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CHAPTER 11CRISIS THEORY
INTRODUCTION
• ENDURING A CRISIS IS PROBABLY A PROBLEM OF LIVING
• CRISIS: AN EVENT THAT LEADS TO A TEMPORARY STATE OF PSYCHOLOGICAL DISORGANIZATION OR INABILITY TO FUNCTION AS ONE ORDINARILY MIGHT
• CRISIS CAN BE PERSONAL
• A CRISIS CAN BE AN EVENT EXTERNAL TO SELF, SUCH AS NATURAL DISASTER
• REGARDLESS, THE EFFECTS ON THE PERSON ARE VERY SIMILAR
• CRISIS INTERVENTION IS SHORT-TERM, FOCUSED WORK
INTRODUCTION, CONTINUED
• GOAL IS TO RETURN TO THE ORIGINAL STATE OF FUNCTIONING
• A CRISIS CAN BE BOTH A CHALLENGE AND AN OPPORTUNITY
• CRISIS INCREASES THE AMOUNT OF STRESS WITH WHICH WE MUST COPE
• UNRESOLVED CRISIS CAN LEAD TO CHRONIC STRESS
• A PERSON UNDER STRESS (IN CRISIS) MAY NOT MAKE THE BEST OF DECISIONS
HISTORY OF CRISIS THEORY
• GENERALLY CREDITED TO ERICH LINDEMANN IN THE 1940S
• CAPLAN (1964) EMPHASIZED THE SUPPORTIVE ROLE OF THE COMMUNITY IN RESTORING BALANCE TO INDIVIDUALS
• STRICKLER AND BONNEFIL DEFINED PRECIPITATING EVENT AND ROLE OF THE SOCIAL WORKER
• GOLAN AND COLLEAGUES DEVELOPED A SORT OF TRIAGE
• THERE ARE VARIOUS MODELS OF CRISIS INTERVENTION
• RESOURCES CAN BE CONCRETE AND/OR PSYCHODYNAMIC
• CRISIS INTERVENTION CAN OCCUR AT THE MICRO, MEZZO, AND MACRO LEVELS
• PREVENTION IS A PREFERRED METHOD OF INTERVENTION, WHEN POSSIBLE
LEVELS OF CRISIS
• RANKED ACCORDING TO COMPLEXITY, MAGNITUDE
• INCLUDES SUCH THINGS AS LEVEL ONE: MARITAL DISCORD
• LEVEL SEVEN INCLUDES CATASTROPHES
STAGES OF EXPERIENCING AND RESOLVING A CRISIS
• SINCE INDIVIDUAL RESPONSES TO CRISIS ARE UNIQUE, IT IS HELPFUL TO HAVE A CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK TO GUIDE ASSESSMENT AND INTERVENTION
• SOCIAL WORKERS SHOULD UNDERSTAND THE STAGES OF CRISIS
• MUCH AS WITH GRIEF, THERE IS AN INITIAL REACTION, WHICH MAY INCLUDE CRYING OR ANGER
• PEOPLE MAY PUT PROTECTIVE BUBBLE AROUND THEMSELVES; MAY HAVE NIGHTMARES
• HEALING IS EVIDENT WHEN PERSON CAN TALK ABOUT EVENT WITHOUT RELIVING IT
• THE FINAL PHASE IS WHEN THE CRISIS IS RESOLVED; THIS MAY TAKE YEARS
STAGES OF EXPERIENCING AND RESOLVING A CRISIS, CONTINUED
• ROBERTS’S MODEL OF ASSESSMENT, CRISIS INTERVENTION AND T AND TREATMENT (ACT) IS A TRIAGE MODEL THAT ALLOWS IMMEDIATE SUPPORTS AND FOR MORE ACUTE STRESS REACTIONS TO BE ADDRESSED
STAGES OF EXPERIENCING AND RESOLVING A CRISIS, CONTINUED
• ROBERTS’ SEVEN-STAGE CRISIS INTERVENTION MODEL
• HAS STAGES RANGING FROM ASSESSMENT TO FOLLOW-UP
• THERE ARE TASKS IN EACH STAGE FOR SOCIAL WORKER TO COMPLETE
• REQUIRES A RANGE OF SKILLS
• BASIC ACTIVE LISTENING SKILLS ARE EXTREMELY IMPORTANT
STAGES OF EXPERIENCING AND RESOLVING A CRISIS, CONTINUED
• CRITICAL INCIDENT STRESS DEBRIEFING AND MANAGEMENT PROTOCOL
• THIS 10-STAGE PROTOCOL WAS DEVELOPED BY LERNER AND SHELTON
• DEBRIEFING OCCURS FOR WORKERS WHO WITNESS UNSPEAKABLE TRAGEDIES
• USED PRIMARILY WITH FIRST RESPONDERS BUT IS USEFUL FOR ANYONE DEALING WITH TRAGEDY
STRENGTHS AND LIMITATIONS OF CRISIS THEORY
• ADAPTABLE TO A VARIETY OF SITUATIONS
• FLEXIBILITY OF STAGES ACCOMMODATES CULTURAL DIFFERENCES
• THERE IS A SIZEABLE AMOUNT OF RESEARCH VALIDATING CRISIS INTERVENTION
• MODELS ARE VERY STRAIGHTFORWARD AND EASY TO REMEMBER
• INTERVENTION IS TIME-LIMITED
• AT POINT OF INTERVENTION, A NUMBER OF METHODS MAY BE USED, MAKING IT DIFFICULT TO MEASURE THE EFFECTIVENESS OF THE MODEL VERSUS EFFECTIVENESS OF THE MODALITY
CONCLUSION
• CONCEPTUAL MODEL IS LOGICAL AND PRODUCTIVE
• FOCUSES ON STRENGTHS AND RESILIENCE OF THE CLIENT TO RETURN TO BALANCE
• CRISES OCCUR TO ANYONE
• CAN BE AN OPPORTUNITY TO BECOME STRONGER
• NEED AND RESPONSE ARE BOTH IMMEDIATE