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Chapter 11 Lecture
ConceptualIntegrated Science
Second Edition
© 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.
Investigating Matter
© 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.
This lecture will help you understand:
• Chemistry: The Central Science• The Submicroscopic World• The Phases of Matter• Physical and Chemical Properties• Determining Physical and Chemical Changes• Elements to Compounds• Naming Compounds
© 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.
Chemistry: The Central Science
• Chemistry is the study of matter and the transformations it can undergo.
© 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.
Chemistry: The Central Science
© 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.
Chemistry: The Central Science
© 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.
Chemistry: The Central Science
• Chemistry is the "central" science.
© 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.
Physics Biology
AstronomyEarth Science
Chemistry: The Central Science
Chemistry
© 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.
Chemistry: The Central Science
• Chemistry is a "materials" science.– Most of the material items in any modern
house are shaped by some human-devised chemical process.
© 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.
Chemistry: The Central Science
© 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.
Chemistry: The Central Science
• More than 70% of all legislation placed before the U.S. Congress addresses science-related questions and issues.
© 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.
Chemistry: The Central ScienceA situation to ponder…
• Collagen cross-link inhibitors that significantly reverse various aspects of aging have recently been discovered.
© 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.
Chemistry: The Central ScienceCHECK YOUR NEIGHBOR
Collagen cross-link inhibitors that are clinically tested to be safe and effective should be
A. available to the general public.B. available only to those 21 and older.C. available only by prescription.D. prohibited because of their abuse potential.E. prohibited because growing old should be
natural.
Explain your answer to your neighbor.
© 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.
Chemistry: The Central ScienceCHECK YOUR ANSWER
Collagen cross-link inhibitors that are clinically tested to be safe and effective should be
A. available to the general public.B. available only to those 21 and older.C. available only by prescription.D. prohibited because of their abuse potential.E. prohibited because growing old should be
natural.
© 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.
The Submicroscopic World
• A single grain of sand contains about 125 million trillion atoms.
• How much is 125 million trillion??
© 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.
The Submicroscopic World
• Roughly 250,000 dunes of this size contain about 125 million trillion grains of sand.
• Yet, that's how many atoms there are in a single grain of sand. (Atoms are small.)
© 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.
Chemistry: The Submicroscopic WorldA situation to ponder…
• Are atoms made of molecules, or are molecules made of atoms?
© 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.
The Submicroscopic World
© 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.
The Phases of Matter
• One of the most evident ways we can describe matter is by its physical form, which may be one of three phases (also sometimes described as physical states):
© 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.
• The gaseous phase of any material occupies significantly more volume than either its solid or liquid phase.
• Frozen carbon dioxide, CO2, "dry ice"
The Phases of Matter
© 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.
GasGas
LiquidLiquidSolidSolid
DepositionDepositionSublimationSublimation
MeltingMelting
FreezingFreezing
CondensationCondensationEvaporationEvaporation
The Phases of Matter
© 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.
Physical and Chemical Properties
• A physical property describes the look or feel of a substance.
© 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.
Physical and Chemical Properties
• A chemical property describes the tendency of a substance to transform into a new substance.
© 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.
It is a chemical property of iron to transform into rust.
Physical and Chemical Properties
© 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.
Physical and Chemical Properties
• A physical change is a change in the physical properties of a substance.
© 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.
Physical and Chemical Properties
© 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.
• Chemical properties are properties that characterize the ability of a substance to react with other substances or to transform from one substance into another.
Physical and Chemical Properties
© 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.
• Any change in a substance that involves a rearrangement of the way atoms are bonded is called a chemical change.
Determining Physical and Chemical Changes
© 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.
CarbondioxideCarbondioxideOxygenOxygen CarbonCarbon
Determining Physical and Chemical Changes
© 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.
Determining Physical and Chemical Changes
• A physical change is a change in the physical properties of a substance.
• A chemical change is the transformation of one or more substances into others.– A substance is identified not only by the kinds
of atoms it contains but also by how those atoms are connected to one another.
– During a chemical change, a new substance is formed as atoms rearrange themselves into new configurations.
© 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.
O=O
O=O
O=O
OO
O O
O
O
Oxygen Ozone
Determining Physical and Chemical Changes CHECK YOUR NEIGHBOR The transformation of oxygen, O2, into ozone, O3, is an example of
A. a physical change.B. a chemical change.C. both a physical and a chemical change.D. neither a physical nor a chemical change.
Explain your answer to your neighbor.
© 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.
O=O
O=O
O=O
OO
O O
O
O
Oxygen Ozone
Determining Physical and Chemical Changes CHECK YOUR ANSWERThe transformation of oxygen, O2, into ozone, O3, is an example of
A. a physical change.B. a chemical change.C. both a physical and a chemical change.D. neither a physical nor a chemical change.
Explanation:The same kinds of atoms are involved, but how they are arranged is completely different. Thus, a new substance has been formed.
© 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.
Determining Physical and Chemical Changes
• A physical change imposes a new set of conditions on the same material.
• A chemical change forms a new material that has its own unique set of physical properties.
• Both physical and chemical changes result in a change in physical appearance.
© 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.
Potassiumchromate
Potassium chromate + Heat Potassiumchromate(cooled)
Determining Physical and Chemical Changes
• Physical or chemical change?
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Physical or chemical change?
Ammoniumdichromate
Ammonium dichromate + Heat Ammonia,water,chromium(III) oxide
© 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.
Determining Physical and Chemical Changes
• Is growing up a physical or chemical change?• Hint: Does this boy look like the peanut butter
sandwich he ate in order to grow?
© 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.
Determining Physical and Chemical Changes CHECK YOUR NEIGHBOR
Melting a piece of solid gold is
A. a physical change.
B. a chemical change.
C. both a physical and a chemical change.
D. neither a physical nor a chemical change.
Explain your answer to your neighbor.
© 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.
Determining Physical and Chemical Changes CHECK YOUR ANSWER
Melting a piece of solid gold is
A. a physical change.
B. a chemical change.
C. both a physical and a chemical change.
D. neither a physical nor a chemical change.
Explanation:
The gold is still gold, but it is now in a liquid state.
© 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.
Determining Physical and Chemical Changes CHECK YOUR NEIGHBOR
Tarnishing a piece of silver is
A. a physical change.
B. a chemical change.
C. both a physical and a chemical change.
D. neither a physical nor a chemical change.
Explain your answer to your neighbor.
© 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.
Determining Physical and Chemical Changes CHECK YOUR NEIGHBOR
Tarnishing a piece of silver is
A. a physical change.
B. a chemical change.
C. both a physical and a chemical change.
D. neither a physical nor a chemical change.
Explanation:
Tarnish transforms pure silver, Ag, into silver sulfide, Ag2S.
© 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.
• An element is a material made of only one kind of atom. Pure gold is an element because it is made of only gold atoms.
• An atom is the fundamental unit of an element.
The term "element" is used when referring to macroscopic
quantities.
The term "atom" is used when discussing the submicroscopic.
Elements to Compounds
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Compound Formula
Oxygen O2
Ozone O3
Sulfur S8
Gold Au
Elements to Compounds
• The elemental formula is used to show the proportion by which atoms combine to form an element.
© 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.
Elements to Compounds
A compound is a substancethat consists of atoms ofdifferent elements.
© 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.
Elements to Compounds
• Compounds have properties uniquely different from the elements from which they are made.
© 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.
Compound Formula
Sodium chloride NaCl
Ammonia NH3
Water H2O
Elements to Compounds
• A chemical formula is used to show the proportion by which elements combine to form a compound.
© 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.
• Guideline 1– Start with the element farthest to the left in the
periodic table.– For the element to the right, add the suffix -ide.
Example:
NaCl
Naming Compounds
© 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.
Sodium chloride
Example:
NaCl
Na Cl
Naming Compounds
© 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.
Naming Compounds
• Guideline 2– With different possible combinations of
elements, use prefixes to remove ambiguity.
© 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.
mono-
di-
tri-
tetra-
1
2
3
4
Naming Compounds
© 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.
Examples:
CO carbon monoxide
CO2 carbon dioxide
Naming Compounds
© 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.
Examples:
H2O dihydrogen monoxide
H2O2 dihydrogen dioxide
Naming Compounds
© 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.
Examples:
H2O water
H2O2 hydrogen peroxide
Naming Compounds
© 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.
Naming Compounds
• Guideline 3– Common names are sometimes used for
convenience.
© 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.
What is the name of the compound with the
formula CBr4?
A. chrobrofor
B. SeeBer4
C. carbon bromide
D. carbon tetrabromide
Explain your answer to your neighbor.
Naming CompoundsCHECK YOUR NEIGHBOR
© 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.
What is the name of the compound with the
formula CBr4?
A. chrobrofor
B. SeeBer4
C. carbon bromide
D. carbon tetrabromide
Naming CompoundsCHECK YOUR ANSWER
© 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.
0.2 nm
2.0 nm
• Nanotechnology is an area of applied science in which we engineer materials by manipulating objects less than 100 nanometers in size.
© 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.
Two main approaches in nanotechnology:
1. Top-down: This approach is an extension of microtechnology techniques to smaller and smaller scales.
2. Bottom-up: This approach involves building nano-sized objects atom by atom.
© 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.
• An important tool of the bottom-up approach is the scanning probe microscope, which detects and characterizes the surface of atoms of materials using an ultrathin probe tip.