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Chapter 10: The Kinetic Theory of Matter
Section 10.1: Physical Behavior of Matter
Main Idea: The common states of matter are solid, liquid and gas
Compare characteristics of a solid liquid or gas
Relate the properties of a solid, liquid, and gas to the kinetic theory of matter
Distinguish among amorphous solids, liquid crystals, and plasmas
Based on properties: position and movement of atoms ions or molecules
Classification
has a fixed volume that cannot be compressed into a smaller volume
is rigid with a definite shape because the
atoms, ions, or, molecules are in fixed positions
Solid
is flowing matter with a definite volume but an indefinite shape
takes the shape of its container
Liquid
flowing, compressible matter that has no definite volume or shape
spreads out to fill the space
particles are much farther apart than they are in solids and liquids
particles can be easily pushed together
Gas
Video on states of matter
Solid, Liquid and Gas
Robert Brown- 1827 Observed that particles in water (pollen
grains) move continuously in random, irregular directions
Definition: constant, random motion of tiny chunks of matter
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=hy-clLi8gHg
Brownian Motion
Water molecules are not the only molecules that display random motion
Only Water???
states that submicroscopic particles of all matter are in constant motion
Kinetic energy is the energy of moving objects
Kinetic Theory of Matter
A gas particle can change direction only when it strikes the wall of its container or another gas particle
Assumptions: Each gas particle rebounds without losing kinetic energy and without losing speed, but in a new direction
Collisions of particles in a gas are called elastic collisions because no kinetic energy is lost
Kinetic Model of Gases
gas with particles that are in constant motion but have no attraction for each other. The particles undergo elastic collisions.
Except at very low temperatures or very high pressures, nearly all gases act as ideal gases
Ideal gas
Pressure is the force acting on a unit area of a surface Example: psi = pounds per in2
Particles in a gas exert a force on each square cm of the walls of the container when the wall deflects them
Earth’s atmosphere (mixture of gases) exerts pressure also. Constant bombardment of molecules in the air
Gas Particles and Pressure
Particles of a liquid can slide past each other, but they are so close together that they don’t move as straight as gas particles
Kinetic Model of Liquids
Strong forces between particles explain the rigid structure of solids
Particles of a solid cannot move past each other, but they are in constant motion (vibration)
Particles occupy fixed positions in a well defined, 3-
dimensional arrangement
Crystal lattice- The arrangement, which is repeated throughout the solid
When a solid melts, its crystal lattices disintegrate
and its particles lose their 3-dimensional pattern
Kinetic Model of Solids
Other forms of matter not classified as solids, liquids or gases
http://education-portal.com/academy/lesson/the-kinetic-
molecular-theory-properties-of-solids-and-liquids.html#lesson
Haphazard, disjointed, and incomplete crystal lattice
Examples: candle wax, cotton candy, peanut butter
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=bzr-byiSXlA
Amorphous Solid
materials that lose their rigid organization in only one or two dimensions when they melt
interparticle forces in a liquid crystal are relatively
weak and their arrangement is easily disrupted When the lattice is broken, the crystal can flow like
a liquid Liquid crystal displays (LCDS) are used in watches,
calculators, etc. because they can change colors at specific temperatures
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=nAJgchCI3kg
Liquid Crystal
an ionized gas that forms at very high temperatures most common form of matter in the universe but
least common on Earth (sun and stars) can conduct electrical current and are electrically
neutral (contain equal numbers of free electrons and positive ions)
are called high-energy states of matter because
high energy is needed to separate and to maintain separation of the atoms into ions and electrons
Plasma
Predicted by Einstein in 1924, Created in 1995 (CU Boulder- Cornell/ Weiman)
a rare state (or phase) of matter that occurs at
extremely low temperature, near the value of absolute zero (at zero- no particles move)
Superfluid helium-4 that involve Bosons https://www.youtube.com/watch?
v=nAGPAb4obs8
Bose-Einstein Condensate (BEC)
In the July 14, 1995 issue of Science magazine, researchers from JILA reported achieving a temperature far lower than had ever been produced before and creating an entirely new state of matter predicted decades ago by Albert Einstein and Indian physicist Satyendra Nath Bose. Cooling rubidium atoms to less than 170 billionths of a degree above absolute zero caused the individual atoms to condense into a "superatom" behaving as a single entity. The graphic shows three-dimensional successive snap shots in time in which the atoms condensed from less dense red, yellow and green areas into very dense blue to white areas. JILA is jointly operated by NIST and the University of Colorado at Boulder.
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