Chapter 11 Section 4: World War II ESSENTIAL QUESTION How did World War II affect Georgians?

The Rise of Dictators Ruthless people rose to power in the 1920s and 1930s Some Europeans resented terms of Treaty of Versailles Germans had to take full responsibility of WWI Pay billions of dollars in reparation to allies Disarm completely Give up all overseas colonies and some territory in Europe Carved up Austro-Hungarian and Russian Empires to create several European countries (borders were later disputed) League of Nations was part of the Treaty

Increasing Tensions Dictator: individual who ruled a country through military strength CountryLeaderQuick Facts JapanEmperor Hirohito Attacked China seeking raw materials ItalyMussoliniAttacked Ethiopia and Albania GermanyAdolf HitlerNazi leader; began rebuilding military forces, persecuting Jews, and silencing opponents Soviet Union Josef StalinBuilt up industry and military, forced peasants into collective farms, eliminated opponents

Germany During the depression millions lost their jobs Economy was on the edge of collapse Germans rallied around Hitler Gained popularity by exploiting peoples concerns about inflation and unemployment and Versailles Treaty 1921 became chairman of the National Socialist German Workers Party, aka the Nazi Party.

Nazi-Soviet Pact Germany making plans to invade Poland Poland bordered Russia Hitler did not want to anger Stalin, yet. Both signed Soviet-German Non-Aggression Pact- August 1939 2 leaders pledged not to attack each other Agreed to divide Poland Pact shocked the world

The War Begins 1938: Hitlers Germany attacks France to take back land lost in WWI (Rhineland) Sent troops to take over Austria, Czechoslovakia, and Poland Great Britain and France declared war Soviet Union invaded nearby countries and agreed to split Poland with Germany By 1940, Hitler controlled Denmark, Norway, Holland, Belgium, Luxembourg and a large part of France and began bombing Great Britain

Blitzkrieg Lightning War The German offensive way of fighting Moving in quickly, forcefully, from all sides

A Neutral United States Most Americans did not want to get involved in the war, but Roosevelt wanted to help Britain Hitler turned on Stalin in 1941 and invaded the Soviet Union Lend-lease: policy to lend or lease (rent) weapons to Great Britain and the Soviet Union American ships began escorting British ships in convoys

Lend-Lease Japan, Italy, the Soviet Union, and Germany were fighting Great Britain Most Americans felt the U.S. should not get involved 1930s Congress had passed neutrality acts to keep the U.S. out of another war (we could not sell weapons to any warring nation) 1939 FDR got Congress to pass a new law that allowed the Allied Powers to buy arms if they paid cash and carried them in their ships

Lend-Lease (continued) 1940 FDR gave Great Britain old weapons and traded 50 destroyers for British bases in the Western Hemisphere 1941 British ran out of $ so Congress let FDR lend or lease arms to them Germany turned on the Soviet Union and invaded them so FDR gave lend-lease aid to the Soviets FDR built air bases in Greenland and Iceland. The planes from these bases tracked German submarines. U.S. Navy escorted British ships part of the way across the Atlantic

A Day that Will Live in Infamy President Roosevelt stopped exports to Japan to protest its expansion into other countries Exports of oil, airplanes, aviation gasoline and metals were stopped The Japanese attacked the U.S. Navy fleet at Pearl Harbor, Hawaii on Dec. 7, 1941 Japan hoped to destroy the fleet giving them control of the Pacific Ocean The USA declared war on Japan Allied Powers: USA, Great Britain, Soviet Union Axis Powers: Germany, Italy, Japan

Pearl Harbor Japanese-American relations got worse U.S. stopped exporting planes, metals, aircraft parts, and aviation gas to Japan 1941 Japan invaded French Indochina- FDR seized all Japanese property in U.S. Late 1941 Japan decided to invade Indonesia to get gas U.S. Navy stationed at Pearl Harbor were the only ones that could stop them

Pearl Harbor (continued) Dec. 7, 1941 Sunday morning 8:00 AM the Japanese bombed Pearl Harbor 8 battleships destroyed or damaged More than 180 planes were destroyed Over 2,000 people killed/over 1,000 wounded day that will live in infamy Dec. 8 Congress declared war on Japan

American Military Forces Millions of Americans enlisted after the attack on Pearl Harbor 330,000 women joined could not serve in combat roles Segregation in the military kept African American and white service men in different units Tuskegee Airmen: famous African American flyers of the Army Air Force

U.S. enters World War II Allied Powers-U.S., Great Britain, and the Soviet Union Axis Powers-Germany, Japan, and Italy U.S. fighting on two fronts-Germany and Italy in Europe and Africa and Japan in the Pacific

The War in Europe 1942-1943: British and American troops won control of Africa 1943: Mussolini overthrown and Italy joined the Allies American general Dwight D. Eisenhower coordinated plan to recapture Europe D-Day: June 6, 1944 Allied forces land in northern France Early 1945: Germans pushed out of France April 1945: Soviet and American troops meet and Germany surrenders Hitler commits suicide

D-Day June 06, 1944 Operation Overlord Largest amphibious assault in human history Allied success is the first step in the March to Berlin. Five beach code names: Omaha and Utah (U.S.), Gold and Sword (Britain), and Juno (Canada) 1,465 U.S. solders killed. (estimate) Eisenhower's message to the troops Eisenhower's message to the troops

Georgia Loses a Friend President Roosevelt visited Georgia often at his Little White House in Warm Springs His polio symptoms were eased in the mineral springs April 24, 1945: President Roosevelt died suddenly of a stroke in Warm Springs, GA Millions of Georgians and Americans mourned Vice President Harry Truman became president

FDRs Impact on Georgia Got Congress to pass laws to protect workers ND created the Tennessee Valley Authority (TVA) which created Blue Ridge Lake, Lake Chatuge, and Lake Nottely FDRs body was carried by train to Washington as thousands of crying Georgians lined the tracks

The War in the Pacific 1942: Japan expanded its territory throughout the Asian Pacific region 1945: Allied forces began to retake Japanese controlled lands Japan refused to surrender President Truman authorized the use of atomic bombs to force Japans surrender Enola Gay: plane that dropped first atomic bomb on Hiroshima, Japan Japan surrendered after a second atomic bomb dropped on Nagasaki Over 50 million people died in the war

The Holocaust The Holocaust: name given to the Nazi plan to kill all Jewish people Auschwitz, Buckenwald, Dachau, Treblinka, Bergen-Belsen infamous concentration camps where Jews and others were executed 6 million people killed in the Holocaust (Picture: Jews at the Warsaw Ghetto)

The Holocaust Spring 1945-Allied troops pushed into Poland, Austria, and Germany They found Auschwitz, Buckenwald, Dachau, Treblinka, Bergen-Belsen (concentration camps) set up by the Nazis as the final solution to the Jewish problem Those alive were emaciated skeletons from years of starvation, disease, cruel treatment, forced labor, and medical experiments systematic extermination (killing) of 6 million Jews 5-6 million others labeled as undesirables were also killed by the Nazis

The Holocaust (continued) Prisoners, including children, were gassed in chambers they thought were showers Their bodies were incinerated in huge ovens or thrown into mass graves Hitler wanted to rid the world of inferior people including Jews, Poles, Czechs, Russians, Gypsies, homosexuals, and the mentally or physically disabled 1986 the GA Commission on the Holocaust was established The Commission fosters tolerance, good citizenship and character development among the young people of GA Annual art and writing contest for middle and high school students

The Wars Effects on Society Everyone was expected to help in the war effort Women began working in jobs to replace men who had gone to war G.I. Bill: law to help returning soldiers adapt to civilian life Low cost loans for homes or business College education opportunities Women and African Americans did not want to go back to the kind of life they had before the war

Georgia During World War II 320,000 Georgians joined the armed forces over 7,000 killed Military bases were built in the state which improved the economy Farmers grew needed crops income tripled for the average farmer Limits were put on the consumption of goods such as gasoline, meat, butter, and sugar (rationing) Students were encouraged to buy war bonds and defense stamps to pay for the war Victory Garden: small family gardens to make sure soldiers would have enough food POW (prisoner of war) camps in Georgia at some military bases

Bell Aircraft Needed to build aircraft plants to build more B-29 bombers Bell Aircraft Co. of Buffalo, N.Y. got the contract for a new plant in Marietta Largest aircraft assembly plant in the world with 4.2 million square feet 1943 they began assembling bombers with 1200 employees 1945-27,000 employees making 60-65 planes a month 1950 Lockheed Aircraft Corp. reopened the plant

Military Bases WW II brought millions of federal $ to GA strengthening the economy Major Bases in GA: Fort Benning (Columbus) largest infantry center in U.S. Camp Gordon (Augusta) Fort Stewart/Hunter Air Field (Savannah) Warner Robins Air Field (near Macon) Glynco Naval Air Station (Brunswick) flew blimps to search for German submarines

Military Bases (continued) Fort McPherson (Atlanta) induction center for newly drafted soldiers Fort Gillem (Clayton County) army storage facility and railroad yard Prisoners of war (POWs) were held at Forts Benning, Gordon, Oglethorpe, and Stewart At Fort Oglethorpe, 150,000 women (Womens Army Auxiliary Corp-WACs) trained to become postal workers, clerks, typists, switchboard operators, code clerks, and drivers or aides Atlanta Airport became an air base in 1941

Savannah Shipyard Built Liberty ships (named after Patrick Henrys famous quote) Nov. 1942 launched first Liberty ship-the U.S.S. James Oglethorpe (sunk by a German sub in 1943) 88 Liberty ships built by 15,000 workers, many of whom were women

Brunswick Shipyard 1943-1944 over 16,000 men and women worked around the clock on 6 ships at a time 1944 set a record by building 7 ships in just one month Worked on Christmas day and donated $ for that day to the war effort Produced 99 Liberty ships

Richard B. Russell, Jr. June 1931, Winder resident Richard Russell became GAs youngest governor in the 20 th Century Sworn in by his dad, GA Supreme Court Justice, Richard B. Russell, Sr. Former member and speaker of the GA House of Representatives Combined 102 state offices into 17 agencies Combined the boards of trustees of state colleges and universities into one governing group-the Board of Regents of the Univ. System

Richard B. Russell, Jr. (continued) Gov. Russell tried to run the state like a successful business 1932 he was elected to the U.S. Senate (served for 38 years) He favored national military preparedness and states rights Served on the Senate Appropriations Com Co-sponsored legislation to provide a school lunch to all children Advisor to 6 U.S. Presidents Served as president pro tempore of the Senate (third in line for the presidency)

Richard Russell, Jr. Carl Vinson

U.S. House of Representatives (served 25 consecutive terms from 1914 -1965) Promoted a strong national defense 1934 Vinson-Trammel Act (manufactured 92 warships) Law to expand naval aviation system to 10,000 planes,16,000 pilots, and 20 air bases Law to ease labor restrictions in shipbuilding to allow faster construction of navy ships

Carl Vinson (continued) After World War II: Wanted a strong defense throughout the Cold War with the Soviet Union 1964-President Johnson awarded him the Presidential Medal of Freedom Retired to his Milledgeville farm in 1965 1972-President Nixon named the 3 rd nuclear carrier for him He died in 1981

Video Clips Attack on Pearl Harbor Attack on Pearl Harbor http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=HAnOtW m5OrM http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=HAnOtW m5OrM FDRs Infamy Speech FDRs Infamy Speech http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3VqQAf74 fsE http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3VqQAf74 fsE http://www.gpb.org/georgiastories/storie s/women_of_world_war_two http://www.gpb.org/georgiastories/storie s/women_of_world_war_two http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=MvDi wYSwEV0 http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=MvDi wYSwEV0

Documents

Chapter 11 Section 4: World War II ESSENTIAL QUESTION How did World War II affect Georgians?