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Chapter 10:Chapter 10:Human DevelopmentHuman Development

How and Why We ChangeHow and Why We Change

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C. Brown Unit 6C. Brown Unit 6

Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2009

Prenatal Development and the Newborn Developmental Psychology

a branch of psychology that studies physical, cognitive and social change throughout the ___________

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Conception

A single sperm cell (male) penetrates the

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Life is sexually transmitted

penetrates the outer coating of the egg (female) and fuse to form one fertilized cell.

At the moment of conception…

The smallest cell in the body (sperm cell) penetrates the woman’s egg, and genetically gender is determined.

In 24 hours this cell divides establishing

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In 24 hours this cell divides establishing ___________________.

By 15 days the embryo is a hollow sphere 1/10” in diameter.

By 60 days the fetus exhibits an emerging human form.

Zygote and Embryo

A zygote is a fertilized cell with 100 cells, which become increasingly diverse. At about 14 days the zygote turns into an ____________ (a and b).

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Fetus Fetus

the developing human organism from 9 weeks after conception to birth

At ___________ an embryo turns into a fetus (c and d). Teratogens are chemicals or viruses that can enter the placenta and harm the 

developing fetus.

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The Growing Fetus

Fertilization 30 Hours

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6 weeks 4 months

PRS

The fetal stage of development begins at _____. A. Conception B. 14 days after conception

C 9 k ft ti

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C. 9 weeks after conception D. birth

Prenatal Development and the Newborn Teratogens (_____________) agents, such as chemicals and viruses, that can reach

the embryo or fetus during prenatal development and cause harm Malnutrition

Viral Infections

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Viral Infections AIDS, Rubella (German measles), and others

X-rays, lead, and other environmental hazards (Drugs) Alcohol (fetal alcohol syndrome), Cigarettes,

Cocaine, Aspirin, Marijuana, and other drugs both licit and illicit

Development is susceptible to disruption

Many embryos are spontaneously aborted, often without the mother’s knowledge.

Spontaneous abortion rates are higher for

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Spontaneous abortion rates are higher for _________ embryos.

If the disruption is not too serious, the infant will be carried to term.

Fetal Weight GainFetal Weight Gain

Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2009

Prenatal Development and the Newborn Fetal Alcohol Syndrome (FAS) physical and cognitive abnormalities in children

caused by a pregnant woman’s heavy drinking symptoms include misproportioned head

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An abrupt and demanding transition (molt) for both infant and parent.

Average new born urinates 19 times a day.

At Birth

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Average new born defecates 5 times a day.

At Birth

A significant portion of parental income and personal effort is devoted to infant care.

Today parental investment typically exceeds

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$100,000 to reach independence.

At Birth

A typical child is 20” long and 7 pounds in weight.

Birth weight doubles in 6 months, and triples in the first year. A typical child is 28” long at 12 th f

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12 months of age. Brain size doubles by age 2, and doubles

again by adulthood. Physical changes lead to changes in

__________ and ___________ abilities

Newborn Orientation to the Face

Infants were shown a blank shape, a face, or scrambled facial features.

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The face and scrambled face have same complexity.

Infants looked more intensely at the ________.

Ways to study the abilities of Newborns Habituation

The tendency for attention to a stimulus to wane over time (often used to determine whether an infant has “learned” a stimulus

Recovery

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Following habituation to one stimulus, the tendency for a second stimulus to arouse new interest (often used to test whether infants can discriminate between stimuli)

The Developing Brain

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Principles of Development Development is orderly and predictable. While development is continuous, it occurs in spurts, and this

gives the appearance of stages of development (Piaget, Freud, Kohlberg, etc.). ‘from head to foot’

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________________ from head to foot A child can turn its head before it can use its legs.

________________ ‘from center to periphery’ Motor control of the thigh precedes control of the foot. Gives the appearance of gross undifferentiated movements.

Principles of Development Development is dependent upon the interplay

between experience and maturation. _________ Period - Disruption of development

leads to permanent impairments (German measles

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leads to permanent impairments (German measles at 3 mo gestation produces mental retardation in newborns).

__________ Period - Disruption of development leads to an impairment that may be partially overcome (language learning after puberty).

Motor Development

Infants begin to roll over first followed by sitting unsupported, crawling, and finally walking. Experience 

has little effect on this sequence.

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Bayley Scale Milestones

Able to turn from back to side (4.4 mo). Able to sit without support (6.0 mo). Walks with help (9.6 mo). Walks alone (11 7 mo)

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Walks alone (11.7 mo).

A retarded child ___________ on these motor tasks. The same nervous system controls motor and cognitive development.

PRS

A child who consistently is slow in achieving motor developmental milestones is also likely to exhibit learning difficulties in grade school.

True/False

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True/False

Infancy and Childhood:

Maturation

The development of the brain unfolds based on

ti i t ti l di

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At birth 3 months 15 months

Cortical Neurons

genetic instructions, leading to various bodily and mental functions to occur in sequence— standing before walking, babbling before talking—this is called maturation

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Infancy and Childhood: Cognitive Development

Cognition All the mental activities associated

with thinking, knowing, remembering,

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and communicating

Cognitive Development

Piaget believed that driving force behind intellectual development is our biological development midst experiences with the environment. Our cognitive development is shaped by ________ we make.

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Piaget

Swiss, born in 1896-1980. At age 10 he published his first scientific article on the

habits of an albino sparrow. At age 16 he was recognized as an expert on mollusks

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At age 16 he was recognized as an expert on mollusks, and was recommended for the post of curator of the Natural History Museum in Geneva.

Received his Ph.D. in Natural Science at age 21.

Piaget

Learning involves the ‘construction of an understanding’ that emerges as a consequence of an encounter between the individual and the environment.

A person seeks to understand his world by applying his

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p y pp y gschemas to objects and events.

If an understanding is not achieved the individual must develop a new schema to better accommodate novel features of the world.

SchemasPiaget’s Theory Schemas

In Piaget’s theory, mental representations of the world that guide the processes of assimilation and accommodation

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Jean PiagetJean Piaget

Constructivist theory – children construct an understanding of their world based on observations of the effects of their behavior

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_____________ Altering a belief to make it

compatible with experience

_______________ Absorbing new

information into current knowledge

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Changing Schemas of the Earth

From preschool through about the 5th grade, children gradually assimilate and then

d t th i

5th grade

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accommodate their schemas to form an accurate representation of the earth’s shape.

Preschool

Piaget’s Stages of Development

Stages of Development Each stage is qualitatively different from others Ages for stage transitions are approximate Sensorimotor

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Sensorimotor Preoperational Concrete Operational Formal Operational

Sensorimotor Period

Birth to age 2. Child learns that some portions of the world

can be manually manipulated.

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Chief accomplishment is the development of the concept of object permanence (objects still exist even when out of sight).

No mental images or symbolic thought.

Cognitive Development Object _____________ the awareness that things continue to exist even

when not perceived

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Separation Anxiety

Separation anxiety is a fear reaction in response to the absence of the primary caregiver.

It is seen in all cultures

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It is seen in all cultures. It corresponds with the

development of object permanence and the sensorimotor stage of cognitive development.

Preoperational Period Age 2 to age 6. Development of _____________ permits the child to exhibit

imagination, make-believe and imitation. Child is not locked in the present, can talk about yesterday, and

plan for tomorrow. ____________ – the child is a prisoner of his own perspective

(t t i )

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(toy mountain range). ______________ – perceive human qualities in objects (the cup

is tired). Did Noah grown up?

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Preoperational StagePreoperational Stage

2 to 6/7 years Able to construct mental

representation of experiences, but unable to perform mental trans-

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perform mental transformations or operations

Egocentric

Piaget’s Conservation TasksPiaget’s Conservation Tasks

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Conservation Conservation

the principle that properties such as mass, volume, and number remain the same despite changes in the forms of objects

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Concrete Operational Period Ages 7 to 12. As operational logic develops thought becomes less bound by

intuition. Operation – mental transformation. Which is more?

Number

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Number Length Volume As mathematical skills develop (add, subtract, divide,

multiply) more advanced conservation tasks can be solved. Children in this stage are also able to transform

mathematical functions. So if, 4 + 8 = 12 then transformation 12 – 4 = 8 is also readily doable.

Speed of Information Processing

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Response times decrease from 7 - 12 years of age Consistent across several different types of tasks

This may be due to the biological maturation of the brain Increased myelination of axons which speeds up neural processing

Formal Operational Period Age 12 through adulthood. Abstract adult logic develops. If A=B, and B=C, then A=C. Balance beam problem: weight can be added to

b l th l th f l i t b

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balance the scale, or the fulcrum point can be changed to achieve balance. The concrete operational child cannot extract the way in which the weight and fulcrum factors are related.

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Summary: Piaget’s Four StagesSummary: Piaget’s Four Stages

Sensorimotor Birth to 2 years No thought beyond immediate physical experiences

Preoperational 2 to 7 years Able to think beyond here and now, but egocentric and unable to perform mental transformations

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perform mental transformations

Concrete Operations 7 to 11 years Able to perform mental transformations but only on concrete physical objects

Formal Operations 11 years to adulthood Able to perform hypothetical and abstract reasoning

Piaget and Culture

Cross-cultural studies have confirmed the sequence of stages.

Some non-industrial cultures do not show concrete operational thought before age 18

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concrete operational thought before age 18 (New Guinea highland tribes).

Some non-industrial cultures may accelerate the development of some conservation tasks (children of potters in Mexico develop the conservation of volume (clay) before most children in America.

PRS

Two phenomena associated with the sensorimotor stage of development are A. Object permanence/stranger anxiety.

B P t d l / t i

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B. Pretend play/egocentrism. C. Conservation/mathematical transformations. D. Abstract logic/moral reasoning.

Cooperative Learning: Baby Einstein

Does listening to Mozart turn babies into brainiacs? In 1998 the Governor of Georgia budged funds to provide all newborns in a free Mozart CD. The idea was that listening to the CD would boost the infant’s intelligence.

Meet with your group and discuss any action that the Alabama legislature should take to promote infant intellectual development. Should the state provide classical music CD’s, play dough, or something else for newborns?

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You have 60 seconds!

Baby Einstein Company is a world leader in developmental media and products for babies and toddlers. , language, science, poetry and nature in playful, enriching ways. Albert Einstein said, “I have no special talents. I am only passionately curious.” At Baby Einstein, we know that babies are passionately curious, too. So every moment of every day in these early years is an opportunity for discovery. This simple principle is the foundation for all of our products.

Creating Super Babies: Current Data

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Kohlberg’s Moral Ladder

As moral development progresses, the

Morality of abstractprinciples: to affirm

agreed-upon rights andpersonal ethical principles

Postconventionallevel

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focus of concern moves from the self to the wider social world.

Morality of law andsocial rules: to gainapproval or avoid

disapproval

Morality of self-interest:to avoid punishment

or gain concrete rewards

Conventional level

Preconventional level

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Scored answers to ____________

Kohlberg’s Studies of Moral Reasoning

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moral dilemmas. Example of stealing experimental

cancer treatment drugs.

Kohlberg’s Studies of Moral Reasoning Moral Reasoning The way people think and try to solve moral

dilemmas.

Preconventional Level

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Morality judged in terms of reward and punishment

Conventional Level Morality judged in terms of social order and approval

Postconventional Level Morality judged in terms of abstract principles, like

equality and justice

Preconventional Level

Morality is judged in terms of the consequences of behavior.

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Preconventional Level

Stage 1. Punishment and Obedience Orientation. Children cannot grasp the idea that there are ____

i t f i i l dil d th t b th

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points of view in a moral dilemma, and that both views have points of merit. Children accept the view of an authority person without question.

“If the man was punished, he must have been bad, if he wasn’t punished, he must have been good.”

Preconventional Level

Stage 2 Naïve Hedonistic Orientation. Children become aware that different people have

different points of view regarding a moral dilemma They judge morality in terms of choices

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dilemma. They judge morality in terms of choices that best satisfy their personal needs.

“The man shouldn’t steal the drug unless he is so crazy about his wife that he can’t live without her.”

Conventional Level

Children become aware of the complexities of the social order, and judge morality in terms of choices that support and ___________ the rules of society

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rules of society.

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Conventional Level

Stage 3 Good- boy, good-girl orientation. Moral decisions are designed to seek approval of

th l k

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the people you know. “Its ok to steal the drug, because no one will think

that you are bad if you do.”

Conventional Level

Stage 4 Social order maintaining orientation. Moral decisions are extended to include the

ti f h th ti l l

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perspective of a hypothetical _____ person, laws should ___________________.

“The man should steal the drug since he took a marriage vow to stand beside his wife. Yet, because it is wrong to steal, he should expect to have to pay for his action.”

Postconventional Level

Morality is judged in terms of abstract principles rather than in terms of existing laws of society.

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Postconventional Level

Stage 5 Social contract/legalistic orientation. Laws are invented by man, and legislative bodies

l i t h

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________________ laws as society changes. “Stealing is against the law, yet there is legal

precedence to suspend this law under unusual circumstances when one or more of the following criteria are satisfied.”

Postconventional Level

Stage 6 Universal ethical principle orientation. “Man has a moral obligation to preserve the

tit f lif Ci ili ti d t

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sanctity of life. Civilization can accommodate justifiable lapses in property rights, but it ceases to exist when the preservation of life is held in lower regard than the preservation of property.”

Kohlberg’s Levels of Moral Reasoning

Most 7-10 year olds are reasoning at the preconventional level.

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Most 13-16 year olds are reasoning at the conventional level.

Few participants show reasoning indicative of the postconventional level.

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PRS

Research on moral development shows that most adults consistently endorse stage 6 ethical reasoning for most dilemmas.

True/False

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True/False

Attachment an emotional _____ with another person shown in young children by their seeking closeness to the

caregiver and displaying distress on separation Like bodily contact, familiarity in another factor for causing

attachment. In some animals (goslings) imprinting is the cause of attachment.

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Infant Bonding:Infant Bonding:Harlow’s MonkeysHarlow’s Monkeys

Studied infant rhesus monkeys separated from mother after birth

Two surrogate ‘mothers’: one wire (but with milk), one warm cloth

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Monkeys spent more time with cloth mother, especially when scared

Contact comfort – positive emotions afforded by touch

Attachment Styles____________ Attachment

The baby clings to the parent, cries at separation, and reacts with anger or apathy to reunion.

Harlow’s studies showed that monkeys experience great anxiety if their terry-cloth mother was removed.

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removed.

Social Development

Harlow’s Surrogate Mother Experiments Monkeys preferred

contact with the

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contact with the comfortable ______ mother, even while feeding from the nourishing wire mother

Harlow’s Monkeys and Attachment

Five kinds of love 1. Infant – mother love. Attachment takes some

time to develop (about a week in monkeys, maybe 6 mo in humans)

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6 mo in humans). Ideal synthetic mother is large, warm, soft, rocks and

gives milk. In the first two weeks of life heat is very important. After 7 days of exposure infant monkeys run to their

synthetic mother if frightened. Rocking promotes faster weight gain and lower rates of

infection.

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Harlow’s Monkeys

In the absence of a mother and attachment – Social withdrawal Failure to thrive

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Depression Rocking Self mutilation Inability to fulfill adult roles when physically

mature

Five Kinds of Love

2. Mother-infant love. Attachment takes time to develop. It may take 6

mo for a mother to grow to love her child.P t t d i

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Post-partum depression. In many cultures infants are not named at birth. Under ancestral conditions a premature

attachment (formed when infant mortality is too high) may have placed the family unit at risk. (No despair is more profound than that induced by the loss of a child).

Five Kinds of Love

3. Peer-love. Juvenile play mate interactions.

If attachment has not developed monkeys will self isolate, and not interact with peers.

If the mother is removed from the social group monkey i f t ill i t d i

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infants will go into a depression. If the absent mother is reintroduced to the group the infant

money displays intense clinging behavior, and will reestablish normal play only after the attachment needs are met.

In monkeys (and probably humans) the capacity for mature adult sex roles appears to grow out of peer love.

Five Kinds of Love

4. Heterosexual-love. Adult mate bonding grows out of peer love. Isolate reared monkeys are unable to perform

ll

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sexually. If inseminated, isolate reared females become

very poor mothers (inattentive to infant needs, may bite or kill their infants). Over successive pregnancies these females may become adequate mothers.

Implications for sexual dysfunction and child abuse

Individuals reared in institutions who did not form attachments report difficulties ____________________ (and emotional and h i l i ti ) d t l t b ild

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physical intimacy), and struggle to build lasting, loving relationships with peers and their children.

Child abusers lack impulse control, and were often victims of child abuse.

Five Kinds of Love

5. Paternal love. Paternal care is only seen in monogamous species,

and Harlow’s monkeys showed low scores for paternal behaviors

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paternal behaviors. In young boys the father’s absence in the first six

years of age produces less aggressive behavior, more dependency on adults, and fewer masculine behaviors.

In young daughters the father’s absence in the first six years results in different behaviors for the daughters of divorced and widowed mothers.

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Father absence and daughters

Daughters of divorced mothers tend to seek more attention from males, start dating at earlier ages, become sexually active at

d di l h h l &

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younger ages, and display a harsher law & order attitude.

Daughters of widowed mothers tend to avoid males, start dating at older ages, and tend to be sexually more inhibited.

Monkey Psychotherapists

Isolate monkeys deprived of maternal care for 6 mo, will not join peer groups, and are at risk for being killed by peers.

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Best therapist is a socially normal female infant. Clings to the isolate Initiates play with the isolate Following 6 months of exposure the isolate can

successfully adjust to a normal social group.

Attachment in Humans

Directed to __________________ caregivers. Requires ______________ interactions. Sensitive period .

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p ________ Child ____________ their caregiver from all

other people. Separation anxiety (mother absence results in

distress). Clinging is amplified following a major

separation (like REM rebound).

Attachment in Humans

Normal exploratory behavior is dependent upon a secure attachment.

Attachments formed with multiple individuals

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arise sequentially and are hierarchical in significance.

Fostering attachment promotes independence.

‘Mothering’ is a social role, not a biological role. Males can be outstanding mothers.

PRS

Rocking an infant has a positive impact on the development of the child’s immune system. True/False

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Language Development The transition from _______ behavior to ______

behavior. At birth infants cry and coo in response to stimuli. About 3 months of age infants begin to babble

(spontaneous production of speech sounds)

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(spontaneous production of speech sounds). Not dependent upon normal hearing. Reduplicative production of all the _________

(smallest component of a word which if changed changes the meaning of a word) of all languages (60+ phonemes).

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Language Development

Imitation of adult speech (9 mo). (Phonemes not used by adult caregivers drop out of production, and turn – taking becomes

id t)

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evident). First intelligible word (12 mo). (Consistent

usage, requires a mother’s ear). Two-word utterances (18 mo). (My-baba). Wide variety of sentences 10-12 words in

length (36 mo).

Language Development

Rules of grammar evident (4 years). “My teacher bringed some white mouses to my school.”

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Private languages.

Stuttering

Disorder in the rhythm of speaking. Repetitive disruptions and stoppages. A

spasm associated with speaking.

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Male biased 5:1. Runs in families (may be environmental or

genetic).

Stuttering

Aggravated by ______________ factors. Uncommon when speaking to yourself, animals or

childrenM t t tt i fl tl d i h l

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Most stutters can sing fluently, or during choral reading (the rhythm is provided by external cues).

Some stutters may be fluent on stage (someone else is doing the talking).

The more emotionally charged the message, the greater the risk of disfluencies.

Stuttering

Most children go through a stage of dysfluencies between 3-4 years of age. If they are ignored they usually cease within a short period.

20-30% of normal children exhibit a disfluency rate

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20 30% of normal children exhibit a disfluency rate that exceeds that of many children who stutter.

It is difficult for untrained listeners to distinguish between normal and abnormal disfluencies.

Stuttering is a disorder of early childhood: 85% of stuttering cases begin before age 5.

75% of childhood stuttering recovers by age 8.

Stuttering The magnitude of disfluency varies with the

psychological (treacherous) relationships between the speaker and the listeners.

The emergence of a morbid awareness of the risk of being dysfluent aggravates the difficulty

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being dysfluent, aggravates the difficulty. Being labeled as a stutterer makes the disorder more

persistent. The more severe the stuttering, the longer it is likely

to persist. If stuttering persists beyond adolescence it may become a life-long disorder.

Recovery from stuttering is a gradual process.

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Stuttering

In children stuttering is associated with Poor physical condition. Poor sleep patterns.

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Poor nutrition. Poor coordination. Hyperactivity. Ambidexterity. Forced shifting of hand dominance.

Stuttering

Early development of handedness may reduce the risk of stuttering.

Onset for stuttering tends to be sudden

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following a __________ in childhood. Children who stutter tend to be good to

superior students in most academic areas. Children who stutter tend to exhibit average

to superior musical talent.

PRS

Stuttering is more common in females compared to that for males. True/False

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Dyslexia

“I don’t give a damn for a man that can only spell a word one way!” Mark Twain

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Failure to acquire the skill of reading at a normal rate.

A family of disorders.

DyslexiaDysphonemic-sequencing dyslexia.

Poor at deciphering words on the basis of word-analysis skills. Phonemic ________________ and miss-_____________ of

phonemes. Male biased disorder. These children may learn to read but remain weak at spelling

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These children may learn to read, but remain weak at spelling. Children tend to have problems mastering the phonetic aspects of

foreign languages. Children tend to have _______________ spatial abilities. Unregimented eye-movement patterns. Both right and left hemispheres may be involved in holistic spatial

perception.

II. Dysnomic –dyslexia. About 50% of dyslexics have anomia – word

retrieval difficulties.Ci l ti i di t t ti

Dyslexia

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Circumlocution – indirect answers to questions. May evoke teacher or peer group irritation. May be an antecedent to stuttering.

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Dyslexia

III. Audiophonetic disorder. Tin ear for language – slow at translating phoneme into

____________. Must receive short messages slowly. Tend to perform poorly in school until they master 4th grade

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Tend to perform poorly in school until they master 4th grade reading, then they may grow into well read adults who tend to avoid parties or jobs requiring long conversational exchanges.

Written language stays with them better than spoken language. Personality factors may be shaped by early language skills.

IV. Hyperlexia – precocious decoding of letters. Able to memorize speech sounds and associate

th ith h (l tt ) b t t d d t

Dyslexia

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them with grapheme (letters), but retarded at connecting the sound to meaning.

Poor at following directions, or understanding spoken or written language.

Resembles adults with mixed transcortical aphasia with intact naming abilities.

PRS

Children with dysphonemic-sequencing dyslexia tend to have superior spatial abilities. True/False

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Parenting StylesParenting Styles Permissive

Lenient, affectionate, very little punishment Authoritarian

Strict, show little _________, strong ___________

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Authoritative Support children, but set firm limits (fare best)

Uninvolved Neglectful, ignore children (fare worst)

Baumrind’s classifications are correlational, and don’t hold up well cross-culturally

TemperamentTemperament ____________ – basic emotional style that

appears early in development and is largely genetic in origin Thomas and Chess infant classifications:

Easy Difficult Slow-to-warm-up

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Easy, Difficult, Slow to warm up Kagan: behavioral inhibition Inhibited (10%) – “scaredy cats”, at risk for anxiety Uninhibited (20%) – at risk for impulsive behavior later in

childhood Middling (70%)

Certain temperaments may elicit certain attachment behaviors from parents

Child-Rearing PracticesAuthoritative parenting

Authoritative parenting correlates with social competence — other factors like common genes may leading to a easy-going temperament may invoke authoritative parenting style.

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Adolescence Adolescence the transition period

from childhood to adulthood (age 12-20)

extending from puberty

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extending from puberty to independence

Puberty the period of sexual

maturation when a person

becomes capable of reproduction

Adolescence Primary Sex Characteristics

body structures that make sexual reproduction possible ovaries--female testes--male external genitalia

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external genitalia Secondary Sex Characteristics

nonreproductive sexual characteristics female--breast and hips male--voice quality and body

hair Menarche (meh-NAR-key)

A girl’s first menstrual period

Adolescence In the 1890’s the

average interval between a woman’s10

7.2 Year Interval1890, Women

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woman s menarche and marriage was about 7 years; now it is over 12 years

10 20

10 20

12.5 Year Interval

Age

Age

1995, Women

Adolescence Throughout

childhood, boys and girls are similar in height At puberty

Height in centimeters

190

170

150

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height. At puberty, girls surge ahead briefly, but then boys overtake them at about age 14.

130

110

90

70

50

0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18Age in years

Boys Girls

Adolescent Disengagement

The proportion of time spent with the family decreases almost 3% per year

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This decline was not found for time spent alone with parents

__________ Crisis An adolescent’s struggle

to establish a personal identity, or self-concept

Identity

Identity one’s sense of _______ the adolescent’s task is to solidify a sense of

lf b t ti d i t ti i l

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self by testing and integrating various roles

Intimacy the ability to form close, loving relationships a primary developmental task in late

adolescence and early adulthood

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Forming an Identity

In Western cultures many adolescents try out different selves before settling into a consistent and comfortable identity. Having such an identity leads to forming close 

relationships.

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Lela

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Matth

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ages

The changing parent-child relationship

100%

80

Percent withpositive, warm

interactionwith parents

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60

40

20

02 to 4 5 to 8 9 to 11Ages of child in years

with parents

Adolescence and Mental Health

The stereotypic images of adolescents are: Mood swings, identity crises, anxiety,

rebelliousness, depression, drug use, and suicide

Three perceived sources of difficulty in

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Three perceived sources of difficulty in adolescence are: _________ with parents, __________ behavior,

and _______ disruption

Conflict with parents and risk-taking do occur, but the idea that adolescents are in a state of distress is exaggerated.

Erikson’s Eight Stages of Human Erikson’s Eight Stages of Human Development: Identity and Psychosocial Development: Identity and Psychosocial CrisesCrises

Revision 2006 PSBCopyright © Allyn & Bacon 2009

Erikson’s Stages of Psychosocial Development

Approximateage Stage Description of Task

Infancy Trust vs. mistrust If needs are dependably met, infants(1st year) develop a sense of basic ______.

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Toddler Autonomy vs. shame Toddlers learn to exercise will and (2nd year) and doubt do things for themselves, or they

_________ their abilities.

Preschooler Initiative vs. guilt Preschoolers learn to initiate tasks(3-5 years) and carry out plans, or they feel

guilty about efforts to be ___________.

Elementary Competence vs. Children learn the pleasure of applying(6 years- inferiority themselves to tasks, or they feel puberty) ______________.

Erikson’s Stages of PsychosocialDevelopment

Approximateage Stage Description of Task

Adolescence Identity vs. role Teenagers work at refining a sense of self by(teens into confusion testing roles and then integrating them to 20’s) form a single identity, or they become

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_____________ about who they are.

Young Adult Intimacy vs. Young adults struggle to form close relation-(20’s to early isolation ships and to gain the capacity for intimate 40’s) love, or they feel ________________.

Middle Adult Generativity vs. The middle-aged discover a sense of contri-(40’s to 60’s) stagnation buting to the world, usually through family

and work, or they may feel a ____ of purpose.

Late Adult Integrity vs. When reflecting on his or her life, the older(late 60’s and despair adult may feel a sense of _____________ orup) ___________.

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Emerging Adulthood

Emerging adulthood spans from 18‐25 years. During this time young adults live with their parents and attend college or work. They marry on average in their mid‐

twenties.

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Ariel S

kelley

/ Corbis

Adulthood

Although adulthood begins sometimes after mid-twenties. Defining adulthood into stages is

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adulthood into stages is more difficult than

defining stages during childhood or adolescence.

Middle Adulthood

Muscular strength, reaction time, sensory abilities and cardiac output begin to ________ after mid‐twenties. 

Around 50, women go through menopause; and men with decreased levels of hormones and fertility.

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Willie Mays batting performance.

Bettm

an/ C

orbis

Old Age: Sensory Abilities

After age 70, hearing, distance perception, and the sense of smell diminish, as do muscle strength, reaction time and stamina. After 80, neural processes slow down, especially 

for complex tasks.

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Mich

ael New

man

/ PhotoEdit

Old Age: Life Expectancy

Life expectancy at birth increased from 49 in 1950 to 67 in 2004, and to 80 in developed countries. Women outlive men and _____________________ them at most ages.

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Gorges G

obet/ A

P Photo

Aging

Lens of the eye ages and begins to lose its flexibility at __________ years of age.

Muscular strength begins to decline at 25 years of age.

Cardiac output begins to decline at 40 years of age

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Cardiac output begins to decline at 40 years of age. __________ aging – changes due to the passage

of time. __________ aging – changes due to disease,

disuse or abuse.

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Adulthood and Old AgeAging and Intellectual Functions Memory and Forgetting Cognitive abilities do not inevitably decline. Some elderly may show declines on free-recall

tasks, however declines on tests of recognition

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, gmemory are less likely.

Memory declines may be due to impairments in sensory acuity and a slowing of neuronal processing.

Wisdom

When the problem involves complex or _________ solutions, older adults often offer wiser solutions than younger ones.

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Old Age: Motor Abilities

At 70, our motor abilities also decline. A 70‐year old is no match for a 20 year old individual. Fatal accidents also 

increase around this age.

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Incidence of Dementia by Age

Risk of dementiaincreases in lateryears

40%

Percentagewith dementia

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60-64 70-74 80-84 90-9565-69 75-79 85-89

Age Group

30

20

10

0

Experimental DesignsExperimental Designs

_________________ design – examine people of different ages at a single time point

_________________ design – track the d l t f th f l

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development of the same group of people over time

Able to control for cohort effects

Adulthood: Cognitive Development

Cross-Sectional Study a study in which

people of different

55

60

Reasoningabilityscore

Cross-sectional methodsuggests decline

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people of different ages are compared with one another

Longitudinal Study a study in which

the same people are restudied and retested over a long period

25 32 39 46 53 60 7467 8135

40

45

50

Age in years

Cross-sectional method

Longitudinal method

Longitudinal methodsuggests more stability

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Adult Self-Esteem

Self-esteem is highest in childhood.

It drops sharply during adolescence.

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It increases gradually during adulthood, peaks in the sixties, and declines in old age.

Adulthood: Social Changes

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Cooperative Group Challenge

Only six of the following are used 1. blastocyst 2. embryo

3 f 3. fetus 4. teratogen 5. sensorimotor 6. preoperational 7. temperament 8. attachment

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Q1

1. A child’s emotional style that is largely genetic and appears early in development is called _____.

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Q2

2. The strong emotional connection we share with those we feel closest is called _____.

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Q3

3. In the first of Piaget’s four stages of development, the _____ stage, children focus on the here and now.

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Q4

4. Environmental factors that can have a negative effect on development are called _____.

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Q5

5. Early in pregnancy, a ball of identical cells that has not taken on any specific function is called the _____.

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Q6

6. The embryo becomes a _____ once the major organs are developed.

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