Chapter 11.2•Louisiana Purchase Effects •Lewis & Clark Exploration

•Burr Conspiracy•Election of 1804

•Embargo Act•Start of the War of 1812

LP Constitutional ?

Does the President have the right to purchase land if it is not expressed in the

US Constitution?Jefferson used implied powersimplied powers or loose loose

constructionconstruction to justify his decision“It was for the best interest of the nation. It is the case of a

guardian, investing the money of his ward in purchasing an important adjacent territory; and saying to him when of age, I did this for your good; I pretend to no right to

bind you; you may disavow me, and I must get out of the scrape as I can: I thought it my duty to risk myself for

you.”

Madison to JeffersonMadison to Jefferson

““Mr. President, you are only extending this republic over a Mr. President, you are only extending this republic over a larger area of land.”larger area of land.”

LP Constitutional ?

Does the President have the right to purchase land if it is not expressed in

the US Constitution?

•Hamilton and Federalists were against this purchase

•Why? Population shift take Federalist power away in Congress

•Feared Jefferson’s vision of an “agrarian “agrarian society”society”

•Jefferson referred to this as his “valley of “valley of democracy”democracy”

Effects of the Purchase• *Nearly doubled the size of the US (828,000

ACRES)• US avoided war with France & entangling alliance

with Britain• Removes last European power from continent• Acquired rest of richest river valley in the world• Established Precedent- acquiring foreign territory by

purchase• Opened door to Oregon territory (window to Pacific;

trade with Asia) Oregon Trail• Expanded power of the federal government • Robert Livingston brought home ideas about steam

powered travel (will lead to steamboat)

Map 6 of 45

Expansion of the United States

Map 7 of 45

Expansion of the United Stateswith Louisiana Purchase 1803

• Spring, 1804: Jefferson sends personal secretary Meriwether Lewis and army officer

William Clark to explore north Louisiana

• Corp of Discovery: 28 men who accompanied Lewis/Clark.

• Exploration yielded maps, knowledge of Indians, overland trail to Pacific (Oregon

Trail)

• President Jefferson wanted to find the Northwest Passage

•United States’ claim to the Pacific Northwest

• 2 ½ year journey!

• Spring, 1804: Jefferson sends personal secretary Meriwether Lewis and army officer

William Clark to explore north Louisiana

• Corp of Discovery: 28 men who accompanied Lewis/Clark.

• Exploration yielded maps, knowledge of Indians, overland trail to Pacific (Oregon

Trail)

• President Jefferson wanted to find the Northwest Passage

•United States’ claim to the Pacific Northwest

• 2 ½ year journey!

•Interpreter and guide for Lewis and Clark

•Her knowledge of trails and mountain passes helped with the success of the expedition.

•She was also a “diplomat” for Lewis and Clark. Many tribes

had never seen white men before.

•Her presence with a baby was looked upon as good and

Lewis and Clark were considered peaceful.

•Interpreter and guide for Lewis and Clark

•Her knowledge of trails and mountain passes helped with the success of the expedition.

•She was also a “diplomat” for Lewis and Clark. Many tribes

had never seen white men before.

•Her presence with a baby was looked upon as good and

Lewis and Clark were considered peaceful.

Map LP/3

embargo1

Angered by an insulting remark

attributed to Hamilton,

Burr challenged the Federalist leader to a duel and fatally shot

him

Angered by an insulting remark

attributed to Hamilton,

Burr challenged the Federalist leader to a duel and fatally shot

him

Hamilton’s death in 1804 deprived the Federalists of their last great leader and earned Burr the enmity of many

Hamilton’s death in 1804 deprived the Federalists of their last great leader and earned Burr the enmity of many

embargo1

Secretly forming a political pact with some radical New

England Federalists.

Burr planned to win the governorship of New York in

1804.

Unite that state with the New England states, and then lead this group of states to secede

from the nation

Secretly forming a political pact with some radical New

England Federalists.

Burr planned to win the governorship of New York in

1804.

Unite that state with the New England states, and then lead this group of states to secede

from the nation

Most Federalists followed Alexander Hamilton in opposing Burr, who was defeated in the New York election

The conspiracy then disintegrated

Most Federalists followed Alexander Hamilton in opposing Burr, who was defeated in the New York election

The conspiracy then disintegrated

In 1806, Burr planned to take Mexico from Spain

and possibly unite it with Louisiana under his rule

Jefferson learned of the conspiracy and ordered Burr’s arrest and trial for

treason

In 1806, Burr planned to take Mexico from Spain

and possibly unite it with Louisiana under his rule

Jefferson learned of the conspiracy and ordered Burr’s arrest and trial for

treason

A jury acquitted Burr, basing its decision on Marshall’s narrow definition of treason and the

lack of witnesses to any “overt act” by Burr

A jury acquitted Burr, basing its decision on Marshall’s narrow definition of treason and the

lack of witnesses to any “overt act” by Burr

Election 1804Election 1804

• Thomas Jefferson reelected (George Clinton is new VP) Burr dropped from ticket.

• Jefferson defeated Charles Pinckney (Federalist)

• 162-14

Britain vs. FranceBritain vs. France

• Lasted 11 years• America is the #1 neutral carrier since

1793• Battle of Trafalgar (1805)- Britain beat

Spanish & French fleets= Britain is top sea power.

• Battle of Austerlitz- Napoleon gained supremacy of the land (Europe)

Napoleonic Decrees: Napoleonic Decrees: Berlin Decree (1806), Milan Decree Berlin Decree (1806), Milan Decree (1807):(1807):

Berlin Decree- closed all European ports to ships that Berlin Decree- closed all European ports to ships that had docked at British ports.had docked at British ports.

Milan Decree- allowed for seizure of all ships & cargo Milan Decree- allowed for seizure of all ships & cargo from ships which were bound for British ports.  from ships which were bound for British ports.  

Orders-in-councilOrders-in-council British laws which led to the War of 1812. Orders-in-British laws which led to the War of 1812. Orders-in-council passed in 1807 permitted the impressment of council passed in 1807 permitted the impressment of sailors and forbade neutral ships from visiting ports sailors and forbade neutral ships from visiting ports

from which Britain was excluded unless they first went from which Britain was excluded unless they first went to Britain and traded for British goods. to Britain and traded for British goods. 

1806: England closed ports under French

control to foreign shipping (incl. US), seized US ships & impressed Americans.

Napoleon ordered seizure of all merchant ships that

entered British ports.

ImpressmentsImpressments An act of kidnapping An act of kidnapping a ship, its contents, a ship, its contents,

men and forcing men and forcing them into your navythem into your navy

•1807, Chesapeake was a US merchant ship 10 miles off the coast of Virginia. A British ship in the region ordered it to stop.

•British fired 3 shots at the Chesapeake before it surrendered

•3 Americans were killed, 18 wounded and 4 sailors impressed

•1807, Chesapeake was a US merchant ship 10 miles off the coast of Virginia. A British ship in the region ordered it to stop.

•British fired 3 shots at the Chesapeake before it surrendered

•3 Americans were killed, 18 wounded and 4 sailors impressed

Chesapeake affair

Most Americans were angered over this incident and

public opinion was to go to war with the British.Most Americans were angered over this incident and

public opinion was to go to war with the British.

Chesapeake article

Regarding the Chesapeake Affair, the Washington

Federalist reported,

“We have never, on any occasion, witnessed the spirit

of the people excited to so great a degree of indignation, or such a thirst for revenge,

as on hearing of the late unexampled outrage on the

Chesapeake. All parties, ranks and professions were

unanimous in their detestation of the dastardly

deed, and all cried aloud for vengeance.”

*The Embargo Act (1807-1809)

• “Peaceful coercion” • Forbade export of all goods from US OR ON Foreign • ships• Hurt the US economy more than it hurt Europe• Smuggling through Canada increased• ***forced the US to create Industry= Beginning of 1st Industrial

Revolution • ** temporarily revived the Federalist Party• Act was repealed in 1809 WHY?1. Overestimated dependence on US goods (S. America)2. Underestimated Europe’s resolve3. Embargo unpopular at home

embargo1

•American people were hostile towards Jefferson

•Referred to the Embargo as “Dambargo, Mobrage,

Go Bar Em”….

•Would be replaced by the Non-Intercourse Act by

President Madison which allowed U.S. exports and trade but not with France

and Great Britain……

embargo2

“Our ships all in motion,Once whiten’d the ocean;

They sail’d and return’d with a Cargo;Now doom’d to decayThey are fallen a prey,

To Jefferson, worms and EMBARGO.”

A Federalist circular in Massachusetts A Federalist circular in Massachusetts against the embargo cried out,against the embargo cried out,

““Let every man who holds the name of Let every man who holds the name of America dear to him , stretch forth his hands America dear to him , stretch forth his hands

and put this accursed thing, this Embargo and put this accursed thing, this Embargo from him. Be resolute, act like sons of liberty, from him. Be resolute, act like sons of liberty,

of God, and your country; nerve your arms of God, and your country; nerve your arms with vengeance against the Despot (Jefferson) with vengeance against the Despot (Jefferson)

who would wrest the inestimable germ of who would wrest the inestimable germ of your Independence from you---and you shall your Independence from you---and you shall

be Conquerors!!!”be Conquerors!!!”

The Election of 1808• Jefferson left presidency or “splendid misery” after 2

Terms• Virginian James Madison was favored by Jefferson as

next president • Madison defeats Charles Pinckney (Federalist) easily• VP –George Clinton still• War in Europe was nearing a climax

*Macon’s Bill No. 2 & Madison’s Gamble

• Non-Intercourse Act- due to expire in 1810• Congress tore embargo down with Macon’s Bill No. 21. Reopened US trade with all the world2. If either Britain or France would repeal its restrictions on US

shipping, US would embargo the other nation.Madison did not like the bill! • 1810 France (Napoleon) announced it MIGHT repeal its

restrictions on US IF Britain lifted its Orders of Council. • Madison accepted the French offer- gave British 3 months to

lift Orders of Council• Britain controlled sea & refused to lift restrictions• Madison's gamble failed

The War Hawks • The “War Hawks”- new young members elected to the

12th Congress from the South & West; advocated war with Britain.

• Henry Clay, Felix Grundy, John C. Calhoun • Western war hawks- want to wipe out Indian threat to

white settlers in trans-Alleghany. • Convinced the British in Canada are inciting INDIANS • Westerners – “On to Canada…”; Southerners eyed

Florida.

Tecumseh & the Prophet• Put together a confederacy of east Mississippi Indians

to stop flow of white settlers• Encouraged followers to stop using textile clothing

(manufactured), stop use of alcohol, no ceding of land to whites unless all Indians agreed.

• 1811- William Henry Harrison (territorial governor of Indiana) led army against the Prophet & Shawnees.

• *Battle of Tippecanoe (1811)- William Henry Harrison defeated the Prophet & drove Tecumseh to Canada.

• Tecumseh died in 1813 at Battle of Thames.• ** NO INDIAN CONFEDERACY

*Mr. Madison’s War• Spring 1812- believed war with Britain inevitable

• Madison believed war would restore OUR confidence in republican experiment.

• Vigorous assertion of US rights= viable nationhood & democracy

America at War & Divided

• June 1, 1812- Madison asked Congress for declaration of war.

• US Congress -79-49 & Senate 19-13= divided

• Southerners & Westerners & Republicans from middle states supported the war

• Federalists North & South hated the war= “Mr. Madison’s War”

• Federalist strongholds sent supplies & traded with Britain