CHAPTER 11ROME

Etruscans Foreigners Anatolia Influence:

Roads, defenses, govt.

Decline

FOUNDATIONS

Monarchy

Republic Senate

TRANSITION

Aristocracy v. people

Complex racial makeup Indigenous Italians Indo-Europeans Greek colonies

REPUBLIC

Rivalry with neighbors Central, southern Italy by mid-4th century B.C.E.

Causes? Extension of citizenship Growth of military

Punic Wars 146 B.C.E., Roman victory Carthage

EXPANSION

Consequences Gap betw. rich and poor

Larger estates Slaves +

EXPANSION

EXPANSION, 133 B.C.E.

Class confl ict

Julius Caesar 49 B.C.E., takes power 44 B.C.E., assassination

CRISIS

Civil War Caesar's nephew, Octavian, 31 B.C.E.

Empire “Augustus”

CRISIS

First 2 centuries of common eraRepublic to dictatorship Imperial greatness

“PAX ROMANA”

Imperial Rule Unification

Inclusion, citizenship Roman culture

EMPIRE

Augustus and His Successors Reforms

Laws supporting marriage, family

Building program

EMPIRE

Government and Expansion

Commerce regulated Grain supply Taxation

EMPIRE

FarmingMerchants laterFamilyPatriarchal society

EMPIRE

EquityRoman “pater” weakenedWomen Innocent until proven guilty

ROMAN LAW

Greek influence

Roman diff erences Rhetoric

SOCIETY

Roads Best technology

Engineering Stone arches Strength, longevity

Public works Concrete – Roman invention Baths, buildings, aqueducts

“BUILDERS”

Increases with empire war captives

SLAVERY

CULTURE

Violent, bloody fightsHumans, animalsTo deathbetting

GLADIATORS

Bath housesAll RomansClean and elaborateProcess d

Steam Warm water Hothouse – dry bath Warm pool

Cleaning, scraping, dried

Lukewarm bath Cold bath

Food, drink, sex

THERMAE

Meretrix – prostitute Mainly slaves, some Romans

Highly regulated Clothes, taxes, offi cials

Lupanar – brothel Different conditions Well organized Many involved in operations Small rooms; dark, gloomy Little privacy

PROSTITUTION

THE ROMAN EMPIRE FROM AUGUSTUS TO 180 C.E.

In Roman empire, not culture Jesus of Nazareth

Reform Judaism Love, charity, humility Popular following

CHRISTIANITY

Growing popularity Why?

Paul of Tarsus Initially anti-Christian Spread Christian message

Jesus – real person

Dynamic, aggressive, equality Rich and poor

Beliefs

CHRISTIANITY

CHRISTIANITY

Christian religion Greek and Roman ideals

Imperial cult Persecution

CHRISTIANITY

Christianity Most important ritual: eucharist

Wine: centerpiece, dutyBlood of ChristMiracles Sacred vs. secular Moderation

ALCOHOL

Wine productionConvivium – Dinner partyCoarse, rowdy (compared to Greeks)Drunkenness, lewd conduct

ALCOHOL

Challenges Declining revenue Borders threatened Fewer slaves Epidemics

DECLINE

Classical Mediterranean Heritage Passed on Greek culture

+ contributions in law, architecture, empire

DECLINE