Chapter 12: Factors affecting access to sport and physical activity III – the institutional level

Cambridge University Press © Kiss, Kleoudis, Rasi, Stewart and Johnston 2010Chapter 1 Motor learning theory and physical skill

Chapter 12: Factors affecting access to sport and physical activity III

– the institutional level

Cambridge University Press © Kiss, Kleoudis, Rasi, Stewart and Johnston 2010

Homework

In a 300-word essay, use your knowledge of the institutional level of Figueroa’s framework analyse the following statement.

SJC is a basketball school. SJC markets itself on the success and popularity of basketball.

How has this impacted on your participation rate in basketball and/or other sports?


Figueroa’s third framework – the institutional level

The institutional level is the third level of Figueroa’s framework and refers to

institutions as organisations that establish structures, mechanisms and

rules of social order and cooperation governing the behaviour of a set of

individuals.

For example, the IOC and ACB set rules and regulations that are followed

and filtered down to the club level and ultimately to the individual.


Figueroa’s third framework – the institutional level (cont.)

Such institutions guide people in certain directions by stated and unstated

rules and regulations that will ultimately affect their access to participation.

Institutions exist in various forms or governing bodies that include the

family, school, clubs, sport authorities, religious groups and political

organisations.


• Figure 12.1 Hasem El Masri pg 355


• Guest speaker – Ghazi or Morlee??


1. Institution of the family – Pg 356

Families are the foundation institutions in society that have rules and

expectations that affect access to various sports and physical activity for

those members within the family.

All family members follow rules and procedures that provide order and

structure and unwritten rules and procedures that are followed and the

consequences that can impact on life choices.


Institution of the family (cont.)

The rules and unwritten rules of the family can provide other individuals of

the family with support and opportunities for sport and physical activity or

alternatively serve as a barrier.

The head/s of the family can greatly influence access and type of sport

and physical activity that individual family members will be exposed to.

This in turn can lead to the love or resentment of the sport/physical activity

with the family member either embracing or disassociating themselves

from the activity.


Institution of the family (cont.)

Participation is brought about by an expectation that the individual will

participate in a specific sport or activity because it is an unwritten rule for

that family member to do so.

Other factors that can influence or serve as a barrier for participation in

sport include: tradition, where the child is influenced by family

tradition/culture, families’ socioeconomic status, families’ personal beliefs,

attitudes and beliefs.


• Dad is head of the family• If Dad says you are playing…..? Then do you

really have a choice?

Questions• Have you ever played a sport because your Dad made you?• Has your Mum ever made you watch dancing with the stars?• Have you played sport because of tradition? Figure 12.2 pg

357• Activity 12.1 is your family a certain type of family?


• Questions for understanding.

Describe how a family’s expectation for girls in the family could impact upon their choice of sport?


2. Institution of the school pg 358

Schools are major institutions that contain rules and regulations for the purpose

of maintaining order and organisation that inadvertently discriminate against

some sections of the community and favour others.

Schools have rules that must be followed and can affect students in different

ways, such as the number and type of subjects to be studied, the offering of

subjects and their availability on the subject line, compulsory subjects and the

need for prerequisite subjects necessary for tertiary education qualification.


• How many students do PE in Year 12?• 20• How many students do Outdoor Ed in Year 12?• 25• How many students do PE in Year 11?• 12• How many students do Outdoor Ed in Year 11?• 17• Why is the numbers for ORH subjects so low in Year 11?• Because PE is on the same line as Outdoor Ed in Yr 11.


Question for understanding

•Why/How has this had an impact on participation in Physical activity at SJC.


Institution of the school (cont.)

Such institutional rules held by the school can deter or preclude any student

from participation. That is, any of the above reasons may prevent the student

from undertaking physical education as a subject.

Opportunities to be part of a school interschool team may be limited due to the

sports availability, venue, facilities and human resources within the

school/district.



Schools may offer specialised sports to the advantage of some, but may

restrict and create resentment for others.

Questions for understanding

•Do sports at SJC get the same exposure as basketball? Why/Why not?

•Does girls sport at SJC get the same exposure as boys? Why/Why not?

•How many training sessions do the girls basketball team get compared

to the boys? Is this fair??

•Why didn’t the girls travel to Penrith?

•Why does World Cup Soccer start with the boys and not girls?

•Is SJC a basketball school? Has SJC marketed itself on the basis of

success or popularity of basketball?



Schools/institutions education work programs have a major effect on the

access that students have when it comes to the amount and type of

physical education.

Examples of other institutions whose policies may affect access to

participating in physical education include Queensland Studies Authority,

District Sport Committees, Regional Sport Committees and Queensland

Secondary School Sport Council, EQ Policy.

Education Queensland’s ‘Smart moves’ Policy makes it mandatory for all

students in years 8–10 to participate in physical education.


Institution of sports clubs

Constitutions, rules, by-laws and regulations of sports clubs are designed to help the club implement a structure that people are aware of and interact with.

Some of these regulations include:

• consequences for breach (eg expulsion or suspension)

• costs of joining fees

• equipment requirements

• cost of tours and attire/apparel

• non-acceptance due to race or gender or physical stature that is in

conflict with club tradition

• covert change in club’s original intentions and expectations.


Institution of sporting authorities

Beyond the levels of sports clubs, organisations also referred to as

institutions (such as the IOC and ACB), exist and make up the rules and by-

laws for participation in sport and physical activities that fall under their

banner and jurisdiction.

Such rules, by-laws and other regulations would then filter down to the

foundation level, thus affecting all individuals at all levels.


Institution of sporting authorities (cont.)

Such rules and by-laws can affect an individual’s access to a particular

sport or physical activity if they come in conflict with issues such as:

• individuals’ values and beliefs

• socioeconomic backgrounds

• cultural and ethnic backgrounds

• religious beliefs

• body type, personal appearance and the sexualisation of the body.



Sexploitation – the sexualising of athletes or physical activity participants. When a

person is sexually objectified—that is, rather than seen as a person with the capacity

for independent action and decision, a person’s value comes only from his or her

sexual appeal or behaviour, to the exclusion of other characteristics.

According to research conducted by the Australian Sports Commission, sexploitation

applies to forms of marketing, promotion or attempts to gain media coverage that focus

attention on the sexual attributes of female athletes, especially the visibility of their

bodies.



In a context of sexploitation, the value of the female athlete is judged primarily in terms

of her body type and attractiveness, rather than the qualities that define her as an

athlete.

Focusing on an athlete’s/participant’s physical attributes in an overtly sexual manner

can therefore create anxiety and embarrassment for the individual and affect their self-

esteem.

Rules and regulations brought about by institutional governing bodies (eg beach

volleyball) may assist in promoting a sport, but at the same time serve as barriers to

other willing participants.



• What is the big ticket item at the Olympic games?

• WHY?



• Uniform controversy

• http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beach_volleyball#Uniform_controversy


Question for understanding?

•Explain the impact it might have on the participation of boys in AFL if the compulsory uniform became a lycra body suit.


Institution of religion

Religion is an institution that has been established with its own set of rules

deriving from social practices dating back many generations.

Such rules carry with them interpretations about socially acceptable codes

and behaviour befitting males and females. Females, particularly, are more

affected by such rules.


Institution of religion (cont.)

Such religious rules can refer to:

• dress code

• exposure of the body

• fasting/eating

• undertaking physical activity (or not).

Religion is therefore highly institutionalised, containing many rules and

regulations that may limit participation in some physical activities in some

circumstances.


Institution of politics

At Figueroa’s institutional level, politics has been a major institution of rule and law

changes that have affected participation rates at all levels.

Politics is the ultimate institution for changing rules and regulations that can affect

an individual’s access to sport and physical activity.

Political advocacy and policy implementation for both ethnic and Australian sporting

interests allowed for many social changes and provided for many opportunities and

access to a range of sport and physical activities.


Institution of politics (cont.)

Various policy changes within Australia that have been implemented on a

particular sport have led to some form of social change or access for

individuals. Such policies include:

•White Australia Act

•Anti Discrimination Act

•Equal Opportunity Act

•2009 Government Stimulus Package for QLD schools

•government laws for gaming as a source of revenue

•establishment of government institutions such as the Australian

Institute of Sport.


Institution of politics (cont.)

At Figueroa’s institutional level, politics has been a major institution of

rule and law with changes that have vastly affected participation at all

levels.

Such is the power of politics at the institutional level of Figueroa’s

framework to invoke and revoke rules and regulations it can create a

catalyst of events that can influence participation in sport for all

citizens. In this way, politics and sport are inextricably linked.


Homework

In a 300-word essay, use your knowledge of the institutional level of Figueroa’s framework analyse the following statement.

SJC is a basketball school. SJC markets itself on the success and popularity of basketball.

How has this impacted on your participation rate in basketball?

Documents

Chapter 12: Factors affecting access to sport and physical activity III – the institutional level