Chapter 12: Latin America Chapter 12: Latin America Shaped by its historyShaped by its history

12-1 Early Civilizations of Middle 12-1 Early Civilizations of Middle America. America.

The MayasThe Mayas

The Mayas were an ancient The Mayas were an ancient people who lived in Central people who lived in Central America and Southern Mexico.America and Southern Mexico.

They lived from about 250 – 900 They lived from about 250 – 900 A.D.A.D.

They built great cities in present They built great cities in present day countries of Mexico, day countries of Mexico, Guatemala and Honduras.Guatemala and Honduras.

Large temples often stood in the Large temples often stood in the middle of Mayan cities. middle of Mayan cities.

The Mayas worshipped many gods The Mayas worshipped many gods and would perform religious acts that and would perform religious acts that included included human sacrificehuman sacrifice to please to please their gods. their gods.

Mayan priests studied the stars and Mayan priests studied the stars and planets. They invented an accurate planets. They invented an accurate calendar. calendar.

The calendar was used to decide The calendar was used to decide when to hold religious celebrations. when to hold religious celebrations.

The Mayas created a system of writing The Mayas created a system of writing called called hieroglyphicshieroglyphics. .

Their greatest inventions was the idea Their greatest inventions was the idea of the number of the number Zero.Zero.

With a writing system, Mayans were With a writing system, Mayans were able to write books. Their books were able to write books. Their books were made out of paper created from tree made out of paper created from tree bark. bark.

Most of the people were farmers and Most of the people were farmers and worked in the field near the cities. With worked in the field near the cities. With their most important crop being their most important crop being maizemaize, , or corn.or corn.

In about 900 A.D., the Mayas In about 900 A.D., the Mayas suddenly left their cities. suddenly left their cities.

Nobody knows why!Nobody knows why! Many believe it may been due to Many believe it may been due to

war, disease, drought or war, disease, drought or starvation killed many of them. starvation killed many of them. Or people rebelled against the Or people rebelled against the control of the priest and nobles. control of the priest and nobles.

The Aztec EmpireThe Aztec Empire The Aztecs arrived in the area in The Aztecs arrived in the area in

the 1100’s, they settled on an the 1100’s, they settled on an island in Lake Texcoco. island in Lake Texcoco.

There they created a great city There they created a great city called Tenochtitlan. Which called Tenochtitlan. Which became their capital city.became their capital city.

The Aztecs began conquering The Aztecs began conquering other people. other people.

They forced the conquered to They forced the conquered to pay tribute, or taxes. pay tribute, or taxes.

An emperor ruled over the Aztec An emperor ruled over the Aztec lands. Nobles and priests lands. Nobles and priests helped him. helped him.

Most of the people were farmersMost of the people were farmers When farming land was running When farming land was running

out they created new farmland out they created new farmland by by building floating gardensbuilding floating gardens. .

Priests preformed ceremonies Priests preformed ceremonies such as human sacrifice to such as human sacrifice to please the gods. please the gods.

They also created an accurate They also created an accurate calendar. calendar.

The Aztecs used hieroglyphics The Aztecs used hieroglyphics to help them keep records. to help them keep records.

Aztec doctors made more then Aztec doctors made more then 1000 medicines from plants. 1000 medicines from plants. They also set broken bones and They also set broken bones and practiced dentistry. practiced dentistry.

Trade was usually done by Trade was usually done by barter – to trade goods for other barter – to trade goods for other goods.goods.

Unlike the Mayas, the Aztecs Unlike the Mayas, the Aztecs did not abandon their cities. did not abandon their cities. Instead, people from far away Instead, people from far away conquered them. conquered them.

Summary: Summary:

Questions:Questions: Answers:Answers:What do you think What do you think happen to the happen to the Mayans?Mayans?Which civilization Which civilization would you have would you have wanted to be apart wanted to be apart of and why?of and why?

Summary:

12-2 The Incas 12-2 The Incas People of the SunPeople of the Sun

The Incas first settle in Cuzco in The Incas first settle in Cuzco in about 1200 A.D. about 1200 A.D.

Cuzco, a city in present-day Cuzco, a city in present-day Peru, was a village in the Andes Peru, was a village in the Andes Mountains. Mountains.

It became the Incan capital. It became the Incan capital. Most Incas were farmers who Most Incas were farmers who

grew maize and other crops. grew maize and other crops.

1438 – 1438 – PachacutiPachacuti became ruler became ruler of in the Incas. He forced people of in the Incas. He forced people who were not loyal off their land. who were not loyal off their land.

Pachacuti’s son, Pachacuti’s son, Topa IncaTopa Inca, , later became emperor and later became emperor and expanded the Incan empire. expanded the Incan empire.

He expanded the empire that He expanded the empire that included present day Ecuador, included present day Ecuador, Peru, Bolivia, Chile, and Peru, Bolivia, Chile, and Argentina. Argentina.

Incan Civilization Incan Civilization The Incan emperor carefully The Incan emperor carefully

chose nobles to govern each chose nobles to govern each province (state). province (state).

Nobles conducted a census so Nobles conducted a census so that the people could be taxed . that the people could be taxed .

The government would care for The government would care for the poor, sick and elderly Incas. the poor, sick and elderly Incas.

Without a written language, Incan Without a written language, Incan officials and traders relied on a officials and traders relied on a quipu to keep track of information. quipu to keep track of information.

Quipu – knotted string used by the – knotted string used by the Incas to track information. Incas to track information.

The Incas built large road system The Incas built large road system high in the mountains of the high in the mountains of the Andes. Andes.

The roads helped the government The roads helped the government to rule the empire. to rule the empire.

Rope bridges were also built to Rope bridges were also built to help travel in the empire. help travel in the empire.

The Incas also built canals and The Incas also built canals and aqueducts to irrigate land that aqueducts to irrigate land that would otherwise be too dry to would otherwise be too dry to grow crops. grow crops.

Using stones they built cities, Using stones they built cities, palaces, temples and fortresses palaces, temples and fortresses without the use of modern tools. without the use of modern tools.

They used hammers and chisels They used hammers and chisels to cut stones so perfect that they to cut stones so perfect that they fit together without the use of fit together without the use of cement. cement.

The most famous Incan ruin is called The most famous Incan ruin is called Machu Picchu. Machu Picchu.

Roads and stairs cut into the side of Roads and stairs cut into the side of the mountain.the mountain.

http://www.machupicchu.org/http://www.machupicchu.org/ http://www.peru-machu-picchu.com/ihttp://www.peru-machu-picchu.com/i

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Like the Mayas and the Aztecs Like the Mayas and the Aztecs the Incas believed in many gods the Incas believed in many gods and practiced human sacrifice.and practiced human sacrifice.

One of their most important One of their most important gods was the sun god, gods was the sun god, Inti.Inti.

The Incas believed that Inti was The Incas believed that Inti was their parent. their parent.

The Incas called themselves the The Incas called themselves the “Children of the Sun.”“Children of the Sun.”

The Quechua: Descendants of the IncasThe Quechua: Descendants of the Incas

The Spanish conquered the Incan The Spanish conquered the Incan empire in the 1500’s, empire in the 1500’s,

However, people descended from However, people descended from the Incas still line in Peru, the Incas still line in Peru, Ecuador, Bolivia, Chile and Ecuador, Bolivia, Chile and Colombia. Colombia.

They speak Quechua the Incan They speak Quechua the Incan language. language.

Today they live much like the Today they live much like the ancients Incas did high in the ancients Incas did high in the Andes Mountain range. Andes Mountain range.

Summary: Summary:

Questions:Questions: Answers:Answers:What are some of What are some of the benefits of the the benefits of the Incan road system?Incan road system?How would the How would the canals and canals and aqueduct system aqueduct system help the Incas?help the Incas?

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12-3 European Conquest12-3 European Conquest 1492 Columbus discovers the new 1492 Columbus discovers the new

world. world. Spain and Portugal competed for land Spain and Portugal competed for land

in the Americas. in the Americas. In 1492 these two countries signed the In 1492 these two countries signed the

Treaty of TordesillasTreaty of Tordesillas.. This created an imaginary line from the This created an imaginary line from the

North Pole to the South Pole. 45’WNorth Pole to the South Pole. 45’W Spain – West of the lineSpain – West of the line Portugal - East of the linePortugal - East of the line

The Spanish conquistador The Spanish conquistador Cortes went to Mexico in 1519. Cortes went to Mexico in 1519.

The Aztecs’ enemies helped The Aztecs’ enemies helped Cortes attack Tenochtitlan and Cortes attack Tenochtitlan and kill the Aztec emperor, kill the Aztec emperor, Moctezuma. Moctezuma.

In 1521 the Aztecs surrendered In 1521 the Aztecs surrendered to the Spanish. to the Spanish.

Francisco Pizarro arrived in South Francisco Pizarro arrived in South America in 1531.America in 1531.

He had 180 soldiers and with in 4 He had 180 soldiers and with in 4 years he was able to conquer most years he was able to conquer most of the Incan empire.of the Incan empire.

The Spanish were able to do this The Spanish were able to do this because they had better weapons, because they had better weapons, including guns and cannons. including guns and cannons.

Also they brought new diseases Also they brought new diseases that wiped out whole villages. that wiped out whole villages.

ColonizationColonization

Settlers from Europe began Settlers from Europe began arriving in Latin America. arriving in Latin America.

The Catholic Church sent The Catholic Church sent missionaries to spread missionaries to spread Christianity to Native Americans.Christianity to Native Americans.

Spain ruled most of the Spain ruled most of the Americas south of what is now Americas south of what is now the United States. the United States.

The territory was divided into The territory was divided into provinces. provinces.

The two most important The two most important provinces were New Spain and provinces were New Spain and Peru. Peru.

The people with the most power The people with the most power came from Spain or had came from Spain or had Spanish parents. Spanish parents.

People of mixed Spanish and People of mixed Spanish and Native Americans ancestry were Native Americans ancestry were called called Mestizos. Mestizos.

Native Americans had the least Native Americans had the least power.power.

At first the Native Americans At first the Native Americans were forced to work only on were forced to work only on haciendas.haciendas.

When silver was found, they When silver was found, they also had to work in the mines. also had to work in the mines.

Many Native Americans died Many Native Americans died from overwork, lack of food and from overwork, lack of food and illness. illness.

As their population dropped, the As their population dropped, the Spanish imported African slaves Spanish imported African slaves to do the work. to do the work.

Summary: Summary:

Questions:Questions: Answers:Answers:What were two What were two reasons the reasons the conquistadors were conquistadors were able to conquer the able to conquer the Aztecs and the Aztecs and the Incas?Incas?MestizoMestizoHacienda Hacienda

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