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Chapter 10
Socioemotional Development in Adolescence
Identity
Identity is a self-portrait composed of many pieces, including: vocational/career identity political identity religious identity relationship identity achievement; intellectual identity sexual identity cultural/ethnic identity interests personality physical identity
Identity Self-understanding
Self-esteem Self-concept Possible selves False self
Erikson’s ViewErik Erikson first understood the
centrality of identity for adolescent development Psychosocial moratorium
Erikson’s 5th stage: identity versus identity confusion
Crisis -- the exploratory period of identity development
Commitment -- personal investment in identity
Marcia’s Four Statuses of IdentityIdentity diffusion
individuals have not yet experienced a crisis or made any commitments
undecided and uninterested in occupational and ideological choices
Identity foreclosure have made a commitment but not
experienced a crisis parents hand down commitments to their
adolescents before they have had a chance to explore different options on their own
Marcia’s Four Statuses of IdentityIdentity moratorium
individuals in the midst of a crisis but whose commitments are either absent or are only vaguely defined
Identity achievement individuals who have undergone a crisis
and made a commitment
Ongoing Search Resolution of the identity issue during
adolescence does not mean that identity will be stable through the remainder of life
Questions about identity come up throughout life
These cycles may be repeated throughout life
Ethnic IdentityEthnic identity -- enduring aspect of
the self that includes a sense of membership in an ethnic group, along with the attitudes and feelings related to that membership
Bicultural identity -- adolescents identify in some ways with their ethnic group and in other ways with the majority culture
Ethnic Identity in Immigrant Groups
First-generation immigrants are likely to be secure in their identities and unlikely to change much they may or may not develop a new identity
Second-generation immigrants are more likely to think of themselves as “American” possibly because citizenship is granted at birth ethnic identity is likely to be linked to retention of
their ethnic language and social networks
Autonomy and Attachment
Adolescent’s push for autonomy and responsibility puzzles and angers many parents
As the adolescent pushes for autonomy, the wise adult relinquishes control where the adolescent can make reasonable decisions, but continues to guide the adolescent
Boys are given more independence than girls
Secure attachment may be important in adolescents’ relationships with their parents
Parent-Adolescent ConflictMuch of the conflict involves the
everyday events of family life (e.g., keeping a bedroom clean, dressing neatly, getting home by a certain time, use of the phone)
The conflicts rarely involve major dilemmas such as drugs or delinquency
Conflict with parents often escalates during early adolescence, remains somewhat stable during the high school years, and then lessens as adolescence endsExample: Generation gap
Old and New Models Old model -- as adolescents mature
they detach themselves from parents and move into a world of autonomy apart from parents parent-adolescent conflict is intense and
stressful throughout adolescence New model emphasizes parents as
important attachment figures and support systems in most families, parent-adolescent conflict is
moderate rather than severe everyday negotiations and minor disputes not
only are normal but serve a positive function
Friendships Sullivan discussed the importance of
adolescent friendships Friends are important in shaping the
development of children and adolescents Everyone has basic social needs, friends
help meet social needs Teenagers are motivated to seek out
close friends Foreshadows the quality of romantic
relationships in adulthood
Peer GroupsStandards of peer groups and the
influence of crowds and cliques become increasingly important during adolescence Peer pressure -- conformity to peer standards Cliques -- small groups ranging from 2 to
about 12; members are usually same sex and about the same age; develop an in-group identity
Crowds -- larger and less personal groups; membership based on reputation; and they may or may not spend much time together
Dating and Romantic Relationships
Dating can be a form of recreation, a source of status, a setting for learning about close relationships, and a way of finding a mate
Three stages of romantic relationships Entering into romantic attractions and
affiliations at about age 11 to 13 Exploring romantic relationships at
approximately age 14 to 16 Consolidating dyadic romantic bonds at about
17 to 19
Dating in Gay and Lesbian Youth
Many sexual minority youth date other-sex peers, which can help them clarify their sexual orientation disguise it from others
Sociocultural Contexts and Dating Influence may be seen in
differences in dating patterns among ethnic groups
Values, religious beliefs, and traditions often dictate the age at which dating begins how much freedom in dating is allowed whether dates must be chaperoned by adults
or parents the roles of males and females in dating
Dating and Adjustment There is a link between dating
and romantic relationships with measures of adjustment
Those who date are more likely to have Higher levels of social acceptance Higher levels of friendship and romantic
competenceEarly dating and “going with”
someone is associated with adolescent pregnancy and problems at home and school
Traditions and Changes in Adolescence Around the Globe
Fewer adolescents around the world die from infectious diseases and malnutrition now than in the past
The experiences of male and female adolescents continue to be quite different
Some adolescents grow up in closely knit families with extensive extended kin networks that retain a traditional way of life
Some cultures give peers a stronger role in adolescence
Rites of Passage Rite of passage -- ceremony or
ritual that marks an individual’s transition from one status to another gain access to sacred adult practices, to
knowledge, and to sexuality often involve some form of ritual death and
rebirth, or by means of contact with the spiritual world
(Kottak, 2009)
Do we have rites of passage for American adolescents? We do not have universal formal
ceremonies to mark passage from adolescence to adulthood
Certain religions do (e.g., Jewish bar and bat mitzvah, the Catholic confirmation)
School graduation ceremonies come the closest
Social organizations may have ceremonies like initiations or debuts
ImmigrationRelatively high rates of immigration
contribute to the growth of ethnic minorities in the United States
Immigrants often experience stressors such as language barriers, separations from support networks, changes in SES status, the dual struggle to preserve identity and to acculturate
Immigrant Family Issues Many come from collectivist cultures in
which family obligation is strong For adolescents, this obligation may
mean assisting parents in their occupations and/or contributing to the family’s welfare
The long hours immigrant youth work in such jobs can be detrimental to their academic achievement
Ethnicity and Socioeconomic Status Not all ethnic minority families are poor Economic advantage does not entirely
enable minorities to escape prejudice, discrimination, and bias
However, poverty contributes to the stressful life experiences of many ethnic minority adolescents
The MediaThere has been a dramatic increase
in media multitaskingTelevision viewing and video-game
playing peak in early adolescence and then begin to decline
Older adolescents spend more time listening to music and using the computer
Increased Internet use Cyberbullying Sex crimes
Juvenile Delinquency
Juvenile delinquent -- label applied to an adolescent who breaks the law or engages in behavior that is considered illegal IncidencePrevalenceAdolescence-limited offenderLife-course-persistent offender
delinquency rates among minority groups and lower-socioeconomic-status youth are especially high
These groups have less influence over the judicial decision-making process and may be judged more delinquent
Causes of Delinquency Many causes have been
proposed, including heredity, identity problems, community influences, and family experiences
Adolescents with a negative identity may find support for their delinquent image among peers, reinforcing the negative identity norms of many lower-SES peer groups and
gangs are antisocial
Causes of Delinquency Parental monitoring is especially
important in determining whether an adolescent becomes a delinquent
Family discord and inconsistent and inappropriate discipline and sibling influences are also associated with delinquency
Having delinquent peers greatly increases the risk of becoming delinquent
Depression Internalizing vs. Externalizing problems
Adolescent girls consistently have higher rates of depression than adolescent boys females twice that of males
Family factors place adolescents at risk for developing depression
Poor peer relationships are associated with adolescent depression
Problems in adolescent romantic relationships can also trigger depression, especially for girls
Suicide Suicide behavior escalates in
adolescence and then increases further in emerging adulthood
Suicide is the third-leading cause of death in ages 10 to19
Although a suicide threat should always be taken seriously, far more adolescents contemplate or attempt it unsuccessfully than actually commit it Suicidal ideation Parasuicide
Gender Differences in Suicide Females were more likely to attempt Males were more likely to succeed in
committing suicide Males use more lethal means, such as
guns Females are more likely to cut their wrists
or take an overdose of sleeping pills Suicidal adolescents often have
depressive symptoms
The Interrelation of Problems and Successful Prevention/Intervention Programs
Four problems that affect the most adolescents drug abuse juvenile delinquency sexual problems school-related problems
Those who have more than one of these problems are more at risk
Successful ProgramsPrograms that have been
successful in preventing or reducing adolescent problems found these common components Intensive individualized attention Community-wide multi-agency collaborative
approaches Early identification and intervention