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Chapter 1 1
MSC 160 - Oceanography
Instructor Jacqui JenkinsOffice S204DPhone 910-362-7405Email [email protected] Hours
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What is Oceanography?
Broad fieldBiological, chemical, geological, physicalOcean engineering
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Humans & The World OceansWhy study the world ocean?
HistoricallyCuriosity
CurrentlyMarine resources, trade & commerce, national security, global climate
Human Impacts
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History of Oceanography
Early TimesFood gathering
EgyptiansExploration
PhoeniciansTrade & Navy
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Early Times
PolynesiansSW Pacific
http://www.museum.upenn.edu/Navigation/sidereal/sidereal2.html
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Early Times
Middle Eastern peoplesExploration of Indian OceanTrade routes to India and China
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Early Times
GreeksAlexander the GreatPytheasAristotleEratosthenesPosidoniusPliny the ElderPtolemy
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Middle Ages
Vikings
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Middle Ages
ArabsPreservation of Greek & Roman knowledgeTrade routes to China
European Resurgence Tide tablesEarly Greek studies available
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Voyages of Discovery
Early Chinese15th centuryPacific & Indian Oceans
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Voyages of Discovery
EuropePrince Henry the NavigatorBartholomeu DiasVasco de Gama
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Voyages of Discovery
EuropeChristopher ColumbusFerdinand MagellanFrancis Drake
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Beginnings of Earth Science
17th CenturyExperimental scienceJohannes Kepler• Planetary motion
Galileo Galilei• Mass, weight & acceleration
Isaac Newton• Law of gravity
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Charts & Navigation
1st hydrographic offices:France 1720Britain 1795
Time and longitudeJohn Harrison’s chronometer
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Capt. James Cook
One of the founders of oceanographyDetailed and accurate observations & charts
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Lt. Matthew F. Maury
Wind & current chartsInternational cooperation
Physical Geography of the Sea, 1855
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Ocean Science Begins
Biologists & NaturalistsCollect, describe & classify organisms
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Ocean Science Begins
Late 19th centuryImportance of govt. supportLaying of transatlantic cable
Challenger ExpeditionComprehensiveBegan Oceanography as a modern science
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Oceanography as Science
Transformation of OceanographyDescriptive QuantitativeTesting hypothesesModels of ocean circulation
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Oceanography as Science
Fridtjof NansenVoyage of the FramNansen bottle
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Oceanography as Science
International scientific cooperationMotivated by fluctuations in commercial fish stocks• http://www.ices.dk/indexfla.asp
Advances in theoretical oceanography
Development of new instruments
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Oceanography in the 20th century
Scripps - 1903WHOI - 1930
Rapid advances in WWII
International cooperation
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Deep Sea Drilling Program
1968
JOIDES Resolution
http://www-odp.tamu.edu/resolutn.html
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Recent Past, Present & FutureEarth is a complex of systems and subsystems
Cross disciplinary researchIntegrated approach
Large scale oceanographic programsClimate: WOCE, JGOFS, GOALS,Structure and history of the Earth: DODP, RIDGESatellites; TOPEX/Poseidon, Jason-1Global Ocean Observing System (GOOS)Project NEPTUNE
