Chapter 12 Network Fundamentals

8/8/2019 Chapter 12 Network Fundamentals

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Networking BenefitsNetworking Benefits

Networking Enables: InformationSharing

Centralized Administration

and Support

2



Roles of Computers in a NetworkRoles of Computers in a NetworkMail Server Mail Server

Database Server Database Server Fax Server Fax Server

Database Server

Mail Server

Fax Server

Mail Server Mail Server

Database Server Database Server Fax Server Fax Server

DatabaseDatabase

DatabaseDatabase

File and Print Server File and Print Server Directory ServicesDirectory ServicesServer Server

File and Print Server

File and Print Server File and Print Server

Client Computer

3



Types of NetworksTypes of Networks

Peer-to-Peer

4



Scope of NetworksScope of Networks

Local AreaNetwork

e rea e wor

5



Bus TopologyBus Topology

SegmentSegment

erm na or erm na or

6



Star TopologyStar Topology

Hub

7



Ring TopologyRing Topology

8



Mesh TopologyMesh Topology

9



Hybrid TopologiesHybrid Topologies

Star-Bus Bus

Star-Ring

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EthernetEthernetDetects signalTransmits signal Collision detected

CharacteristicsCharacteristics DescriptionDescription Access Method CSMA/CD

Transfer SpeedStandard Ethernet – 10 MbpsFast Ethernet – 100 Mbps

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Token RingToken Ring

PhysicalRing

LogicalRing

CharacteristicsCharacteristics DescriptionDescription Access Method Token passing

Transfer Speed 4 to 16 Mbps for all cable types

12



Fibber Distributed Data InterfaceFibber Distributed Data Interface

Secondary Ring

Primary Ring

CharacteristicsCharacteristics DescriptionDescription

Transfer Speed Fiber-optic at 155 Mbps to 622 Mbps

13



Network CablesNetwork Cables

Types of CablesTypes of Cables

Twisted-Pair Unshielded (UTP) Shielded STP10BaseT

Coaxial ThinNet

ThickNet10Base2, 10Base5

Fiber-Optics

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Wireless Communication DevicesWireless Communication Devices

Wireless Communication DevicesWireless Communication Devices

Infrared Transmission

Narrowband Radio Transmission

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Repeaters and HubsRepeaters and HubsRepeater

Transmits data to

Hub ransm ts ata to a connecte

computers in a star topology

Hub

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BridgesBridges

Bridge

17





RoutersRouters

Router Router

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Open Systems Interconnection (OSI) Reference ModelOpen Systems Interconnection (OSI) Reference Model

Application Layer Application Layer

Presentation Layer Presentation Layer

Session Layer Session Layer

ranspor ayer ranspor ayer

Network Layer Network Layer

Data Link Layer Data Link Layer

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Types of Data TransmissionsTypes of Data Transmissions

BroadcastUnicast

Multicast

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IP Address ClassesIP Address Classes

Class A Network IDNetwork ID Host ID

Class BNetwork IDNetwork ID Host ID

Class CNetwork IDNetwork ID Host ID

ww xx yy zz

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IP AddressesIP Addresses

192.168.2.100 192.168.3.100

192.168.1.100IP Address

192.168.1.0 192.168.3.0192.168.2.0

Network ID

192.168.1.100 192.168.2.101 Host ID

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SubnetsSubnets

Subnet 1 Subnet 2

11 22

Router Router HubHub HubHub

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Addressing GuidelinesAddressing Guidelines

The First Number in the Network ID Cannot Be 127The First Number in the Network ID Cannot Be 127

e os anno e se os anno e s

The Host ID Cannot Be All ZerosThe Host ID Cannot Be All Zeros

The Host ID Must Be Unique to the Local Network IDThe Host ID Must Be Unique to the Local Network ID

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CIDR NotationCIDR Notation

IP 10 . 217 . 123 . 7 Address

00001010 11011001 01111011 00000111

SubnetMask

. . .11111111 11111111 11110000 00000000

Number of SubnetMask Bits (ones) 8 + 8 + 4 + 0 = 20

IP Address inCIDR Notation 10.217.123.7/20

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The InternetThe Internet

Server

InternetText, Audio, Video,and Graphics Data

Connection UsingTCP/IP Protocol

Client

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IntranetsIntranets

Internet

Extranet

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Uniform Resource Locator (URL)Uniform Resource Locator (URL)

. . .

• Protocol used (http://)

• DNS address (example.microsoft.com)

• Path on the server (/tutorial/default.html)

http://example.microsoft.com/tutorial/default.html

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Domain Naming System (DNS)Domain Naming System (DNS)

• Domain Name (example.microsoft.com) – Top-level domain (com) – Second-level domain (microsoft.com) com

– u omain examp e.microso t.com

.

example.microsoft.com

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Domain OrganizationDomain Organization

Domain

ores

nwtraders.msft oma noma n

Tree

Tree DomainDomainDomainDomain

DomainDomainsamerica.nwtraders.msftnamerica.nwtraders.msft

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Features of a DomainFeatures of a Domain

Single User AccountSingle User AccountSingle LogonSingle Logon

Centralized ManagementCentralized Management ca a tyca a ty

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Benefits of a DomainBenefits of a Domain

OrganizedOrganizedObjectsObjects

ParisEasy Location of Easy Location of

InformationInformation

Repair Sales

User1 Computer1 Printer1User2

Streamlined AccessStreamlined Access Delegated AuthorityDelegated Authority

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Internet ProtocolsInternet Protocols

•

• HTTPS Internet

•

• SMTPData

• NNTP•

onnec on s ng anInternet Protocol

• DHTML Client

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TCP/IP LayersTCP/IP Layers

Application Layer ApplicationFTPHTTP

Transport Layer Transport Layer Transport Layer UDPTCP

Internet Layer Internet Layer Internet Layer IP ICMP IGMP ARP

Network Interface Layer Network Interface Layer NetworkInterface Layer

Ethernet ATM

35

k dd l ( )k dd l ( )



Network Address Translators (NATs)Network Address Translators (NATs)

1192.168.0.10 w2.x2.y2.z2Web Server

Web Browser

Internetw1.x1.y1.z1

NAT

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Proxy ServersProxy Servers

AuthorizedWeb Site

InternetLAN

Proxy Server

RestrictedWeb Site

LAN

37



FirewallsFirewalls

AuthorizedUser

LAN Internet

Firewall

LAN UnauthorizedUser

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Chapter 12 Network Fundamentals