Chapter 11 Section 3 NotesChapter 11 Section 3 Notes The Tide of the War TurnsThe Tide of the War Turns

More Victories for Robert E More Victories for Robert E LeeLee Emancipation Proclamation Emancipation Proclamation

renewed enthusiasm for renewed enthusiasm for the north.the north.

When General George When General George McClellan delayed in McClellan delayed in following up on his victory following up on his victory over Robert E. Lee at the over Robert E. Lee at the Battle of Antietam, Lincoln Battle of Antietam, Lincoln again removed him and again removed him and replaced him with General replaced him with General Ambrose Burnside in 1862. Ambrose Burnside in 1862.

Burnside-”Sideburns”. Burnside-”Sideburns”. He was not a good general.He was not a good general.

Battle of FredericksburgBattle of Fredericksburg Knowing that McClellan had been fired for Knowing that McClellan had been fired for

being too cautious, Burnside quickly being too cautious, Burnside quickly advanced into Virginia. advanced into Virginia.

His plan was simple—to march his army His plan was simple—to march his army of 122,000 men straight toward of 122,000 men straight toward RichmondRichmond

In response, Lee put his army of 79,000 In response, Lee put his army of 79,000 at Fredericksburg, Virginia, on the south at Fredericksburg, Virginia, on the south bank of the Rappahannock Riverbank of the Rappahannock River

On December 13, 1862, the Battle of On December 13, 1862, the Battle of Fredericksburg began. Fredericksburg began.

When the fighting ceased at nightfall, the When the fighting ceased at nightfall, the Union had suffered nearly 13,000 Union had suffered nearly 13,000 casualties.casualties.

Confederate losses were just over 5,000. Confederate losses were just over 5,000. A demoralized Burnside soon asked to be A demoralized Burnside soon asked to be

relieved of his command.relieved of his command.

Nice SideburnsNice Sideburns

"The Battle of Fredericksburg" Volunteers Crossing the

Rappahannock River

Soldiers bathing in the Rappahannock River in Fredericksburg, VA

Fredericksburg in Ruins

FredericksburgFredericksburg December 11 – December 15, 1862 December 11 – December 15, 1862 Location Spotsylvania County and Location Spotsylvania County and

Fredericksburg, Virginia Fredericksburg, Virginia Result Confederate victoryResult Confederate victory Commanders Ambrose E. Burnside-Union Commanders Ambrose E. Burnside-Union Robert E. Lee-ConfederacyRobert E. Lee-Confederacy Casualties and losses Union-12,653 Casualties and losses Union-12,653

(1,284 killed, 9,600 wounded, 1,769 (1,284 killed, 9,600 wounded, 1,769 captured/missing) captured/missing)

Confederacy-5,377 (608 killed, 4,116 Confederacy-5,377 (608 killed, 4,116 wounded, 653 captured/missing)wounded, 653 captured/missing)

A home in Fredericksburg, VA showing destruction houses suffered by the bombardment on Dec. 13, 1862

Battle of ChancellorsvilleBattle of Chancellorsville a worried Lincoln a worried Lincoln

turned to another turned to another general, Joseph general, Joseph “Fighting Joe” Hooker.“Fighting Joe” Hooker.

Confederate cavalry Confederate cavalry commanded by commanded by General J.E.B. “Jeb” General J.E.B. “Jeb” Stuart discovered Stuart discovered Hooker's force Hooker's force camped about ten camped about ten miles west of miles west of Fredericksburg, near a Fredericksburg, near a road crossing called road crossing called ChancellorsvilleChancellorsville

Battle of ChancellorsvilleBattle of Chancellorsville At Chancellorsville, Hooker was defeated by Lee At Chancellorsville, Hooker was defeated by Lee

and Stonewall Jackson. and Stonewall Jackson. Considered the greatest Confederate victory of the Considered the greatest Confederate victory of the

war. war. The victory was tainted as Stonewall Jackson was The victory was tainted as Stonewall Jackson was

accidently shot by his own troops. accidently shot by his own troops. He died a week later.He died a week later. Stonewall Jackson was probably Lee's most brilliant Stonewall Jackson was probably Lee's most brilliant

general. general. His popularity with the troops was exceeded only His popularity with the troops was exceeded only

by Lee's. by Lee's. His death deprived Lee of a man he called his His death deprived Lee of a man he called his

“strong right arm.”“strong right arm.”

Confederate dead behind the stone wall of Marye's Heights, Fredericksburg, Va., killed during the Battle of Chancellorsville, May 1863

ChancellorsvilleChancellorsville Chancellorsville, VirginiaChancellorsville, Virginia Union Commander: General Joseph Union Commander: General Joseph

HookerHooker Confederate Commander: Robert E. LeeConfederate Commander: Robert E. Lee May 1-4, 1863May 1-4, 1863 Casualties: Union-17,278 Confederates-Casualties: Union-17,278 Confederates-

12,82112,821 Winner: ConfederacyWinner: Confederacy

Battle of GettysburgBattle of Gettysburg The crushing defeats at The crushing defeats at

Fredericksburg and Fredericksburg and Chancellorsville were the Chancellorsville were the low point of the war for the low point of the war for the Union. Union.

The mood in Washington The mood in Washington was dark. was dark.

Rumors swept the capital Rumors swept the capital that Lincoln would resign that Lincoln would resign as President. as President.

Some Northern leaders Some Northern leaders began to talk seriously of began to talk seriously of making peace with the making peace with the South.South.

GettysburgGettysburg In June 1863, Lee In June 1863, Lee

marched his forces marched his forces northwardnorthward

Lee needed supplies-Lee needed supplies-shoesshoes

Lee hoped to find Lee hoped to find some in Pennsylvania. some in Pennsylvania.

More importantly, he More importantly, he hoped that a major hoped that a major Confederate victory Confederate victory on Northern soil on Northern soil would finally push the would finally push the Union into giving up Union into giving up the warthe war

GettysburgGettysburg As Lincoln prepared to replace As Lincoln prepared to replace

Hooker, the Union army moved Hooker, the Union army moved north.north.

On July 1, some Confederate On July 1, some Confederate troops entered the town of troops entered the town of Gettysburg, Pennsylvania. Gettysburg, Pennsylvania.

Many of them were barefoot, Many of them were barefoot, and a supply of shoes was and a supply of shoes was rumored to be stored in the rumored to be stored in the town. town.

There the Confederates There the Confederates encountered a unit of Union encountered a unit of Union cavalry and a fight developed. cavalry and a fight developed.

From this skirmish grew the From this skirmish grew the greatest battle ever fought in greatest battle ever fought in North America, the three-day North America, the three-day Battle of Gettysburg.Battle of Gettysburg.

· Gen. Robert · Gen. Robert E. Lee E. Lee decided to decided to attack the attack the Union in Union in Gettysburg, Gettysburg, PA, in July PA, in July of 1863.of 1863.

Battle of GettysburgBattle of Gettysburg

Gettysburg-July 1stGettysburg-July 1st the Confederates the Confederates

outnumbered the Union. outnumbered the Union. Confederates pushed the Confederates pushed the

Northerners back onto Northerners back onto some hills south of townsome hills south of town

the Union soldiers to the Union soldiers to arrive that night was arrive that night was General George Meade, General George Meade, the new head of the Union the new head of the Union army.army.

Each army took up Each army took up positions on a series of positions on a series of hills. hills.

Gettysburg-July 1Gettysburg-July 1 The center of the Union line was a long hill called The center of the Union line was a long hill called

Cemetery Ridge. Cemetery Ridge. Another series of hills, called Seminary Ridge, Another series of hills, called Seminary Ridge,

was the center of the Confederate position. was the center of the Confederate position. Between these two ridges was a large field Between these two ridges was a large field

several hundred yards wide.several hundred yards wide. That evening, Lee discussed his battle plan with That evening, Lee discussed his battle plan with

General James Longstreet, his second-in-General James Longstreet, his second-in-command since the death of Stonewall Jackson. command since the death of Stonewall Jackson.

Having won the day's fighting, and fresh from his Having won the day's fighting, and fresh from his victory at Chancellorsville, Lee's confidence was victory at Chancellorsville, Lee's confidence was high. high.

He ordered Longstreet to lead an attack on the He ordered Longstreet to lead an attack on the Union troopsUnion troops

Gettysburg-July 2Gettysburg-July 2 On this second day of the On this second day of the

battle, Longstreet was not battle, Longstreet was not ready to attack until about ready to attack until about 4:00 p.m. 4:00 p.m.

His delays gave Meade the His delays gave Meade the chance to bring up chance to bring up reinforcements. reinforcements.

Heavy fighting occurred in Heavy fighting occurred in a peach orchard, a wheat a peach orchard, a wheat field, and a mass of field, and a mass of boulders known locally as boulders known locally as the Devil's Denthe Devil's Den

Gettysburg-July 2Gettysburg-July 2 At one point, some Alabama At one point, some Alabama

soldiers noticed that one of the soldiers noticed that one of the hills in the Union position, hills in the Union position, called Little Round Top, was called Little Round Top, was almost undefended. almost undefended.

They rushed to capture the hill. They rushed to capture the hill. However, Union commanders However, Union commanders

also had noticed that Little also had noticed that Little Round Top was vulnerable. Round Top was vulnerable.

About 350 Maine soldiers under About 350 Maine soldiers under Colonel Joshua Chamberlain, a Colonel Joshua Chamberlain, a college professor at Bowdoin college professor at Bowdoin College before the war, were College before the war, were ordered to defend the positionordered to defend the position. .

Gettysburg-July 2Gettysburg-July 2 They arrived on the They arrived on the

hill just before the hill just before the Alabamans' assault Alabamans' assault and then held off and then held off repeated attacks until repeated attacks until they ran out of they ran out of ammunition. ammunition.

The Maine soldiers' The Maine soldiers' heroic act likely saved heroic act likely saved the Union army from the Union army from defeat. defeat.

At the end of the day, At the end of the day, the Union lines the Union lines remained intactremained intact..

A view of the Gettysburg battlefield from Little Round Top

The view of Seminary Ridge seen from Cemetery Ridge. It The view of Seminary Ridge seen from Cemetery Ridge. It was across these fields that Union soldiers repulsed the was across these fields that Union soldiers repulsed the Confederates participating in the Pickett / Pettigrew Charge. Confederates participating in the Pickett / Pettigrew Charge.

Gettysburg-July 3-Pickett’s Gettysburg-July 3-Pickett’s ChargeCharge

After a two-hour artillery After a two-hour artillery duel, the Union guns duel, the Union guns stopped returning fire. stopped returning fire.

Actually, the Union artillery Actually, the Union artillery commander had ceased fire commander had ceased fire only to save ammunition. only to save ammunition.

Now, however, Northern Now, however, Northern soldiers on Cemetery Ridge soldiers on Cemetery Ridge saw nearly 15,000 saw nearly 15,000 Confederates, formed in a Confederates, formed in a line a mile long and three line a mile long and three rows deep, coming toward rows deep, coming toward them.them.

Gettysburg-July 3-Pickett’s Gettysburg-July 3-Pickett’s ChargeCharge General George Pickett was only one of three Southern General George Pickett was only one of three Southern

commanders on the field that day. commanders on the field that day. Each led an infantry division of about 5,000 men.Each led an infantry division of about 5,000 men. As the Confederates marched across about a mile of open As the Confederates marched across about a mile of open

ground between the two ridges, the Union started firing ground between the two ridges, the Union started firing againagain

This was known as “Pickett’s Charge”This was known as “Pickett’s Charge” Union troops were picking off 100s of Confederate troops Union troops were picking off 100s of Confederate troops

tearing huge gaps in their ranks. tearing huge gaps in their ranks. When the Southern troops closed to within about 200 When the Southern troops closed to within about 200

yards of the Union lines, Northern soldiers poured rifle fire yards of the Union lines, Northern soldiers poured rifle fire into those who remained standing.into those who remained standing.

    Only a few hundred Confederates reached the Union linesOnly a few hundred Confederates reached the Union lines In about 30 minutes it was over. In about 30 minutes it was over. Scarcely half the Confederate force returned to Seminary Scarcely half the Confederate force returned to Seminary

Ridge. Ridge.

A dead Confederate soldier in Gettysburg dear Devil's Den.  It has been pretty much confirmed that this is the soldier that Alexander Gardner dragged to the sniper's den. 

Possibly the most famous photo from Gettysburg - The Gettysburg Sniper - the dead

soldier in this photo was moved to this location and posed for this shot

* This was the turning * This was the turning point of the war.point of the war.

· Gen. George · Gen. George Pickett led the Pickett led the Confederates into Confederates into battle.battle.

· Pickett’s Charge · Pickett’s Charge failed, and Lee failed, and Lee retreated.retreated.

Pickett’s Charge

GettysburgGettysburg Pickett's Charge ended the Pickett's Charge ended the

bloodiest battle of the Civil War. bloodiest battle of the Civil War. Losses on both sides were Losses on both sides were

staggering. staggering. The Union army of about 85,000 The Union army of about 85,000

suffered over 23,000 casualties. suffered over 23,000 casualties. Of some 75,000 Southerners, Of some 75,000 Southerners,

about 28,000 were casualties. about 28,000 were casualties. For the second time, Lee had For the second time, Lee had

lost more than a third of his lost more than a third of his army. army.

The next day, July 4, the The next day, July 4, the Confederates began their Confederates began their retreat back to Virginia.retreat back to Virginia.

This would be the last chance This would be the last chance for the South to win the war and for the South to win the war and threaten the North.threaten the North.

Little Round Top

First Day

• Lee’s forces were gathered at Gettysburg, Pennsylvania, on July 1, 1863.

• Ran into Union forces under General George G. Meade, beginning the Battle of Gettysburg

• Union took up defensive positions

Second Day

• Lee ordered attack on Union troops on Little Round Top.

• Both sides fought viciously for control.

• Union forces held off Confederates.

Battle of GettysburgBattle of Gettysburg

Third Day

• Lee planned attack on center of Union line.

• General George Pickett led 15,000 men in Pickett’s Charge, a failed attack on Cemetery Ridge.

• Lee began planning retreat to Virginia.

· Over 40,000 soldiers were killed or wounded at Gettysburg.· Over 40,000 soldiers were killed or wounded at Gettysburg.

Casualties of the Battle of Gettysburg awaiting burial Casualties of the Battle of Gettysburg awaiting burial

VicksburgVicksburg While armies clashed in the East, a While armies clashed in the East, a

Union force in the West struggled to Union force in the West struggled to capture the city of Vicksburg, capture the city of Vicksburg, MississippiMississippi

Only this stronghold and a fort at Port Only this stronghold and a fort at Port Hudson, Louisiana, stood in the way of Hudson, Louisiana, stood in the way of the Union's complete control of the the Union's complete control of the Mississippi RiverMississippi River

Vicksburg seemed safe from attack Vicksburg seemed safe from attack because it sat on a bluff.because it sat on a bluff.

In addition, much of Vicksburg was In addition, much of Vicksburg was surrounded by swamps. surrounded by swamps.

The only approach to the city over dry The only approach to the city over dry land was from the east, and land was from the east, and Confederate forces held that territory.Confederate forces held that territory.

Ulysses S Grant was in charge of this Ulysses S Grant was in charge of this mission in the west.mission in the west.

VicksburgVicksburg Between 1862 and 1863, Between 1862 and 1863,

Grant tried to attack Grant tried to attack Vicksburg several times Vicksburg several times but was unsuccessful.but was unsuccessful.

By mid-April 1863, the By mid-April 1863, the ground had dried out ground had dried out enough for Grant to try a enough for Grant to try a daring plandaring plan

Siege of VicksburgSiege of Vicksburg

Slowly his army established a line of works around the beleaguered city and cut

Vicksburg off from supply and communications with the outside world..

VicksburgVicksburg For more than a month, the citizens of For more than a month, the citizens of

Vicksburg endured constant pounding from 300 Vicksburg endured constant pounding from 300 guns. guns.

The constant schedule of shelling took over The constant schedule of shelling took over everyday lifeeveryday life

As the siege dragged on, residents and soldiers As the siege dragged on, residents and soldiers alike were reduced to eating horses, mules, and alike were reduced to eating horses, mules, and dogs. dogs.

Rats appeared for sale in the city's butcher Rats appeared for sale in the city's butcher shops.shops.

Vicksburg QuotesVicksburg Quotes

"Vicksburg is the key. The war can "Vicksburg is the key. The war can never be brought to a close until the never be brought to a close until the key is in our pocket," said. Union key is in our pocket," said. Union PresidentPresidentAbraham Lincoln Abraham Lincoln

""Vicksburg is the nail head that holds Vicksburg is the nail head that holds the South's two halves togetherthe South's two halves together," said ," said Confederate President Jefferson DavisConfederate President Jefferson Davis

Vicksburg Vicksburg By late June, Confederate By late June, Confederate

soldiers' daily rations were soldiers' daily rations were down to one biscuit and down to one biscuit and one piece of bacon per one piece of bacon per day. day.

On July 4, some 30,000 On July 4, some 30,000 Confederate troops Confederate troops marched out of Vicksburg marched out of Vicksburg and laid down their arms. and laid down their arms.

Pemberton thought he Pemberton thought he could negotiate the best could negotiate the best terms for the surrender on terms for the surrender on the day that celebrated the day that celebrated the Union's independencethe Union's independence

VICKSBURGVICKSBURG

The Importance of 1863 For the North, 1863 had begun

disastrously. However, the Fourth of July, 1863, was for

some the most joyous Independence Day since 1776.

For the first time, thousands of former slaves could truly celebrate American independence.

The holiday marked the turning point of the Civil War.

In the West, Vicksburg was in Union hands

The Importance of 1863 Four days later, Port Hudson Four days later, Port Hudson

surrendered to Union forces. surrendered to Union forces. The Mississippi River was now in Union The Mississippi River was now in Union

hands, cutting the Confederacy in two. hands, cutting the Confederacy in two. In Richmond there began to be serious In Richmond there began to be serious

talk of making peace. talk of making peace. Although the war would continue for Although the war would continue for

nearly two years more, for the first time nearly two years more, for the first time the end seemed in sight.the end seemed in sight.

The Gettysburg Address On November 19, 1863, some

15,000 people gathered at Gettysburg.

The occasion was the dedication of a cemetery to honor the Union soldiers who had died there just four months before.

The featured guest was Edward Everett of Massachusetts, the most famous public speaker of the time.

President Lincoln was invited to deliver “a few appropriate remarks” to help fill out the program.

Gettysburg Address Everett delivered a speech

that lasted two hours. Then it was the President's

turn to speak. Lincoln delivered his remarks,

which became known as the Gettysburg Address.

In a short, two-minute speech he eloquently reminded listeners of the North's reason for fighting the Civil War: to preserve a young country unmatched by any other country in history in its commitment to the principles of freedom, equality, and self-government

A photograph of the crowd during the dedication of the Gettysburg National Cemetery.  It was during this event President Lincoln gave his Gettysburg Address. 

Gettysburg Address In 1863, most Americans did not In 1863, most Americans did not

pay much attention to Lincoln's pay much attention to Lincoln's speech. speech.

Some thought it was too short and Some thought it was too short and too simple. too simple.

Edward Everett, was an exception. Edward Everett, was an exception. He wrote to Lincoln the next day, He wrote to Lincoln the next day,

“I wish I could flatter myself that I “I wish I could flatter myself that I had come as near to the central had come as near to the central idea of the occasion in two hours idea of the occasion in two hours as you did in two minutes.” as you did in two minutes.”

The Gettysburg Address has The Gettysburg Address has become one of the best-loved and become one of the best-loved and most-quoted speeches in English. most-quoted speeches in English.

It expresses simply and eloquently It expresses simply and eloquently both grief at the terrible cost of the both grief at the terrible cost of the war and the reasons for renewed war and the reasons for renewed efforts to preserve the Union and efforts to preserve the Union and the noble principles for which it the noble principles for which it stands.stands.