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Chapter 11, An Era of Expansion (1800-1815)I. Jefferson as President

II. The Louisiana PurchaseIII. The War of 1812

Essential Question:What were the causes and national effects of national growth?

+ Timeline 1800 – Spain surrenders the Louisiana Territory to France.

1803 – The U.S. buys the Louisiana Territory.

1804 – Santa Domingo wins the independence from France. Lewis and Clark begin their journey. Aaron Burr kills Alexander Hamilton in a duel.

1806 – Lewis and Clark return to St. Louis. The British blockades the French ports.

1807 – The Embargo Act is passed.

1811 – The Battle of Tippecanoe Creek is occurs.

1812 – The War of 1812 begins. Napoleon invades Russia with 600,000 men.

1814 – The British burns Washington D.C.

1815 – The War of 1812 ends. Napoleon is defeated at Waterloo.

+Vocabulary Lesson 1

Radical – Someone who favors extreme social or economic changes.

Judicial Review – A court review to determine whether a law is constitutional.

Lesson 2

Tribute – Money paid for protection.

Embargo – An order stopping trade with another country.

Lesson 3

Anthem – A song of praise.

Nationalism – Pride in one’s country.

+I. Jefferson as PresidentThe Election of 1800In the 1800s, President John Adams ran for a re-election against Vice President Thomas Jefferson. During Adam’s presidency the Federalists had passed laws that angered many Americans. As a outcome, each party argued over that the other was a threat to the Constitution. When the electoral votes were counted, Jefferson managed more votes than Adams by 73 to 65. President Jefferson took the oath of office on March 4th, 1801. Jefferson’s View of GovernmentHe believed in a stronger and more independent state government. President Jefferson hoped that the citizens would take a bigger role in public affairs.Jefferson convinced Congress to repeal taxes on some of the items that were produced in the U.S. He also decreased the size of the army by 4,000 to 2,500 because he thought the government spent too much money.Jefferson’s election marked the first time in the U.S. history that the political party in power changed.

+Burr Vs. HamiltonIn the Federalist Party, some members were upset with President Jefferson’s policies. They created a secret plan to withdraw the New England states from the U.S. and make a separate country.

However, if they wanted to accomplish this plan they were in need of a NY state. Therefore, in 1804, they offered to support Aaron Burr in his campaign. Burr’s campaign was to be governor of NY if he supported their plan, but he rejected them.

After hearing the rumors of the Federalist’s plot, Alexander Hamilton accused Burr of treason. Burr had lost the election for government, since Hamilton opposed him.

Thus, Burr challenged Hamilton to a deadly fight with pistols. On July 11, 1804, they met in Weehawken, NJ.

Hamilton was severely injured and died the next day.

Marbury v. MadisonThe Chief Justice of the Supreme Court was John Marshall. He was the secretary under President Adams. He was a respected man by man, although he and President Jefferson disagreed on many issues.

In 1803,, there was a legal case called Marbury v. Madison. In John Adam’s last days of presidency, he appointed dozens of Federalists, including Marbury, to create the Judiciary Act of 1801.

Many of the Democratic-Republicans called them “midnight judges” due to Adams allowing them to fill their positions before he left the office.

Thomas Jefferson refused to let his Secretary of State, James Madison, to give Marbury the official papers that would make him judge. Marbury sued Madison.

+II. The Louisiana PurchaseIn 1803, the United States bought 828,000 sq. miles of land from France. The French controlled this region from 1699 to 1762 when it became Spanish property. France gave it to them as a present because they were allies. Under Napoleon Bonaparte, France revived the aspirations to build an empire in North America. So, the territory was taken back in 1800. Those big plans were not meant to be because Napoleon needed to focus on preparations for war with the British Empire. Thus, the land was sold to the U.S. The price was 15 million dollars!

The purchased territory included the whole of today’s -Arkansas -Canadian provinces-Iowa -Alberta-Missouri -Saskatchewan-Kansas - -Colorado -Oklahoma -Some parts of Minnesota -Louisiana, west of Mississippi River-New Orleans-Big parts of North and NE New Mexico-South Dakota-Northern Texas-Some parts of Wyoming-Montana

+The U.S. initially wanted to buy the New Orleans and the land surrounding him. The purchase met with the strong opposition in the States on account. Jefferson couldn’t deny that the Constitutional of the U.S. did not provide for acquiring new territories.He still decided to proceed with the purchase since the removal of France presence in the region was such an important issue.

Sacagawea (1788-1812)•Sacagawea was Shoshone-Native American, born around 1788. •She was kidnapped when she was young and sold to a French-Canadian trader.•She became the wife of the French trader, Toussaint Charbonneau.•Lewis and Clark hired her husband and agreed to interpret for them.•Sacagawea and her young son accompanied them and acted as a interpreter. •She soon realized that the chief she encountered was her brother.•A coin was made after her as her honor in 2000.

+III.The War of 1812

Between the periods of 1793 and 1815, war had raged throughout Europe. France and Great Britain were at war with each other and depended on U.S. for supplies, food and other materials. While U.S. merchants became wealthy supplying both sides, tensions grew. Britain tried to prevent U.S. ships from supplying France and France did the same by keeping American goods from reaching Britain. This led to President Jefferson’s Embargo Act of 1807 to cut off trade relations with Europe. As a result, merchants in the U.S. began to lose business, farmers could not sell their crops and workers lost their jobs. People began smuggling goods and Americans demanded that the act be repealed. Later in 1809, congress passed a law allowing U.S. ships to trade with any country except Great Britain or France.`

Causes of the War:

+Troubles In The West Conflicts in the West led to increased

tensions between the United States and Great Britain.

In the Northwest, the British continued to help Native Americans raid U.S. settlements.

Tecumseh, a Shawnee leader, led attacks against settles by uniting several Native American Groups. His goal was to drive them all away out of the Northwest Territory.

President Madison sent General Henry Harrison to fight against Tecumseh and his forces.

Harrison won a victory at the Battle of Tippecanoe Creek in present day Indiana.

British ships continued practicing impressment, which caused the tensions between the Americans and British to grow.

President Madison wasn’t looking towards war, but others were. These were the War Hawks.

Henry Clay of Kentucky and John C. Calhoun of South Carolina were leaders of the War Hawks.

The War Hawks

Chief Tecumseh

• The War Hawks hoped to win a war against the British to add more territory for its settlers by gaining control of Canada.

• They also hoped to push Spain, a British ally, out of Florida.

• President Madison allowed the war and the second war against the British had begun. This was the War of 1812.

+ Fighting The War of 1812Early Battles and British

Invasion Negotiating Peace British government was focused on battling the French,

then later turned it’s attention to the United States. There, several Battles took place.

In April 1814, the British had defeated the French in Europe and since Napoleon had been captured by the U.S., it allowed the British to turn their focus on the war.

The British troops planned a three part invasion of the United States. They captured the captured the capital and burned down some of the government buildings, including the White House and the Capitol. This led to President Madison and the government fleeting from the city.

Francis Scott Key wrote a poem that was later called “The Star-Spangled Banner”. This song became the United States national anthem.

British attacked New Orleans but was defeated by Major Andrew Jackson and his army of pirates, Native and free African Americans, and state militia.

Both Britain and the United States was tired of war and neither side seemed hopeful of winning.

So in December 1814, the British agreed to end the war.

The treaty that ended the war without bringing any changes at all was the Treaty of Ghent.

Great Britain and the United States kept the lands they owned before the war, and both American and British merchants began trading goods again.

+Results of the War

Americans realized the need of a strong government that would withstand treats from abroad.

General William Henry Harrison and Major General Andrew Jackson were one of several individuals who were thought of as heroes. Like George Washington, Jackson and Harrison would one day hold the nation’s highest office.

•The United States did not win or lose the War of 1812. Instead they brought about some important changes.Americans took pride in their country’s successes.The United States proved once again that it could stand on its own against Great Britain. Some people even called the war the Second War of Independence.

New American Heroes

Growth of Nationalism• The country experienced a new sense of nationalism after the war. This led to a desire to keep expanding the U.S.•African Americans took pride in their roles in the war and it strengthened their claims for full citizenship.•Europe entered a period of peace that would last about 100 years. This turning point was caused by the ending of the war against Napoleon.•As a result, the United States could begin to focus on its own development. •This nation was about to enterA time of tremendous growth.