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Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. 1
Chapter 11
Mediterranean Society: The Roman Phase
Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. 2
Establishment of Rome
n Legend of Romulus and Remus n Rome Founded 753 BCE n Indo-European migrants c. 2000 BCE n Bronze c. 1800 BCE, Iron c. 900 BCE
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The Etruscans
n Originally from Anatolia n Colonized Roman regions n Society declines late 6th c. BCE
q Greek maritime attacks q Celtic invasions from north
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The Kingdom of Rome
n Monarchy through 7th-6th c. BCE q Streets, temples, public buildings
n Major center of trade routes
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Establishment of the Republic
n 509 BCE Romans overthrow last Etruscan king
n Roman forum built n Republican constitution n Executive: 2 consuls n senate
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Social Conflict
n Patricians (aristocrats) n Plebeians (commoners) n Major class conflict 5th c. BCE n Plebeians allowed to elect tribunes for
representation n Rights expanded through 3rd c. BCE n Yet 6-month appointments of dictators
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Expansion of the Republic
n Dominated Etruscans n Took over iron industry 5th-4th c. BCE n Expansion via military threat and incentives
q Tax exemptions q Trade privileges q Citizenship
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The Punic Wars
n Conflict with Carthage, 264-164 BCE n Three major wars over Sicilian grain supply n Later conflict with declining Hellenistic Empires n Rome dominates Mediterranean by middle of 2nd C.
BCE
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Imperial Expansion and Domestic Problems n Land distribution
q Perennial problem q Development of large latifundia q Unfair competition for smaller landholders
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The Roman Empire to 146 BCE
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The Gracchi Brothers
n Tiberius and Gaius n Attempted to limit land holdings of aristocrats n Assassinated n Development of private armies made up of landless
peasants q Gaius Marius (with reformers) q Lucius Cornelius Sulla (with aristocrats)
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Civil War
n 87 BCE Gaius Marius takes Rome n Lucius Cornelius Sulla drives Marius out 83
BCE n Reign of terror follows
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Julius Caesar
n Nephew of Marius n Escapes Sulla’s terror
q Relatively young, well-timed trip abroad n Rises to popularity
q Public spectacles, victories in Gaul n Attacks Rome 49 BCE n Names self Dictator for life in 46 BCE
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Caesar’s Policies
n Centralized military, governance under personal control n Redistribution of land to war veterans, other allies n Major building projects reduce urban unemploymnent n Extended citizenship to provinces n Aristocrats threatened, assassinate Caesar in 44 BCE
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Augustus
n Civil conflict follows death of Caesar n Nephew Octavian fights Mark Antony &
Cleopatra n Takes title Augustus 27 BCE
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Augustus’ Administration
n Monarchy disguised as a republic n Increasing centralization of political, military
power n Stablilized empire n Death in 14 CE
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Expansion and Integration of Empire
n Roman occupation of increasingly remote areas q Gaul, Germany, Britain, Spain
n Coordination of crop production, transport of natural resources
n Developed infrastructure, cities emerge
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The Roman Empire, c. 117 CE
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Pax Romana: “Roman Peace”
n 27-250 CE n Facilitated trade, communication n Roadwork
q Curbs, drainage, milestones q Postal service
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Roman Law
n Twelve Tables, c. 450 BCE n Adapted to diverse populations under Roman
Rule q Innocent until proven guilty q Right to challenge accusers in court
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Commercial Agriculture and Trade
n Latifundia: production for export n Regional specialization increases n Integration of Empire-wide economy n Mediterranean Sea: Mare Nostrum, “our sea”
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The City of Rome
n Cash flow q Taxes, tribute, spoils, commerce
n Massive construction projects q Statuary, monumental architecture, aqueducts
n Technology: concrete
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Roman Attractions
n Imported goods n Underground sewage n Circus Maximus
q 250,000 spectators n Colosseum n Gladitorial Games
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Family and Society
n Pater Familias: “father of the family” q Right to arrange marriages, sell children into
slavery n Women not allowed to inherit property
q Rarely enforced
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Wealth and Social Change
n Newly rich challenge aristocracy n Yet poor class increasing in size n Distraction: “Bread and Circuses”
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Slavery
n 2nd c. CE: estimated at 1/3 of Empire population q Customary manumission at age 30
n Agricultural work, quarries, mines n Chain labor n Revolt under Spartacus, 73 BCE
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Roman Deities
n Polytheistic n Major gods n Tutelary deities n Absorption of gods from other cultures
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Cicero and Stoicism
n Marcus Tullius Cicero (106-46 BCE) n Major orator, writer n Influenced by Greek thought n Proponent of Stoicism
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Mithraism
n From Zoroastrian myth: god of Sun, light n Roman version emphasizes strength, courage,
discipline n Women not admitted into cult n Appealed to military n Cult of Isis also popular
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Judaism in Early Rome
n Jewish monotheism at odds with most ancient cultures
n Refusal to recognize state gods n Repeated Jewish rebellions n Romans finally crush Jewish self-governance in
Jewish Wars (66-70 CE)
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Synagogue at Capernaum
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The Essenes
n Messianic Jewish Cult n Baptism n Ascetic lifestyle n Dead Sea Scrolls
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Jesus of Nazareth
n Jewish teacher n Moral code, reputation for miracle-working n Romans fear instigation of rebellion, crucify
Jesus
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Jesus’ Early Followers
n Belief in Jesus’ resurrection, divine nature n Title Christ: “Anointed One” n Teachings recorded in New Testament
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Paul of Tarsus
n Extends teachings far beyond Jewish circles n Intensive travel, missionary activity
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Early Christian Communities
n Local leaders: Bishops n Regional variation in doctrine and ritual
q Nature of resurrection q Role of women
n Gradual acceptance of core texts
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Growth of Early Christianity
n Roman persecution n Yet dramatic expansion of Christianity
q Especially with dispossessed, disenfranchised classes n Urban poor n women