Janeiro
Africa: Johannesburg
South Pacific: Sydney
There is a hierarchy of cities each with its own function and periphery
Why do services cluster downtown?
Accessibility is the
key word.
Central business district (CBD): the central
nucleus of commercial land uses in a city.
Distinctive characteristics of the central city follow
from the high land cost.
1. land is used more intensively in the center than
elsewhere in the city
Height decreases as
land values do
2. some activities are excluded from the center
because of the high cost of space
3 types of retail
services in the
CBD
1. high threshold
2. high range
3. retail services serving
downtown workers
Recently, services,
especially retail, have
moved from the CBD
to suburban locations
• land costs are lower
• most of their
customers live there
Urban residents are now more likely
to shop in suburban malls a short
drive from their home.
Factories have moved to suburban locations in
part because of access to main highways.
Shopping Malls
Anchors: large department stores in malls.
The shopping mall, surrounded by suburbs,
is one of the most distinctive landscapes of
post-World War II life in North America.
Where is the largest mall
North America?
anchored by eight department
stores
employs 18,000 people
800 stores and services
100 restaurants
http://www.westedmall.com/info/fastfacts.html
West
Edmonton
Mall:
fantasylandhotel.com
Elsewhereness: artificial landscapes
created to temporarily escape the
ordinary
Disneyification
Other Examples?
Venetian Hotel >
< Paris Hotel
Las Vegas: Degenerative
Utopia
Malls: Landscapes of consumption,
landscape of leisure, or both??
The mall (Vegas, etc.) is a “pseudoplace” meant to
encourage one sort of activity—
shopping/gambling—by projecting the illusion that
something else besides spending money is actually
going on.
Mega malls are not merely for shopping
but Malls have become social centers
However, unlike the open-air
marketplaces of the past
shopping malls are private spaces, not public
spaces.
Militarized Space:
the increasing use
of space to set up
defenses against
elements
considered
undesirable TQ
• surveillance cameras
“Citizen Law Enforcement and Analysis” (CLEAR), in
Chicago, Illinois
• fortress architecture
• gated and guarded residential communities
• 'bum proof' benches (or lack of street
furniture)
• sprinkler systems