Chapter - 10 Invitation of Islam to neighboring states · After returning from Hudaibya, the first thing done by the prophet was to send invitation of Islam to rulers of neighboring

Chapter - 10

Invitation of Islam to neighboring states

After returning from Hudaibya, the first thing done by the prophet was to send invitation of Islam to rulers of neighboring countries. He chose his trust-worthy persons as emissaries and sent them with his personal letters to the following rulers:

Seerat-un-Nabi-1Page: 257

Emissaries.

1.Wahya Kalby.2. Abdullah Bin Huzafa Sahmi.3. Hatib Bin Balta’h.4. Umru Bin Ummya.5. Saleet Bin Umru Bin Abdul Shams.6. Shuja Bin Wahb-al-Asady.

Rulers.

Caesar of Rome.Khusro Parwez of Persia.Ruler of Egypt.Najashy of Ethiopia.Nobles of Yamama.Noble Haaris Anafy of Syria.

These were the notable countries around Medina, while the most important were Rome and Persia (Iran).

Caesar Heraclius was the powerful Emperor of the Great Roman Empire. The letter sent to him read as follows:

Seerat-un-Nabi-1Pages: 259-262

Spirit of IslamSyed Ameer AliPages: 185-187

In the name of Allah, the most Gracious and Powerful

From: Muhammad, who is the servant and messenger of Allah.

This letter is for Caesar Heraclius.

Peace for one who is the follower of guidance to righteousness. I invite you to Islam. Accept Islam and you will live in peace. Allah will bestow upon you two-fold reward. If you will not do so the burden of the sins of all your subjects will also be on your neck.

O! ye the believer of the Book (Bible), accept that which is common amongst us; which is, let us worship One and Only One God. If you do not believe in it, then beware that we (Muslims) do believe in it”.

Heraclius heard the translator read out this letter, and gave full respect to the emissary of theprophet. His reaction was also polite and considerate.

1

The letter written to Khusrau Parwez too had the same contents, but the Persian emperor regarded himself superior to all mankind. He took the letter as an insult and below his eminent status and dignity. Infuriated, he spoke to the emissary:

“Being my slave, how dare he write in this manner to me”?

Uttering these words, he tore the letter into pieces, and insulting the emissary asked him to leave. When the emissary returned to Medina and reported this incident, the prophet said slowly:

“The Empire of Khusrau will be torn to pieces, just like the letter was torn by him”.

Prophet’s emissary sent to Ethiopia had three objectives. All these were achieved:

1. Invitation of Islam which Najashi readily accepted, and wrote back to the prophet:“I hereby stand witness that you are the real and true Messenger of Allah”. Jaffar TayyarR who still lived in Ethiopia under asylum, was the one on whose hands emperor Najashi swore his allegiance.

2. Second objective was to thank Najashi for his courtesy and kind treatment of the Muslimasylum seekers.

3. Third objective was the request for return of Umme HabibaR to Medina. Umme HabibaR was the daughter of Abu Suffyan and sister of Muawiya. She was married to a cousin of the prophet, Ubaidullah Ibne Hajsh. Both husband and wife had embraced the faith in theinitial stages of Islam in Mecca. They sought asylum in Ethiopia about 7 years before prophet’s migration. There Ubaidullah had a change of heart and converted to Christianity. Due to religious differences, a separation occurred between them; thus Umme HabibaR was left alone in Ethiopia. She could not return to Mecca due to fear of her father who was chief of infidel Quraiysh. She could not even think of changing her faith to the older one as she loved Islam. For her staunch belief, God blessed her with thecompanionship of the prophet. The prophet wrote to Najashi:“Give my proposal of marriage to Umme Habiba, if she accepts it, then pay the dower and construe the matrimony and send her to Medina”.Umme Habiba readily accepted the proposal. Najashi acted as the prophet had requested,and sent her by a ship to Medina with a group of Muslims.

Ruler of Egypt, Maqawqas read prophet’s letter himself and answered in Arabic. He gave respect and sent gifts for the prophet. He also sent two girls Marya Qubtya and Siyreen. About them, he wrote:

“These are respected girls of our country, please accept them”.

Along with the gifts there was a mule called “Duldul”, of a high pedigree. The prophet kept him for his personal use.

2

The Noble of Yamama replied:“Whatever you say is good to hear, but I must also have a share in your

government, then I will follow you”.

The prophet replied:“There is no place of greed and lust in Islam”.

The Ghusany chief of Syria, (which was a subservient state of Roman Empire), humiliated prophet’s emissary and threw him out of his court.

Another leader of Syria, Sharjeel Bin Umru, mercilessly murdered another emissary. This rash and unethical act of arrogance resulted in a war, which brought Muslims and Christians face to face as enemies (in the battle of Mauta).

The Jewish Forts of Khyber:

Khyber is a Hebrew word meaning fort. These forts were in the north-east of Medina nearly 200 miles away. The vast Oasis around the forts was fertile and full of orchards. The Jews had the oasis in their control since centuries, and had built settlements in the form of many forts which were called Khyber.

Initially Banu Nadyr and Banu Qaryza settled down in Khyber, and some time later one branch of these tribes moved down and settled in Medina. When the prophet exiled them from Medina, they went and took refuge in Khyber. The chief of Banu Nadyr Salam-Abil-Haqiq was able later to capture the largest fort of Qamoos. He was an intriguing man and did not stop fromconspiring and hatching intrigues against the Muslims. For this crime of his the prophet orderedhis killing. He was killed, in his own fort, by an Ansar named Abdullah Bin A’tk, while sleeping. After his death, Asyr Bin Zaram and after him, his nephew Kanan Bin Rabi’y was chosen as the chief and ruler.

United Front against Islam:

3

The entire region of Khyber was a strong-hold of Jews, who had ancient ties with Banu Ghaftan and Bedouin tribes. Now they tried to form a united front with them against Muslims. When Muslims returned to Medina after Peace pact of Hudaibiya, and prophet learnt about this situation, he sent Abdullah Bin RawahaR to investigate. Abdullah was able to establish contact with Asyr Bin Zaram secretly and succeeded in learning about his war plans. He informed the prophet, who then sent him back with a delegation of 30 men to prepare Jewish mindset for peace talks. Abdullah convinced Asyr to meet the prophet and negotiate peace. Asyr then departed for Medina with his men along with Abdullah. During this journey a situation of mistrust arose and Asyr suddenly pounced on Abdullah and snatched his sword. He was about to kill Abdullah, when the alert Muslims retaliated. This started a fight, Asyr and his companions were killed, and Abdullah informed the prophet of the incidence. The prophet then summoned Muslims and in his sermon announced war against Jews, and also declared that:

“Only those will be allowed to accompany us who are devoted to fight in the name of God”.

Thus the prophet declared that those who are of weaker faith and the hypocrites would not be allowed to accompany the expedition.

When the news of Asyr’s murder reached Khyber, his companions were furious. They had already formed a united front against the Muslims. They now made the nephew of Asyr, KananaBin Rabi’y their chief, and secured themselves within their forts on Kanana’s order, as they believed their forts were invincible. Khyber was a group of six fortresses of Naym, Salm, Natatha, Shq, Sarbt, and Qamoos, holding an army of twenty thousand soldiers. Qamoos was the largest and strongest one. A moat surrounded it and special arrangements were made for its defence. Warrior Marhb, who was regarded equal to one thousand soldiers, was the Chief Commander of this army. He had famous warriors like Harris, Antr, Rabi’y and Yasyr, under hiscommand.

Muslims were fully aware of this formidable strength of the enemy. Their own army consisted of 1600 soldiers, 200 Cavalry and the rest infantry. The prophet divided his army into three portions and got three Flags made. The chief Flag bearer was AliA Ibne Abu Talib while Hubab Bin Manzar, and Saad Bin Abad held the other two flags. Prophet himself was the commander of the whole army. In Muharram 7th Hijri, the prophet made Sama Bin Urkhata Ghaffary the incharge of Medina and marched towards Khyber.

A’amir Bin Alakoo’ was a famous poet. He walked ahead reciting martial songs to boost the spirit of the soldiers:

“O Lord! If you would not have shown the path to us we would not have been guided.We would not have spent in charities and would not have fasted.We devote our lives to you, O Lord, forgive our sins.

4

And keep us steadfast in the battle”.

Reaching near Khyber, the prophet camped at Raje’y, a location in between the area of Banu Ghaftan/Banu Kharaza and Khyber. The soldiers of Banu Ghaftan came out to fight, but when they saw that their own homes were in danger, they returned back to defend their homes. Because of this strategy of prophet, Jews could not get the help of Banu Ghaftan.

Ghazwah Khyber:

The prophet made Raje’y the base. Tents were erected here, and all animals and provisions were left there under the security of guards. The Muslim Army then marched forward towards Khyber forts. As they reached a location known as Sehba, they offered Asr prayers, and entered the boundaries of Khyber. As night approached, they came within sight of the buildings, the prophet then ordered the army to halt and raising his hands towards heavens he prayed:

“O Allah! We ask for the welfare of the residents of this region, and of all things found here, please protect us from their evilness”.

After this prayer, he ordered them to make camp for the night. Early in the morning they marched towards the Nae’m Fort, the first of the six forts.

Mahmud Bin Muslma with his soldiers attacked and fought bravely. Tired he sat down in the shade of the fortress wall, but the enemy was keeping him in sight. They threw on him a mil-stone from the ramp and killed him, however this did not stop their defeat. Mahmud was martyred by Kanana himself. After the first, one by one other fortresses fell and Muslims kept on gaining easy victories. The Jews had positioned only limited number of troops in the small forts, because they used them as a bait, so that Muslims should keep on moving towards the largest fort of Qamoos, where a large force lay in wait for the prey. Here, the most fierce and final battle was to occur.

The prophet picked out Umer FarooqR and Abu BakrR to lead the attack.


Sahi Bukhari

The prophet sent Abu BakrR and Unme FarooqR one by one to lead the attack but both came back unsuccessful. The night came and the prophet addressed his men:“Tomorrow I will give the flag to a person who is bravest of the brave, who never retreats. Allah will give us victory through him. He is a devotee of Allah and His Messenger, and both Allah and the Messenger also love him”.The companions of the prophet narrate that it was a strange night of hope and expectation. It lingered on as each person was restless and anxious to

5

find out whom the prophet will gave the flag and which hand will uphold it towards victory.

Victory of Qamoos and Khyber:

Early in the morning people heard prophet saying: “Where is Ali”?

This summoning of AliA was something unexpected, for all knew AliA was sick with inflammation of eyes. AliA heard prophet’s call and despite his condition came to the prophet with a bandage covering his eyes, he was restless with pain. The prophet looked at him and asked him to come nearer. As he came near, the prophet wet his finger with his saliva and rubbed on his eyes. A miracle occurred and AliA was cured from sore-eyes.

The prophet gave him the flag. Taking it in his hands, AliA asked:“O prophet of God! Should I convert the Jews to Islam by fighting”?

The prophet replied:“Put Islam politely before them, if only one individual accepts your offer and

embraces Islam, it will be better than a whole row of red camels”.

The life of MuhammadS

Pages: 1560-152

Taking the flag, AliA led his soldiers immediately towards the Qamoos fort. In one hand he had the flag and in the other his sword Zulfiqar. He wasfull of confidence in his prophet and marched forward as a victor even before the fight. Reaching the fort, he erected the flag near its walls. He wasabout to jump over the moat, when suddenly Harris the brother of Marhb with some soldiers blocked his way. He was that warrior who had twice defeated the Muslims single handedly.

Killing of Harris:

This great warrior of Bani Israel was attacked by AliA and was killed with one stroke. His followers terrified retreated into the fort.

Killing of Marhb and Untr:

This situation infuriated Marhb (the brother of Harris). He was known as invincible among the Jews. With great pomp and show he emerged from the fort. He had double folded turban on

6

his head, with a stone helmet, the front of which was adorned by a pearl as large as an egg. He was wearing a double armour, and had two swords, whereas his spear had three-headed blade. All these weapons which he carried displayed not only his anger but also his fear. He recited thewar verses and all those who were present heard him spell-bound. He shouted:

“The whole of Khyber knows I am Marhb, I am brave, experienced and wear special armour”.

AliA heard, stepped forward, and answered:“The whole of Arabia knows that I was named Hyder by my mother, I am a lion”.

As Marhb heard this, he was enraged. He jumped forward and attacked with his lance. AliA took the blow on his shield. The three-edged lance blade stuck in the shield, as Marhb tried to pull it out, AliA attacked swiftly with his sword. The sound of the sword striking Marhb’s helmetwas so loud that the whole army heard it. They also witnessed that the sword piercing through ithad split his head into two, and struck his teeth.

Marhb fell on the ground with a thud, his brain splattered all around and soon his body was covered with his own blood. When they heard, AliA’s Allah-o-Akbar, the companions of the prophet rushed forward and the Jews retreated and ran towards their fort and closed it’s iron-gate.

Then Unter came out of the fort to fight but met with the same fate. After his death the fort guards tried to resist, but many were killed by AliA and his soldiers. Seeing this they ran back into the fort. When AliA with his comrades reached the fort, the iron-gate was locked, and could not be opened. Reciting the name of his Lord, AliA took the gate’s handle in his right hand and pulled it out of it’s foundations. The prophet and his followers then saw an incredible scene. AliA put the shutter of the gate across the moat which now worked as a bridge and Muslims easily crossed into the fort. Many Jewish soldiers fought and lost their lives and the others surrendered. The invincible fort was thus conquered.

The conquest of all Khyber forts was completed in 20 days. In this expedition, 93 Jews were killed and 15 Muslims were martyred. The prisoners included the chief of Banu Nadyr, Kanana Bin Rab’y and his wife Safia.

Hyat-ul-QaloobPages: 664 to 666

Sheikh Tibrsy quoting Imam Muhammad BaqarA relates that after the victory, the prophet moved towards the fort. As AliA heard about it, he ran forward to welcome him. Seeing AliA the prophet said:“O Ali! Your action today has pleased Allah and I too am delighted”.

After the victory, general pardon was announced. Those Jews who desired leaving Khyber were allowed to be exiled. Amongst the prisoners Kanana was killed in punishment of Mahmood Bin Muslma’s murder. The wife of Kanana was released and given the choice to stay

7

in Khyber or to marry a Muslim. She chose the prophet, who married her. She embraced Islam prior to her marriage.

Land of Khyber:

After the conquest of Khyber, its lands were divided into two equal parts. One part was given to the ownership of Bait-ul-Maal (the State Fund) for meeting the expenses of State affairs and to fulfill the needs of the needy citizens.

The second part was equally shared by all those who took part in the Ghazwah. The Cavalrygot twice to that of the infantry. The conquest of Khyber broke the back of Jewish power, and the infidels of Mecca lost a powerful ally.

Valley of Alqwa and Fidk:


There is a valley between Khyber and Tyma’; it has many settlements, and is called valley of Alqwa. Yaqoot has written in Majma-ul-Baldan that in ancient times the nations of ‘Aad and Tahmud used to reside here

.

The valley has many archeological sites of the settlements of these nations. Centuries ago Jews moved in and occupied the valley. They developed an irrigation system which helped themin agriculture. Until 7th Hijri this valley had special attraction for Jews.

After conquering Khyber, the prophet moved towards this valley. He did not intend to fight, but the Jews started the fight and the prophet had to respond. However after a brief battle Jews laid down their weapons on the same conditions as those of Khyber. The Oasis of Fidak was nearby. It was the most fertile land in the whole valley.

The people of Fidk were peace loving, they came to meet the prophet and requested for peace. They were then allowed to keep tilling the land but pay half of the produce to the prophet. As Fidk was not attacked by Muslims hence it became the property of the prophet in accordance with the sixth verse of Surah Hashr (which is called Fay by Quran). Thus the wholeOasis of Fidak became prophet’s property who had the right to use it as he deemed fit. The prophet gave the orchards of Fidk to his daughter FatimaA.

8

Return of the Asylum-seekers from Ethiopia:

When the prophet reached Medina after the Khyber expedition, he learnt that Muslims have returned back from Ethiopia. Amongst them were members of his own family, like Umme Habiba, Jaffar Bin Abu Talib etc.

Umra-tul-Qaza (Zi-Quad 7th Hijri):

Reaching Medina from Khyber, the prophet spent the rest of the months of 7th Hijri in the city. During this period smaller expeditions were sent in the surroundings of Medina in order to maintain law and order. Delegations also arrived from many tribes with the intentions of embracing Islam. In Zi-Quad 7th Hijri as per Hudaibiya Peace Pact, the prophet planned for performance of Umra, and announced:

“Prepare for Umra”.

This journey is called Umra-tul-Qaza in Islamic history. It was an elucidation of his dream he had an year before. The time had come for the dream to be fulfilled as the victory promised by the Almighty Lord in Surah Fath 48:27 had already been achieved in the form of Khyber. From this victory Muslims had gained war spoils in abundance. Now therefore the time had arrived in which Allah willed the prophet and other Mominin the pilgrimage of Ka’ba.

March 629 AD i.e, Zi-Quad 7th Hijri was the month in which the prophet along with 2000 companions started journey towards Mecca. The infidel Quraiysh in their enmity of Islam and personal arrogance, had no desire to either face or talk to these pilgrims. Hence they vacated thecity and left for the hills for three days the Muslims were to stay in Mecca.

Entry of Muslims in Mecca:

It was an exceptional sight, the prophet and his companions were entering Mecca, which was still in the control of the worst enemies of Islam. The Muslims were entering the city whereas the so called custodians of Ka’ba were vacating the city, and were watching the scene from the top of the hills known as Abu-Qabys. It is a unique historical event. The European historians have written about it in great astonishment and perplexity.

Quran says about it:

Al-QuranSurah Fath-48

It is He who has sent His prophet with the guidance and the true faith, so that He may exalt it over other creeds.

9

Verse: 28 God is sufficient as a witness.

The prophet was riding his favorite she-camel Qaswah, while Abdullah Bin RawahR was walking with the bridle in his hands.


The prophet was chanting “Labaik” (Here I am to your bidding, my Lord) and Abdullah was reciting the following lines of poetry:

“If you will try to stop us, we will attack with our swords.That blow which will separate the head from its neckWhich will make friends forget each other”.

The entire entourage of 2000 followers chanted Labaik after the prophet. Their voices echoed in the valley, it felt like the walls and hills all were in chorus with the prophet. The city resounded with Labaik.

The prophet dismounted in front of the Ka’ba, all others followed suit. All were in Ahraam, they had only one weapon with them, their swords which were in their Sheaths, thus they entered Ka’ba exhibiting peace.

Entry in Ka’ba and Umra:

Tareekh-e-Tabari-1Page: 369

As the prophet entered the Ka’ba, he had his coverlet under his left arm, raising his right hand he said:“O Allah! You showered me with Mercy, and displayed my power to the infidels”.

Then he kissed the pillar ( ) and with swift steps circumambulated the

Ka’ba, and as he reached the Rukn Yamani ( ) he kissed it and then reduced his speed till he reached the Black Stone ( ). After kissing it, he again increased his speed. In this way he completed his circumambulation ( ), and also completed the necessary rituals. Then he and all Muslims sacrificed camels which they had brought with them. It is said they were sixty in number.

The prophet and his followers spent three days in Mecca. During his stay he married Memoona Binte Haris, who was his uncle’s daughter and a widow. She was 55 years old, and had no supporter in Mecca The prophet brought her to Medina. Abbas, his uncle had suggested this marriage to the prophet.

10

After performing Umra all returned to Medina. They all had adhered to the peace pact, and had remained peaceful throughout this journey. Not a single incident had occurred which could disturb this peace, and which could give chance to the enemies to blame Muslims of breach of pact. This attitude of the Muslims was a direct result of the teachings of the prophet and the blessings which were sprouting out of his personality.

Such a display of tolerance, discipline and forbearance, set an extra-ordinary effect on all the tribes, settled around the route from Mecca to Medina. They were attracted towards Islam and soon many did embrace it. However, there were also some amongst them, who converted due to the vested interests as they could sense the wind of change in the balance of power of Arabia.

However Allah had warned His Messenger beforehand about them.

Al-QuranSurah Tauba-9Verse: 8

How (can they be trusted)? If they prevail against you, they will observe neither pacts nor good faith with you. They flatter you with their tongues, but their hearts are overse to you, for most of them are transgressors.

Battle of Mauta (Jamad-ul-Awwal 8th Hijri):

Mauta was a location in Syria near Balqa’, in the south of the state named Ghusan. Prior to Islam, a clan of Ishmael’s Arab descendants under the leadership of Nazaar Bin Rabi’ya migrated to Syria, converted to Christianity and ruled those lands, which were a part of the Roman Empire. In the 7th century AD this whole region was called State of Ghusan, and different Princes, ruled over different city-states. One amongst them was Sharjeel Bin Umru who was the ruler of Balqa’.

Reason of War:

Spirit of IslamSyed Ameer AliPage: 191

After the Peace Pact of Hudaibiya the prophet had sent his emissaries to various rulers, one amongst them was sent to the court of Sharjeel Bin Umru, who had the messenger killed. This killing was against the international ethics and was a crime. This Ghusan prince was therefore asked for blood money by the prophet.

11

The officials, who represented the Roman Empire in the court of Sharjeel, took the blame on themselves, thus they involved the Roman Empire also in the conflict, and made it a much wider issue.

Departure of Army from Medina:

The prophet sent an army of 3000, under the command of three commanders.

1. Zayed Bin HarissR. 2. Jaffar Tayyar Bin Abu TalibR.3. Abdullah Bin RawahaR.

His instructions were:Firstly, the chief commander was ZayedR, if he were martyred JaffarR was the next, and if hetoo was martyred then Abdullah Bin RawahaR was to lead.

The second order was, first the enemies were to be given the invitation of Islam, if they accepted it then there was no need to fight.

This was the first Muslim army to travel so far away from Medina. It’s destination was Syria in the north. The prophet himself, with some of his companions came out of the city to bidfarewell, and gave the last minute instructions:

Fear Allah (always). Fight in the way of Allah against His enemies who are also your enemies. Do not oppose the priests of the worship-places. Do not raise your hands to harm the blind, the women, the children and the handicapped. Do not destroy sacred places. Do not destroy the fields, or cut down trees. When you had taken the revenge of Harris

Ibne Umer, then give the invitation of Islam to all Arabs of the region.

As this army moved out of Medina Sharjeel was informed by his spies. He made a great hueand cry and called for helpfrom all sources. Thus he succeeded in gathering a large army from many Arabic tribes. His main sympathizers were Banu Bahra, Banu Lahm and Banu Bakr. He also got help from General Theodorous of the Roman Empire. Thus an army of nearly one hundred thousand soldiers gathered at Mauta, to fight the 3000 Muslim soldiers.

The Battle:

12

When the Muslim army reached the border region of Ghusany Kingdom known as Maan, they learnt about the powerful army of the enemy; this upset them. ZayedR wanted to send a messenger towards the prophet with the news and to seek the next order, while they waited. But Abdulah Bin RawahaR said:

“No messenger can leave and come back in a day or two, as the distance is nearly 600 miles. It will take more time, it is not wise to wait for such a long period as we also do not have unlimited provisions. Our mission is to fight and get martyrdom in the way of Allah”.

Thus, the decision was made, they marched forward, reached Mauta and drew up their battle lines.

From the detailed accounts of this battle, as given in Tareekh-e-Tabari-1, Seerat-ul-Nabi-1 and other biographies of the prophet, it appears this was a battle of different style with which Arabs were not familiar.

Arab tradition was, first the brave warriors of both sides asked for their equal in one to one combat. But the Romans were used to a collective attack. This happened in the field of Mauta also. Muslims sent Zayed for individual combat, but the Romans in turn charged collectively and soon encircled the Muslim army. A fierce fight ensued, many were martyred, ZaydR was martyred too after fighting bravely. After him JaffarR took the command and lifted the flag, he fought on and on though his both arms were swerved, yet he did not turn back, nor did he leave the flag. Abdullah Bin Umer narrates he saw the corps of Jaffar with 90 wounds of spears and swords, all were in his front and none on his back. Abdullah Bin RawahaR then led the fight but he too was martyred.

When the soldiers saw that all their three commanders were killed, they tried to break the circle and flee. When Thabit Bin ArqmR saw this, he challenged them.

The life of MuhammadS

Pages: 160-161

“O holy warriors! You are besieged by the enemy, death surrounds you in the front, on right and on left. It would be far better to have wounds on chest rather than on the back”.This challenging voice gave courage to the Muslims, those who were ready to retreat, turned back and fought in such a ferocious manner that the Roman were stunned, then Khalid moved forward and lifted the flag.

As the evening faded, fighting was stopped until morning. When the Muslims returned to their camp, night had fallen and KhalidA was now the commander.

It is worth mentioning here that when the army had marched from Medina, the prophet had appointed three commanders and had also predicted their martyrdom. Despite this, he had not

13

appointed a fourth commander. He had sent with his army Thabit Bin ArqmR and KhalidR-bin-Walid, both able commanders, but had neither advised, nor ordered anything about their command. It was a known fact that in the whole army they were the only two capable commanders after Zayed, Jaffar and Abdullah. Perhaps the reason was that the prophet was fully aware of the qualities of both Thabit Bin ArqmR and KhalidR Bin Walyd.

The former was a steadfast soldier, brave and courageous, whereas KhalidR Bin Walyd was an experienced war strategist. The prophet’s will perhaps was that both should act together as the situation demanded. They could either attack with full conviction of Allah’s help and force the enemy to retreat; or they could try and come out fighting from the siege of the enemy with Allah’s help.

Thabit Bin ArqmR and KhalidR Bin Walyd consulted all night and decided on a retreat plan. Early in the morning after Fajr prayers, they divided the army into many battalions, and attacked the enemy just as sun rose, while the enemy was still not prepared. Their tactic was that one battalion chased and fought for a while then the second one attacked and the first one moved back and slowly retreated. Then the third one attacked and so on. This confused the Romans, they thought reinforcement had arrived for the Muslims during the night. They were witnessing the fearless fighting of the Muslims, who were filled with the desire of Jehad and martyrdom and fought like lions. This appalled the Romans Their courage was dented and they started moving back. This was the time that KhalidR Bin Walyd utilized to retreat his army to safety, out of Roma siege. Then this army was able to return to Medina without any counter attack by Romans.

In Medina the prophet knew about the situation through Divine Revelation. He gathered Muslims in the Mosque and gave them the news of the three commander’s martyrdom. He weptover their death, and then he went to the home of JaffarR (his cousin) to console his family. When JaffarR’s wife inquired about this extra-ordinary show of love, he wept and informed (Asma Binte Amys) about JaffarR’s martyrdom. She wailed and moaned, loudly and started beating her head and chest and soon was joined by neighbors, as they too wailed. The prophet consoled them and said:

“Wailing and moaning in this outrageous manner is against patience. With grief, we must also thank Allah who raised JaffarR to such an exalted status. My prayer is may Allah bless his wife and children also to such an exalted position”.

Then people saw the prophet looking towards the skies and saying: “May Allah Bless you”.

People asked: “O prophet! To whom are you talking to”?

He replied:

14

“Just now I saw Jaffar surrounded by Angels and moving. His two arms which were severed in the battle, Allah has given him wings in their place. These wings are adorned with gems. He gave salutation to me, I replied in return”.

Treekh-e-Tabari-1Page: 384

The Life of MuhammadS

Page: 116

Few days after this incidence KhalidR Bin Walyd and ThabitR Bin Arqm arrived with their army in Medina. The prophet welcomed them outside the city. His companions also accompanied him, some were on foot and some rode camels. Many children also ran along for the greeting. The prophet asked the riders to lift the children on camel’s back. He himself lifted Jaffer’s kids on his camel. Some emotional Muslims started throwing mud on the army (a sign of insult) and shouted:“You are absconders, have retreated from Allah’s way”.

The prophet stopped them and said:“Don’t call them the defeated ones. Allah Willing, they will go back to complete their victory. Welcome them as they have returned safely”.

Importance of Battle of Mauta:

This Islamic army which returned from Mauta, was neither called the victor nor the defeated one. Yet it did not mean that the expedition had failed, because the success or failure ofthe expedition depended upon the results achieved. What were the results achieved by this expedition? The most important result was the upsurge of the reputation of Muslim fighters. The most powerful nation at that time, the Romans, realized this fact, and the awe of Muslim fighters settled down in their hearts.

Two years ago, after the Peace Pact of Hudaibiya, the prophet had sent letters and emissaries to the neighboring rulers of that era. The majority attached no importance to these invitations, and mocked, insulted and humiliated the emissaries.

Only the Roman Emperor Caesar Heraclius and Emperor Najashy of Ethiopia gave due respect to the Message and the Messenger, while Khusrau of Persia and Sharjeel the Ghasany Prince, acted most arrogantly. As a result Khusrau faced Divine Wrath and was killed by his own son. Sharjeel had executed the emissary and had to face the conseuences. The Muslim army had the resolve to punish the perpetrators of the act, for which they travelled hundreds of miles and conveyed a message even to the Romans who helped Sharjeel (in raising such a huge army) that:

15

“Muslims are a truthful and valiant people, who believe in one and only one God (Allah). Their life and death is only for their Lord (Allah). The greatest aim of a Muslim is to die in the path of Allah, fighting for his cause. The commanders of Allah’s army march forward with shrouds as turbans. They are not only bold, brave and courageous, but also are well-versed in the art of war. That is why they could taketheir soldiers safely out of a siege which was impossible to breach”.

Conquest of Mecca:(Ramazan 8th Hijri i.e, January 630 AD):

The Peace Pact of Hudaibiya was for 10 years, and the Muslims strictly adhered to its clauses. As time was passing, they were becoming aware of its importance, as many benefits of the Pact were coming to light. Only two years had passed and Islam had spread in east upto Najd, in west upto the shores of Red Sea, in north upto the borders of Syria and in south upto Mecca. After the defeat at Khybar the Jews had lost their power. Now all Jewish settlements were subservient to Muslim state and paid their dues to state.

The army had returned from Mauta, there was complete Peace and tranquility in Medina. All this greatly disturbed the infidels of Mecca. They had hoped the Romans and Ghusany’s combined forces would succeed in eliminating the nuisance of Muslims once for all. They had hoped that all Muslim warriors will die in the field, which will be the end of Islam. Their hopes were shattered, instead the Romans and Ghusany rulers were awed by Muslim valour.

Islam was spreading far and wide amongst the Arab tribes, while many became allies. Then occurred an incident which heightened the anxiety of the infidels. Soon after Hudaibiya Peace Pact, a Muslim in Mecca escaped and reached Medina. The Quraiysh sent their representatives with the demand of returning that person. The prophet honoring the pact, handed over Abu Basyr to them. But he again escaped when they were enroute to Mecca. Abu Basyr then hid himself near the trade route to Red Sea and carried out surprise raids on trade caravans. Hearingabout his courage and defiance, many other Muslims left Mecca and joined him. Their number increased from 1 to 70. The raids on caravans increased and Quraiysh got fedup. Then they requested the prophet to take these men into his custody in Medina. Thus one of the pacts condition became null and void, and Muslims started moving from Mecca to Medina unhindered.

Now that the Quraiysh had lost this edge over the Meccan Muslims, they devised a plan of harassing the allied tribes of Muslims, so that they would desist and withdraw their help. To attain this, they along with their ally tribe Banu Bakr, attacked the ally tribe of the Muslims, Bani Khaza’a.

16


Both these tribes were in the vicinity of Mecca. This sudden unprovoked attack frightened and terrified Bani Khaza’a to such an extent that they tookrefuge in the Ka’ba. Banu Bakr soldiers halted and were reluctant to enter the Ka’ba (to attack) but their chief Naufal addressing them, said:“You will never have a better chance again, move forward and attack”.Many Quraiysh Chieftains such as Akrama Bin Abu Jahl, Saffwan Bin Ummya, Sohail Bin Umru and others joined Banu Bakr in the fight. Thus blood was shed in the precincts of Ka’ba and many Banu Khaza’a were killed.

The chief of Bani Khaza’a, Umru Bin Salam came to Medina along with forty camel riders and complained to the prophet:

“O Allah! I have come to remind MuhammadS of the agreement which has been there between our clans since long. O Muhammad! O Messenger of Allah! Help us and send the followers of Allah for our help”.

The prophet called them in Masjid-e-Nabvi and heard their complaint. What he heard saddened him, he immediately sent out an emissary to the Quraiysh with three conditions, asking them to accept anyone of these.

1. Pay the blood money of the murders committed.2. The Quraiysh should break up their alliance with Banu Bakr.3. It should be announced that the Peace pact of Hudaibiya is abrogated.

The Quraysh in their rage accepted the third condition. As the emissary of Medina returned, Quraiysh were afraid of this break-up of the pact and repented. So they sent Abu Suffyan after the emissary to Medina to get the pact renewed. Abu suffyan reached Medina but was not granted audience by the prophet. Losing hope, he visited AliA, who suggested:

“You yourself have arrived for the renewal of the pact, so go to the mosque and announce yourself the renewal of Agreement of Hudaibya”.

Abu Suffyan did the same and returned to Mecca. He knew that he had not received any affirmation from the prophet, yet he told the Meccans about the announcement he had made. But this announcement confused the Quraiysh chiefs, they inquired:

“What is the meaning of all this , is this a declaration of peace so that we feel content and secure, or it is a sign of war and we must prepare for it”.

While the Quraiysh were still pondering, the prophet in Medina started the preparation of anattack on Mecca. The news of the attack was a well guarded secret. Other than a few close companions, none knew anything about the army’s destination.

17


On 10th of Ramazan the prophet left Medina with a force of 10,000, under his command. During the journey allied tribes also joined in; they marched swiftly and reached Mara-ul-Zuhr which was at a distance of one day’s journey from Mecca. At this stage prophet ordered to camp in the desert. Tents of the soldiers spread out in the desert far and wide. As night approached, the prophet ordered litting of the bonfires all over the camp. Soon the flames rose and lighted the desert sands and surroundings of the camp. The desert sands also shimmered and gleamed bringing a cheerful auspicious atmosphere.

AbbasR joined the prophet:

Though the uncle of the prophet (AbbasR) had accepted Islam along with his family, yet he still resided in Mecca. It was a coincidence that as he and his family were on their way to Medina, they met the prophet and the Muslim army at Jaffa. AbbasR then joined the army and sent his family to Medina.

Meccans surprised:

The Meccan infidels were unaware of this development, so when the news reached them about the arrival of the Muslim forces they could not believe it. Hakeem Bin Hazaam, Abu Suffyan Bin Harb and Badyl Bin Warqa then went out to find the truth. In the mean time AbbasR

(prophet’s uncle) in an attempt to save Mecca from bloodshed, took prophet’s permission to negotiate. He rode the white mule of the prophet with his permission, and started towards Mecca. God willed his efforts to bear fruit, because soon he spotted the three Quraiysh chiefs coming his way. Abu Suffyan recognizing Abbas inquired:

Tareekh-e-Tabari-1Pages: 392-394

“O Abu-al Fazl! What is this matter (we have heard about)”.

Abbas replied: “Yes, it is correct. The prophet of God is here with an army of ten thousand soldiers. Can you fight him”?

Abu Suffyan was perplexed, he asked AbbasR:

“Can you suggest something that I should do”?

AbbasR replied:

“Come and sit behind me on my mule, and I will take you to the prophet and seek amnesty for you”.

Abu suffyan accepted the offer, for this was an Arab tradition of seeking

18

amnesty. Then AbbasR returned with him and entered the Muslim camp. All who saw them, knew that Abu Suffyan sitting behind AbbasR was seeking amnesty. Still no one had a shred of sympathy for him in his heart. Everyone remembered his previous acts, which asked for his execution. Yetsilence prevailed as AbbasR and Abu Suffyan moved towards prophet’s tent.As they passed the tent of Umer FarooqR, he lost his temper and rushed towards the prophet’s tent. But Abbas was the first to reach and request amnesty for Abu Suffyan. Umer FarooqR objected:

“O prophet! This great enemy of Islam is before you, permit me to kill him”.

The prophet forbade him:

“No, I grant refuge to him, I grant him respite of one night, bring him before me tomorrow after morning prayers”.

Prophet perhaps wanted to give a chance to Abu Suffyan, he may have a change of heart about Islam after spending a whole night amongst the Muslims. Prophet perhaps also wanted to prevent Abu Suffyan from going back to Mecca and instigating trouble there, which could result in bloodshed.

Abu Suffyan and Islam:The next morning prophet asked Abu Suffyan:“Do you still not believe that there is only one Allah”?

He replied: “If there had been another Allah, he would have helped us”.

The prophet again said: “Is there any doubt that I am the Messenger of Allah”?

He said: “Yes! There is a doubt in it”.

At this moment, AbbasR interfered and spoke to Abu Suffyan:“What is the matter with you, recite the words of witness (Shahadah) and become a Muslim, or we will execute you”.

Hearing this Abu Suffyan recited the Kalma, on which the prophet said to AbbasR:“O Uncle! Take him and make him stand on the peak when the valley is narrowest so that he could witness the splendor and glory of Allah’s army as it passes by”.

19

Entry of the Prophet in Mecca:As he finished his words the whole army resounded with Allah-o-Akbar (Allah is Great) and it started marching fore-ward in a disciplined way.

Those Muslim allied Arab tribes which were settled close to Medina, and also those which were located between Mecca and Medina joined the Muslim army as it passed by. For example:

Tribe. No. of Soldiers.1. Banu Sulaym. 700 Soldiers, cavalry.2. Banu Gaffar. 400 Soldiers, cavalry.3. Banu Muzayna. 1003 Soldiers, cavalry.4. Banu Juhayna. 1400 Soldiers, cavalry.5. Banu Aslam. 400 Soldiers, cavalry.

In addition to them, many from the smaller tribes also joined the Muslim army. They too raised the slogans of their Lord as they marched on and passed the hill where Abu-Suffyan was standing. He was astonished. Then he saw the prophet riding his camel Quswa, surrounded by his guards known as “Al-Khzra”. These guards of the prophet wore green turbans and green gowns and consisted of the most loyal and brave of Ansars and Mohajirs and were heavily armed.

Thousands moved to the left, right and behind the prophet. The standard-bearer was Saad Bin AbadaR. This scene greatly impressed Abu Suffyan who exclaimed:“Abbas, your nephew has founded a great kingdom”.

AbbasR replied:“This grandeur and splendor is not that of a kingdom, but of Prophet-hood”.

When Saad Bin AbadaR passed by, seeing Abu Suffyan he shouted:“Today is the day of killings of infidels, Ka’ba will be made Halaal today”.

Those Meccans who had migrated to Medina but still had relatives in Mecca were disturbed by this announcement of SaadR. They complained to the prophet, who replied:“No! Saad is wrong, today is the day of Ka’ba’s magnificence and glory”.

Tareekh-e-Tibry-1Pages: 395 and 397

Saying these words the prophet ordered AliA:“Take the flag from Saad and enter Mecca with it”.

Abu Suffyan was afraid and worried about the Meccans as he saw the

20

Muslim army’s splendor. Abbas told him:“Now leave for Mecca immediately and warn your people”.

Abu Suffyan reached Mecca and announced: “O Quraiysh! I hereby inform you MuhammadS is arriving with a great force, and you do not have the power to face him, hence do not think of fighting”.

On the other side the prophet ordered his army to camp at Zytowa a locationoutside Mecca. While still sitting on his camel, he bowed his head before his Lord in thanks. After praying for some moments, he lifted his head and facing the Ka’ba said:“O Mecca! The abode of my ancestors and fore-fathers, my God knows how much I love you. If the residents of this city had not forced me to leave, I would not have prefered any other city above you”.

He again thanked his Lord looked at his army both right and left and exercising his sacred wisdom, while still riding the camel, he divided the army into four factions and summoned Zubyr Bin Al-AwamR. He gave him a flag and made him the commander of one faction having both Ansar and Mohajir soldiers. Then he instructed him:

“Enter the city from its north and erect this flag on Mount Hajoon, and waitfor my arrival and further instructions. Then KhalidR Bin Walyd was given another flag and made commander of Banu Aslam, Banu Gaffar, Banu Saylum, Banu Jahanya and Banu Muzyna and ordered:

“Enter the city from the South into location called Lytt”.

He urged them:“Do not use your swords or arrows until and unless you are attacked”.

Then the third flag was given to Abu Abyda Ibne JarahR and the infantry was given under his command with its flag. Both Ansar and Mohajirs were a part of this faction too. He was ordered:

“Take this army through and order it to stand on both sides of the road to Alkada”.

Fourth and last faction:This was the largest division of Ansars and Mohajirs it also included the guards of the prophet. The flag of the Ansars was in the hands of Mateen Bin SaadR bin Abada and that of Mohajirs was in AliA’s hands. The complete faction was under the prophet’s command. The prophet saw to it that before he left Zytowa, an announcement was made by Abu-Suffyan in

21

Mecca, declaring the amnesty granted by him. Abu Suffyan declared:

“Today is the day of amnesty for those:

1. Who will lay down their arms.2. Who will close their doors.3. Who will take refuge in the mosque of the Ka’ba.4. Who will take refuge in Abu Suffyan’s house.

Entering Mecca with this arrangement and with such splendor had two main reasons.

The first reason was that it was a day of great historical importance:

It was the day of grandeur of Ka’ba. It was the day of removal of idols from Ka’ba. It was the day of fulfillment of prophet AbrahamA’s prayers. It was the day of termination of idol-worship from the descendants of prophets

AbrahamA and IshmailA. It was the day of victory of Haq (truth), and defeat of Batil (false-hood). It was the day of entry of Army of Islam into Ka’ba. It was the day of glory and greatness of the truthfuls.

The second reason was the wish of the prophet to enter the city of his great grandfather AbrahamA in such a manner that:

1. There should be no blood-shed.2. No houses should be plundered.3. Women and children should not be made slaves.

When all the arrangements were completed then the prophet lifted his hand, signaling the start of march. With the slogan of Allah-o-Akbar, the Muslim army moved forward. Zubaiyr Bin Al-AwamR moved swiftly towards Mount Hajoon to erect the flag. KhalidR Bin Walyd moved to the south of the city. The prophet was at the end of the infantry led by Abu AbydaR. The Muslim flag fluttered in the air and thousands of soldiers marched on the right left and backof the prophet. Prophet’s tent was erected on Mount Hajoon. Although his own house was in Mecca, but it was occupied by infidels. Prophet did not like that it should be vacated.

As the prophet looked down from the heights of Mount Hajoon he saw shining of swords. He inquired:

“What is happening? Did I not forbid you from fighting”?


He learnt that KhalidR Bin Walyd was attacked and the fighting ensued.

22

What happened was Sufwan Bin Ummya, Akrama Bin Abu Jahl and Umru Bin Sohail, along with Hamas Bin Qays of Bani Bakr had conspired againstthe Muslims. They had stockpiled arms and asked negroes to join them. Thesecret plan was still in its initial stages that Allah’s army arrived. All these conspirators now challenged KhalidR Bin Walyd. Many were killed in the fight, however the leaders managed to escape. Precisely at that moment the person sent by prophet to investigate arrived. KhalidR Bin Walyd stopped fighting and came before the prophet, explaining the whole incidence he said:

“The infidels attacked, I only acted in self-defence”.

This was the only incidence of blood-shed in Mecca. Apart from it no other fighting occurred.

Entry in Masjid-e-Haraam:

MuhammadS and thecourse of IslamPage: 133

Tafheem-ul-Quran-5Page: 97


After staying in the tent for a brief period, the prophet came out and mounted his horse, then he descended from Mount Hajoon and entered the Masij-e-Haraam, the court yard of Ka’ba. As it was not the period of Hajj, the prophet wore his daily garments and was not in “Ahraam” (special wearfor Hajj). Still riding the horse, he circumambulated the Ka’ba, and touching the Black Stone (Hajr-e-Aswad) with the tip of his staff he kissed it.

After this the prophet reached the door of the Ka’ba and standing at a higher place addressed the people:

“O Quraiysh! O people of Mecca! O Arabs! Take heed that Allah is One and has no partner. There is no Allah except Him, He has fulfilled His Promise. He helped his servant, and defeated the non-believers and polytheists”.

Now the prophet decided to enter the Ka’ba, but he was told that the key bearer of Ka’ba, Usman Bin Talha, in his fury had locked the door, and was now hiding in his home. Some people went out in his search. As the prophet looked around he saw 360 idols, placed around theKa’ba and at the spot known as Hajr-e-Ismael. In their centre, was the idol of Habl, carved out of red coronation (stone). Among these were also two idols of AbrahamA and IshmaelA. The prophet now deemed it essential to destroy all these idols first, so using the tip of his staff, first he struck the eyes of Habl.

23

Tafheel-ul-Quran-2Page: 638

Abdullah Bin MasoodR has narrated that while the prophet was removing the idols he was uttering this Quranic verse:“Truth has arrived and Falsehood has vanished. Falsehood is always

perishable”. 17:81 ( ).With these words, the most prominent idol of Habl was smashed by the prophet. Reciting the same verse, the prophet continued until all idols were smashed into oblivion.

Entry in the Ka’ba:

The Life of MuhammadS

Page: 169-186

As soon as Usman Bin Talha unlocked the Ka’ba door, the prophet ordered Umer FarooqR, to cleans the walls of the Ka’ba of the pictures painted on them. UmerR along with some companions wiped the walls clean of the pictures. Then only did the prophet enter the Ka’ba, here too he smashed allidols.

However the idol made of bronze, which had been brought by the chief of Banu Khaza’a, and erected on the roof-top of the Ka’ba was beyond the reach of prophet’s staff. So he summoned AliA and asked him to kneel down. As AliA obeyed, the prophet tried to mount on hisshoulders to smash the idol. AliA narrates:

“As the prophet stood on my shoulders, he ordered me to rise, I was unable to do so, thoughI gathered all my strength. Then the prophet got down and he knelt himself, and asked me to mount his shoulders, I was hesitant and confused yet I obeyed. The prophet stood up with me on his shoulders. I felt at that moment as if I had risen to the heights of the Heavens. I tried to break the idol, but it was fixed firmlyon the roof. As I struggled, I heard the prophet reciting the verse:

“Truth has arrived, Falsehood has vanished”.

As I heard these words, I succeeded in pulling it out. Then I threw it down on the ground, where it shattered into pieces”.

Sermon of Victory:

The prophet raised slogans of Allah’s Greatness in the Ka’ba, after he had cleansed it of idols and false gods. He came out and stood in the door, as he saw the non-believers and

24

idolaters, who had gathered in large numbers to know their fate. Standing in the door he addressed them. It was his first sermon after the victory and capture of Mecca.

Tafheem-ul-QuranPage: 97

Al-QuranSurah Al-Hujrat-49Verse: 13

“O people! Allah is One and One only, there is no one else to be worshipped. I thank Allah who has removed the evil of ignorance and arrogance from you.O people! Humans belong only to two types of groups. One group is of those virtuous, forebearing persons, who are the respected ones in the sight of Allah. The second group is of those sinful, vicious people who are contemptible in the eyes of Allah. Remember, all humans are off-spring of AdamA, and AdamA was created by God from mud.

The prophet then recited the following verse from the Quran:O people, We created you from a male and female, and formed you into nations and tribes that you may recognize each other. He who has more integrity has indeed greater honor with God. Surely God is all-knowing.

.

He then, inquired from the gathering:“O Quraiysh! What kind of treatment do your expect from me”?

The Quraiysh who were deadly enemies of the prophet, spoke in total dis-agreement of theirprevious feelings and attitude:

“You are the son of our kind and sympathetic brother. We expect beneficence from you”.

Tabari writes that these words brought tears in the eyes of the prophet. He, then recited this verse from Quran which pertains to the time when the brothers of prophet JosephA admitted their sins infront of prophet JosephA who was then the most powerful man in Egypt, next to the Emperor of Egypt.

Al-QuranSurah Yousuf-12Verse: 92


“There is no blame on you today” Joseph said,“May God forgive you. He is the most merciful of all”.

With this quote from the holy Book Quran, the prophet magnanimously forgave all Meccans. Allah had given this victory to the prophet without fight or the shedding of human blood. These Maccans were like “Fay”, hence they were often called “Talqa” the freed ones. (Fay is that wealth, property or resource which belongs only to God and the Prophet, as per Holy Quran). As the time of prayer approached, BilalR stood on top of the roof of Ka’ba and gave the Call (Azaan) which echoed in the whole valley.

25

Allegiance of the Meccans:

The next day i.e, 21st Ramazan morning, after the morning prayers, the prophet climbed the hill of Saffa; here a pulpit was made for him. General amnesty had been granted the previous day to all (except a few criminals). The Meccans and their allies were purposely given enough time (during the night) to think over. Now was the time to accept voluntarily the prophet and Allah’s religion Islam. For this they had to pledge that:

1. They will not believe in polytheism but only in Monotheism i.e, will have faith in the unity of Allah. They will obey all commands of the prophet.

2. They will not indulge in robberies and decioties.3. Adultery (being forbidden) will not be committed.4. Killing of offsprings will stop (chiefly of girls).5. They will not lie.6. They will not charge accusations at women.

The scene in the valley of “Faran”, on the hill of Safaa (in Mecca), must certainly have beenlike the one which prophet MosesA predicted before his people of Bani Israel, before his death. MosesA said:

Holy BibleDeuteronomy-33Verses: 1-2

Before prophet Moses died, blessing the tribes of Israel, he said:“From Mount Sinai came the Lord.He gave light to His people from Edom, and His glory was shining from Mount Paran (Faran). His warriors, in thousands, were with him, and fire was at his right hand.

This Biblical verse has two indicators, which point to prophet MuhammadS’s above-mentioned episode: (i). Mount Paran (Faran). (ii). Thousands of warriors with him on that occasion.

The Arabs specially Quraiysh now thought, as MuhammadS had overcome the Quraiysh, conquered Mecca and now that Ka’ba was in his control, it meant that he was a rightful prophet. This train of thought became the reason for them and their allies to announce their allegiance to Islam. The moment of victory also helped Muslims in forgetting and forgiving all past evils and high handedness of Quraiysh.

Staunch enemies were now fearlessly entering Ka’ba in groups, and were coming near the prophet’s pulpit where Umer farooqR was assigned the duty to sit near the pulpit and announce the name and tribe of each individual. The prophet stretched out his hand and the individual would put his hand in prophet’s hand and pledge allegiance (Ba’it), thereafter he moved on.

26

After the men, women came forward and pledged verbally. Amongst these women was also Hinda Binte At’ba, the wife of Abu Suffyan. She came disguised, for she had committed heinous crimes. Not only had she spoken ill of the prophet many a times, but her greatest sin was the dismemberment of Hamza’s corps (prophet’s uncle) and physically chewing his heart inthe Battle of Badar.

The prophet had announced previously, death punishment for her. But when she arrived to embrace Islam and to pledge allegiance, prophet forgave her. Despite all this her attitude and manner of speech clearly indicates her evil wickedness of nature. What such a woman would have taught her sons can easily be imagined.


It is written in the history book of Tabari that as she faced the prophet, she rudely asked: “What are we asked to accept’?The prophet said: “pledge that you will not associate any one with Allah”?She said: “We agree”.The prophet said: “You will not rob”?She said: “Agreed”.He said: “Will refrain from Adultery”?Hind said: “does a virtuous commit adultery”?The prophet said: “Agree that you will not kill your offsprings”.Hind replied: “We nourished and brought up our children, it was you who killed them in Badr”.The prophet said: “Agree that you will not slander”?Hind said: “Slander is contemptible”The prophet said: “Agree that you will not disobey any of my orders”?Hind replied: “We have not come here to defy or oppose your good orders”.

After the allegiance ceremony, again general amnesty was announced and none was asked to accept Islam forcibly.


Seerat-un-Nabi-1

However a list of those four criminals was prepared, for whom judgment had been passed for death sentence. Amongst them was a foster brother of UsmanR, called Abdullah Bin Saad Bin Abi Sarah. He was hidden by UsmanR, and when the prophet returned to Medina, UsmanR pleaded forgiveness for him and succeeded.After the allegiance ceremony, the prophet stayed in Mecca for fifteen days,at the location known as Kheef. This was the same place of Shaeb Abi Talibwhere the prophet, with his tribe Banu Hashim, had stayed during the socialboycott of the Quraiysh, who had driven him out of Mecca. During this short stay of 15 days, the prophet also settled the administrative matters of

27

the Ka’ba.

1. He summoned Usman Bin Talha (the previous key-bearer) and handed over to him, the keys of the Ka’ba.

2. He did not disturb the treasure accumulated inside Ka’ba through offerings, however the idols made of silver and cornelian were destroyed.

3. Muaz Bin JablR was posted in Mecca to teach people Islamic commands and Shariah.

Destructions of Idols outside Mecca:

Outside Mecca there were many important idols installed, where similar rites were performed as for Hajj. Mecca had thus become the centre of idol worship and polytheism, having its branches in nearly all tribes of Arabian Peninsula. There were huge idols erected on all the roads leading to Mecca. Amongst these the famous ones were:

1. Uzaa: It was the god of Banu Kanana and Quraiysh. It stood, a mile away from Mecca,

in the valley of Nakhla. Banu Shyba were its custodians. All those rituals which were performed at Kaaba during Hajj were also performed here, such as circumambulating it and offering of animal sacrifices.

2. La’at: it was the goddess of Hawazan and Tai’f . The Arabs believed that Allah lived in

the house of Uzaa in summer and in the house of La’at in winter.

3. Mana’at: It was the god of Ous and Khizrij tribes. It was a large stone erected seven

miles from Mecca at a location called Qadeed.

4. Sawah: this was also a large stone, erected at Raba’at and was the god of Banu Hazeel.

Its trustees were Banu Lahyan.

Thus the whole of Arabia was under the spell of idol-worship and now the time had came for the breaking up of this spell. On the order of the prophet the whole of Arabia was cleansed of these gods and idols. Thus, Allah saved the descendents of IshmaelA from the curse of polytheism. This was a fulfillment of the prayer of AbrahamA of two thousand and five hundred years before.

Al-QuranSurah Ibrahim-14Verse: 35

Abraham prayed:“My Lord, make this city secure, and keep me and my sons away from worshipping idols”.

Ghazwah Hunyn:

28

Al-QuranSurah: Al-Tauba-9Verse: 25-26

Indeed God has helped you on many occasions. Even during the battle of Hunyn when you were elated with joy at your numbers, which did not prove of the least avail. The earth and it’s vast expanse became too narrow for you. Then you turned back and retreated.Then God sent down His tranquility upon His prophet and upon the believers, and He sent down hosts, which you did not see, and punished those who disbelieved.That is the recompense of the infidels.

Hunyn is a region near Tai’f city, as the battle was fought in this region hence it was called Ghazwah Hunyn. Quran calls it “The Day of Hunyn”. This region is also called the valley of Hunyn and is situated between Tai’f and Mecca. This battle is also named sometimes as Ghazwah Autas or Hawazn. This is because the Hawazn tribe initiated and fought this battle.

Causes of the Battle:

Hawazn and Saqyf tribes were close allies. They were the second most powerful warrior tribe in Arabia after the Quraiysh. Their valor and fighting tactics had become proverbal amongst the Arabs. They were nomads and moved in the south-eastern region of Mecca. They worshiped goddess La’at, whose idol stood in Tai’f . They enjoyed considerable influence over Tai’f citizens. Both these tribes were against Muslims and with the rise of Islam their enmity also rose. Prior to the conquest of Mecca, their chieftains were planning to attack Medina, and for this purpose they had conspired with various tribes settled between Tai’f and Mecca. They were in the process of acquiring arms and planning an invasion.

Historian Kamil Ibne Kaseer writes, when the news of Meccan conquest by Muslims reached Hawazn chief Malik Bin Auf, he gathered all allied tribal chiefs and said:

“There is a possibility that Muslims would now decide to attack us, why should we not pre-empt this attack by invading the Muslims”.

All agreed and started their preparations for an attack on Mecca. However two tribes, Banu Ka’ab and Banu Kalaab, refused to side with them.

When this news reached the prophet, without wasting time, he ordered his followers:“Get ready for an expedition to Hawazan”.

The Battle:

29


Tafseer-e-Namoona-7Pages: 257-258

In the month of Shawwal of 8th Hijri i.e, January-February 630 AD, the Islamic forces of ten thousand from Medina and two thousand from Meccamarched under prophet’s command. However for supplies and other needs of battle, the prophet took two thousand dirham as loan from Abdullah BinRabbya of Mecca, this debt was cleared after the battle.Muslims were short of armours. The prophet learned that Saffwan Bin Ummya (a non-believer) had a large number of armours. The prophet wished to borrow them from Saffwan, he did comply but hesitantly.Immediately after morning prayers the prophet arranged his army lines. AliA was the main Standard Bearer, and the rest of the arrangement was thesame with which they had entered Mecca.

Prophet remained in the center of the army and the bridle of his horse was in the hand of Abu Suffyan Bin Harris Bin Abdul Muttalib. All his companions, UmerR, Abu BakrR and others rode alongside the prophet. The soldiers of Banu Hashim moved along circling the prophet. Theadvanced guards comprising of two thousand newly converted Meccan Muslims, were under the command of KhalidR Bin Walyd. When this large army marched forward in full glory, many Muslims felt proud and some remarked arrogantly:

“Is there anyone today who can defeat us”?

These arrogant words were not liked by the Almighty Lord. Muslims started thinking that their numbers were the key to success and victory. Allah disliked such a thinking of insolence. He withheld His Help and Muslims tasted defeat and earth shrank for them as the Hawazn chiefsucceeded in overpowering them for a brief period. Following are the details:

As Hawazan chief’s spies brought him the news of prophet’s army’s departure from Mecca, he ordered his forces:

“Instead of challenging the enemy in the open, they should be ambushed where the valley is the narrowest. For this our soldiers should hide in caves, behind trees and in passes; waiting for the Muslim army to enter the narrow ravine. Then only should they rain down arrows on the enemy, followed by sword wielding bravos”.

Then he added:“MuhammadS has not faced real warriors so far, who would put him to a memorable

defeat”.

Muslim army entered the valley led by AliA, who moved forward followed by young Meccan converts under the command of KhalidR Bin Walyd. This proved to be the weakest link of the army. As the Hawazn archers rained down arrows on them they were terrified and ran in panic. Quran says:

30

“They turned their backs and ran”.

Seeing them running, a large portion of Muslim army also lost heart and took to their heels. Perceiving this the Hawazn army came out in the open, and attacked ferociously.

Tareekh-e-Tabari-1Narration by:Jabir Bin Abdullah

On one side AliA with his small force was trying to hold back the enemy, onthe other the prophet moved to the right side of the valley and called out:“Where are you all fleeing? Come to me I am Muhammad Ibne Abdullah, the prophet of Allah”.In their panic, a great chaos was created, as the valley was narrow and camels and horses could not move easily. The prophet was left with a few Mohajirs, Ansars and Banu Hashim, such as Abbas Bin Abdul Mutlb, Fazl Bin Abbas, Abu Suffyan Bin Harris, Rabbya Bin Harris Bin Abdul Mutlb, Aymen Bin Ubeed, Usama Bin Zayd, Aymen Bin Aymen, all of them formed a protective circle around the prophet.Amongst them Abbas was the tallest and had a big voice; the prophet said to him: “O uncle! Call them”.He shouted to the fleeing army: “O Ansars! O Companions of Al-samra”.They heard and replied: “Here we come, here we come”.

Still the confusion remained as many failed in turning back their camels, as the pass was very narrow. At this point these faithfuls stripped out of their armours and hanging them on the camel necks, jumped down and reached the prophet. A hundred of them succeeded in this effort,and together they attacked the enemy suddenly. According to the narration of BaraR, the prophettoo dis-mounted his mule, and fighting with his sword, uttered these words:

“Where are you fleeing? Come to me. I am the rightful prophet; I am the son of Abdul Muttalib”.

He fought so ferociously, that non-other could match his courage, seeing this Muslim soldiers regained their strength and courage.

Islamic Encyclopedia-1Page: 241

On another front AliA fought fearlessly along with his soldiers. The standard-bearer of Hawazn’s army Abu Jandl attacked him. AliA killed him in one stroke. Jabir Bin AbdullahR narrates, then Hawazn’s chief rushed towards AliA. Moving towards his camel, AliA struck its knees with his sword. As the camel fell down, an Ansari moved forward and attacked the chief. The enemy chief fell from the camel’s saddle and died.

AliA then reached the prophet, now the Muslims started fighting with renewed vigor. This was the moment Muslims received Divine help.

31

Anus Bin MalikR states:“I saw the prophet bending down and taking a handful of dust he prayed and threw it at the

enemy. Immediately after that, I saw the enemy started fleeing although none of Muslims attacked them with spears, swords or arrows”.

Jabyr Bin Muti’mR states, “While the combat was at its peak, I saw a black sheet descendingfrom the skies. It fell between us and the enemies. Seeing closely I saw they were black ants, which soon spread in the valley. I believe it was God’s help because immediately after that Hawazn army got terrified and started fleeing. Their allies too fled the battle-field, running in different directions.

Muslims chased the fleeing enemy, who ran in three different directions:1. Malik Bin Auff fled with his men to Tai’f.2. Waryd Bin Alsama with his men fled towards Autas.3. Third group fled towards Batn Hajfa.

In a short time the battle-field was vacant of enemy, but was filled with hundred corpses of enemy, thousands of camels and goats, nearly 200 gram silver and 6000 prisoners of war. Amongst the prisoners, the majority were women and children. The reason being that both Hawazn and Saqeef tribes had brought their women folk and kids along, so that soldiers would refrain from fleeing. But when they were routed, nothing could hold them back.

The prophet left the war spoils in custody of a group of his soldiers, and he him-self left along with his army in pursuit of the fleeing enemy, first towards Autas and then Tai’f.

Ghazwah Autas:

Waryd Bin Alsama with his followers had fled towards Autas. The prophet sent a contingentof soldiers in the command of AmirR, to chase the enemy. Abu Moosa AshariR was also with AmirR. The son of Waryd killed AmirR, then Abu Musa took over the command and flag, he fought until victory. Thus Autas was conquered.

Siege of Tai’f:

Towards Tai’f the prophet sent Abu Suffyan, but he returned without fighting. Then the prophet himself marched forward and laid siege of Tai’f, which was a famous strong fort, and was protected by strong walls and ramparts all around. Soldiers of Banu Hawazn and Saqeef after retreat had taken refuge in this fort. Urwa Bin Masood, the son- in-law of Abu Suffyan, was the chief of Tai’f. He was also an expert in weapon making. He had installed catapults, and

32

other similar weapons, which hurled stones and fire on Muslim soldiers as they tried to scale thefort walls. They being unaware of this kind of warfare, sustained much loss, and had to retreat with injured soldiers, yet they did not lift the siege of the fort.


During this period, the prophet sent AliA in the suburbs of Tai’f with instructions to demolish all temples of Idol-worship. If any tribe resisted, then he should use force but before doing so the Dawa of Islam must be given. During this expedition AliA was attacked by Banu Khasham tribe. In the fight AliA succeeded in killing the tribal chief Shahab. The whole tribe then fled the battle-field. AliA demolished the temples of Zul-Khala-Sata and Fullus.


A delegation of Banu Hawazn who were inclined to accept Islam, visited the prophet. From them the prophet inquired about their chief Malik Bin Auff. They replied:“He is in Tai’f along with the tribe of Bani Saqeef”.The prophet sent a messenger to him, proposing:“If he will accept Islam, his family and his property will be returned to him”.AliA then returned to Tai’f. As the prophet saw him approaching, he raised the slogan“Allah-o-Akbar”. They talked to each other alone for some time.While the siege of Tai’f was on, a Banu Saqeef chief emerged from the fort with some cavalry. The prophet ordered AliA, who attacked and killed him. Seeing this his cavalry rushed back into the fort. After this incidence, none had the courage to come out of the fort.The siege continued for 15 days, many tribes embraced Islam during this period.

When this message reached Malik, he secretly visited the prophet and embraced Islam. As promised the prophet returned to him his family and assets, in addition he gave him 100 camels.Apart from this, he was appointed an administrator of his own tribe and also of other tribes in the surrounding areas of Tai’f, the tribes who had converted to Islam. This kindness of the prophet made him a staunch Muslim. The aim of the siege was nearly accomplished. Many had accepted Islam. Outside the city, other tribes too had accepted Islam, and their temples and idolswere razed to ground. The prophet knew that the prevailing conditions will make the people of Tai’f surrender in due time without any blood-shed, so he ordered the lifting of the siege.

33

War Spoils of Hunyn, Prisoners of War:

After lifting the siege of Tai’f, the prophet without delay reached Jarana, the location wherethe battle-spoils and prisoners had been kept under guard.


Here the prophet found the delegation of Hawazn tribe awaiting him. They had come to plead for the freedom of their families. Knowing the sensitiveness of Arabs towards their traditions, prophet replied:“You cannot make Arabs withdraw from the fruits of victory. If the Hawazns desire the return of their families, then they will have to relinquishfrom their goods and possessions”.

The delegates agreed.The next day while the Muslims were offering noon (Zohr) prayers (Fajr asrelated by Tabari), the Hawazn came again and requested:“We request MuhammadS to plead our case amongst the Muslims, to allow us taking our families”.The prophet replied:“I personally support your case, and I hereby return to you mine and that of Banu Abdul Mutlb share immediately”.Seeing this generous gesture of the prophet, his followers acted in accordance. In a few moments, 6000 prisoners were released. This sympathy gained the gratitude and admiration of not only Banu Hawazn butalso of Banu Saqeef. However, the delegation at that time left without accepting Islam. Ibne Hisham, Ibne Kaseer and Tabari all relate that soon after they all embraced Islam.

Both Banu Qaseef and Hawazn still lived in Tai’f and converted to Islam after 9th Hijri. However a delegation of a clan of Hawazn, Banu Saad Bin Bakr, visited the prophet while he was still in Jarana. The families of this delegation were also prisoners at Jarana. This clan was that of the prophet’s governess and nurse Halima SaadiaR and the prophet’s foster sister SheemaR was also one of the prisoners. As the prophet learnt about this clan, he freed all its prisoners. He bade a respectful farewell to his foster sister with love.

Then came the turn of spoils distribution. All that was held was placed before the prophet. The details are:

1. 24,000 camels.2. 40,000 goats.3. 4000 grams of silver.

34

The prophet divided the spoils in five equal shares, four shares were distributed amongstthe believers and the fifth was kept by the prophet as Khums.

Divine Will was that a share should be given to those who fought and also to those who did not. The prophet used the guidance provided by the verse 9:60 and included in the recipients

even the Meccans who had not fought, to win over their hearts ( ). To Meccans, prophet even gave a share larger than others.


Charities are meant for the indigent and needy, and those who collect and distribute them, and those whose hearts are go be won over.

( Mauallafata-qulubuhum).

The winning of the hearts, thus practiced by the prophet, had been explained as below:

Its aim was to cool down the tempers of those who at hearts were adversaries of Islam. Secondly by this act of generosity those who could easily be won over from the infidel camps, were given a chance to become friends and helpers. Thirdly, this kindness was to show special care to the newly converts. The overall aim was thus to wash down the enmity of Islam from thehearts of Meccans.


According to the above-mentioned principles the term of Maultafil-Qaloob, included all those Meccan too, who had embraced Islam after the Muslim conquest of Mecca. Hence the prophet gave the Meccan a larger share, then Mohajirs and Ansars of Medina, from the spoils of Hunynan.

Some were unable to understand this, and believed the prophet had been partial. Besidesthis, they also had an apprehension that after conquering his city, the prophet may leave Medina for Mecca. As this news reached the prophet, he asked the Ansars to gather so that he may speak to them. Then the prophet addressed them:

“O group of Ansars! Is it correct what I have heard? Isn’t it right that:

(a). You were groping in the dark, Allah showed you the right path through me.(b). You were distressed, Allah bestowed relief and comfort.(c). You were enemies of each other, Allah through me brought you together.(d). Tell me, If I am wrong?

All who were there unanimously replied:“No doubt it is exactly as you say; both Allah and the prophet have been benevolent”.

Continuing his speech the prophet said:

35

“You could have said that although whatever I was saying was the truth but such of your statements would also have been true:“The whole world defied you, but we verily believed in you”.“You came to us helpless, we helped you”.“You were destitute and homeless, we provided shelter to you”.“You were agitated and troubled we comforted you”.

Then with a pause, the prophet continued in a loving tone:“O group of Ansars, why are you distressed over worldly riches? Will you not like, that others will take back with them camels and goats, whereas you will take Allah’s Messenger with you back to your homes. By God, I vow in the name of One who has my life in His Power, I will not leave you ever. If the whole world will move in the opposite route of the Ansars, I will always be with the Ansar”.

Those who witnessed and narrated this incident say, hearing all these words of the prophet, the Ansars were moved, they wept and cried, until their faces and beards became wet with thosetears.

Then the prophet lifted his arms and prayed:“O Allah! Have mercy on the Ansars, their sons and their grandsons”.

Hearing this prayer the Ansars lost control and in one voice shouted:“O prophet! For us the Messenger of Allah is enough, we are fully satisfied with

our shares”.

Then they dispersed contented and happy. After this incident, the prophet went to Mecca to perform Umra. He donned Ahram before entering the Ka’ba. He entered Mecca on 18th Ziqaad 8th Hijri. Before leaving, he made some administrative arrangements, he made A’tab Bin Asyd, who belonged to Banu Ummya, the administrator of Mecca. As his helper, he left behind Muaz Ibne Jabal, to guide and teach the new converts, the faith of Islam.

Usman Bin Talha was to remain the key-bearer (custodian) of Ka’ba. The administration of Zam Zam Wells, known as Saqaya, which had been with Banu Hashim since long, was given to Abbas Bin Abdul Mutlb (the uncle of the prophet).

Settling these issues, the prophet returned to Jarana, stayed for a night there. The next day all those who had marched to Mecca returned to Medina as conquerors. The prophet and his army, reached Medina either at the end of Ziqaad 8th Hijri or in the start of Zilhajj.

During the prophet’s absence from Medina (from Ramazan to Ziqaad 8th Hijri) Abu Rahm Kulsoom Bin Hasyn Bin Khalb Al-Ghafary acted as his administrator in Medina.

36

Important Events of 8th Hijri:

Birth of son Ibrahim:In Zilhajj the prophet returned to Medina, the same month a son was born to him from his

wife Mariya Qubtya. He named him Ibrahim and was extremely happy, but his happiness was short lived and Ibrahim died at the age of 18 months. The prophet bowed down his head before Divine Will.

Death of ZainabR:

The same month ZainabR died, the prophet loved and cared for her. KhadijaR, had married her to her nephew Umru Bin Al-aas. She left behind a daughter AmamaR, this girl was brought up under the prophet’s guidance. FatimaA loved ZainabR and her daughter AmamaR, she was nearly 12 or 13 years at the time of her mothers’ death.

Siraj-ul-MubinPage: 415

Before her death FatimaA in her will asked AliA to marry her if he decided to marry again. AliA abided by this will and married Amama, who brought up his children with love and care.

Saraya’s in 8th Hijri:(KhalidR Bin Walyd and Massacre of Banu Khazima):



Tareekh-e-TabariPage: 406

After the conquest of Mecca prophet sent KhalidR Bin Walyd on a preaching mission in the surrounding areas of Mecca. He ordered him to first demolish the idol of Uza goddess, then he should give Dawa of Islam,. The second instruction was not to fight during this expedition nor to force his opponents in any way.Khalid obeyed, he demolished the idol of Uza goddess in Nakhla the area of Banu Shybaan. Then he proceeded on his mission and on his way he sawa clan of Banu Kanana called Banu Hazyma camping at a spring site. They had embraced Islam. During the era of “ignorance” prior to Islam Banu Hazyma had killed Khalid’s paternal uncle Fakha Bin Mugheera and Abdul Rehman’s father Auff.

37

Seeing the tribe, KhalidR could not control his emotions. He asked his companions to camp near the Banu Khazima. Seeing KhalidR Banu Khazima picked up their weapons. But Khalid told them to lay down their weapons, he said:

“You have embraced Islam, hence there is no question of a fight, put down your weapons”.

Banu Khazima were thus tricked by KhalidR and felt assured, though their chief warned them:

“Don’t believe Khalid, don’t lay down your weapons, he will arrest you all”.

But the tribe paid no heed to his advice, they forced him to follow suit and lay down his arms too. As they all dis-armed, Khalid arrested them and tying them all, killed as many as he could.

It is written one of the youth pleaded that he should be killed in his tent, he was taken there where he bid farewell to his beloved and was then killed. The girl rushed towards his dead bodyand fell dead near him.

When this news reached the prophet, he lifted his hands towards heavens and said thrice:“O Allah! I acquit myself in your Presence from this deed of Khalid Bin Walyd”.

Then he questioned those who were the bearers of this news:

“Was there no-one amongst you, who could have stopped the killer”?

Then the prophet summoned AliA and giving him considerable amount of money and goods,he said:

“Go to Banu Hazima, give them the blood money, also pay them the ransom for the loss of their assets. Try your best to console and comfort them”.

AliA immediately left for Banu Khazima settlements and carried out the prophet’s order, so much so that he distributed all that he had brought with him. As he gave his report, the prophet again lifted his hands and said:

“O Allah! I am absolved of Khalid Bin Walyd’s act”.

Sarya Ka’ab Bin U’mmyr:

In Rabbi-ul-Awal 8th Hijri the prophet sent Ka’ab Bin U’mmyr GhafaryR to the valley of Qura in Syria as an emissary of Islam and its Dawa. The delegation consisted of 15 people. All the delegates were killed there except one.

38

Sarya-tul-Khabt:

In Rajab 8th Hijri, another group was sent to Jahynia under Abu Ubeida Ibne JarrahR. But this group failed to bear the hunger, thirst and hardship of travel, so they returned back.

Sarya Abu Qatada:


In Sha’aban 8th Hijri, an expedition under Abu QatadaR was sent towards Bani Qaiys. The tribal chief of this tribe was preparing to attack Medina by inciting the people against the prophet. Qatada succeeded in killing the chief of Banu Qaiys and returned with considerable spoils.

Zaat-ul-Salasil expedition:

Al-QuranSurah Aadiyat-100Verses: 1 to 5

Tafseer-e-Namuna15Page: 421

Tareekh-e-Tibri-1Page: 276

MuhammadS and thecourse of IslamPage: 125(Summay from all three).

(God swears) by the snorting charges, and those striking sparks of fire (by dashing their hoofs), and those raiding at dawn, raising clouds of dust, and penetrating deep (into the armies of the foe) enmasse.

Ans and Qatada have written that Surah Al-Aadiyat was revealed in Medinaafter the fight of Zaat-ul-Salasil. In the 8th Hijri, the prophet received information that in the lands of Yalys near the valley of “Alqura”, at the chain of wells and springs, the Christians of Banu Qaza’a and Banu Qaiyn along with the Bedouin tribes of that area, have taken an oath, that they willnot rest until they had not killed Muhammad and all his companions and followers. The news was that they had gathered near Zaat-ul-Salasil in thousands.Banu Qaza’a was the maternal tribe of Umru Bin Al-Aas. He was summoned by the prophet and a large army was given in his command. He was to march towards the Al-Qura valley, offer peace and re-conciliation, then Dawa of Islam was to be given.

Umru reached near that location, but hesitated in moving forward, as he was afraid of the large enemy forces, said to be more then 10,000. Instead he camped and sent a messenger to theprophet requesting reinforcement. The prophet sent a reinforcement of Ansars and Mohajir’s, Umer FarooqR, Abu BakrR and Abu A’bida ibne Jarrah were also amongst this force. Yet the Muslim army could not muster courage to face the enemy and they returned unsuccessful.

39

At last a large army of Ansars and Mohajirs was sent under the command of AliR. He movedswiftly travelling in the night and resting in day, he surprised the enemy one early morning, and surrounded them. First he offered them the invitation of Islam, when they refused, he suddenly attacked them. Their ranks were routed, many were killed, the rest fled the battle-field. Women and children were taken as prisoners, along with spoils of war. Then AliA returned with prisoners and the spoils. They were still on their way back, when the Surah Al-Adiyat was revealed to the prophet, who recited this Surah in the morning prayers. After the prayers, his companions said:

“O prophet! We have not heard these verses before”.

The prophet replied:“Congratulations, Ali has won and enemy is defeated, Angel Gabriel brought

these verses to me at night”.

A few days after this incident AliA arrived, victoriously entering Medina, and being profusely congratulated by the prophet.

Surah Tehreem and the Wives of the Holy Prophet:

Al-QuranSurah Tehreem-66Verses: 1 to 5

O prophet, why do you prohibit (yourself) what God has made lawful to you in order to please your wives? God is oft-forgiving most merciful.God has indeed made lawful for you the dissolution of your oaths (in such cases), and God is your Lord. He is all-knowing and wise.When the prophet confided a matter to one of his wives, and she divulged itto others, and God apprised the prophet thereof. He made known a part of itto her and avoided the other part. When he told her about it, she said: “Whotold you this”? He said: “The all knowing, the all wise told me”.If both of you two (women) turn to God in repentance (it would be better), surely your hearts are so inclined. But if you too back up each other against him, then verily it is God who is his protector and angel Gabriel and the (most) virtuous among the believers, and (besides them) the angels will back him up.If the prophet divorces you, haply his Lord will give him wives better than you in exchange, submissive, faithful, obedient, repentant, observant of prayer and fasting, (both) widows and virgins.

40

Scholars and elucidators have written much about these five verses, but I think the verses are quite simple and unambiguous, and can easily be comprehended. However there are three questions the answers of which help a great deal in understanding them.

1. What was the background of these verses and when were they revealed?2. Who were these wives, who are addressed directly and asked to repent?3. Why were the wives reprimanded in such strict tones?

The answers are:Surah Tehreem was revealed during the first few months of 9th Hijri. Narrators state that

prophet’s son Ibrahim was born in 8th Hijri, these verses were revealed after his birth. In the month of Ramazan precisely on the 10th Ramazan 8th Hijri, the prophet left for Mecca and returned back to Medina in the last dates of Zilhajj. During this period Mecca was conquered. Ghazwahs Hunyn, Otas and Tai’f were fought and won. The prophet spent the rest of the period in organizing the administrative system and destroying the idols in the surroundings of Mecca. Thus the prophet remained away from his home for a period of 4 months. In Medina, there werea large number of hypocrites (about 400) who took advantage of his absence and their conspiracies against the prophet and Islam increased.

As far as his home was concerned, like any other home, husband’s absence from his home for four long months resulted in some changes in the household routines in his absence. These changes may not have been to the liking of the prophet.

We can easily understand what problems the prophet had to face. Each of his wife desired him to spend more of his time with her. All this was but natural. However God put them under atrial, as a son was born to Mariya QubtyaR, the prophet because of his son spent more time with MariyaR. An additional factor cropped up as during those days one of his wives Zainab Bine HajshR got good quality honey. As the prophet was fond of honey, this prolonged his stay with ZainabR too.

Tefheem-ul-Quran-6Page: 23

Both of these events gave birth to jealousy among his wives. It is related in Bukhari Shareef with reference to AnusR that UmerR said:“The wives of the prophet, with their jealousy and rivalry put the prophet ingreat distress, which was further aggravated when one of his wives broke his trust and revealed his secret to others. The prophet then stopped, meeting any of his wives and started spending his time alone. This continued for a month.

These were the prevailing conditions when the Surah Tehreem was revealed. His Lord intervened and warned his wives, to reform their ways. His warning was not for that time only, but became part of the holy Quran for all times to come.

41


Abdullah Ibne AbbasR narrates that:“I had intended to inquire from UmerR the names of those wives of prophet who were warned in the Surah and asked to repent in these words “Both of you should repent, as you have strayed from the right path”. Once I got the chance and asked UmerR, on which he told me those were “AyeshaR and HafsaR”.

Now the question arises if these were the only reasons why such strict warning was given?


About this Maulana Shibly presumes; The hypocrites could be behind the planning, who always tried their utmost to breed discord amongst the family members and relatives of the prophet. (The attitude of theirs can easily be seen during Ghazwah Tabuk, and their hypocratic behavior persisted even after the death of the prophet).

Besides this, there is no other apparent reason why the hypocrites had planned to take advantage of this rivalry between the wives of the prophet and create distrust to such an extent that the planning of discontinuation of prophet’s progeny and his line of descent, could become a part of it. But the Lord of the prophet the All Knowing, apprised him before hand so that prior to his taking some serious action, his wives were reprimanded and warned that:

“If they would not change and reform their attitudes, and not repent before their Lord, then He Will help His prophet. Not only the Almighty Lord will help, but also the virtuous believers and the angels will help. If the prophet decided to divorce his wives then the Lord will give him better wives”.


The need of this discussion arises only to fill the requirement of an ethical debate, otherwise from a believer’s point of view this was totally unrequired. The manner of narration of this incident specially in Tabari, with lengthy details, are such which one fails to attach even with an ordinary person of respect. But they were attached to the exalted personality of the prophet which in itself is a grave sin for a believer.

Ghazwah Tabuk:9th Hijri, month of Rajab (October 630 AD):

Causes of Battle:

42

In 8th Hijri, in the battle of Mauta, the three thousand strong Muslim army fought ferociously and managed to exercise a successful tactical retreat against a 100,000 strong army of Roman and Ghusany soldiers. This incidence bred a feeling amongst the Romans, Ghusanys and other tribes settled from the borders of Najd to Medina, that the Muslims did have some invisible power as their helper.

Many Arab tribes who were previously subject of Roman Empire, decided to ally with the State of Medina and to accept Islam instead of Christianity. Thus thousands preferred Islam over Christianity. The prominent tribes among them were Bani Sulem, Ashja, Ghutfan, Zabyan, and Bani Faraza. It was at this juncture that the Roman commander of the Arab allied forces, Farwa-bin-Aljazami also embraced Islam. This shook the Roman government and the Caesar ordered his arrest. When he was brought before the Emperor, he was given a choice of either accepting death or Islam. The brave man chose death and was executed in the presence of Caesar.

This incident of his rebellious commander infuriated the Emperor. It was the time when he had just returned to Rome after a great victory over Persians. The Romans were filled with pride. Caesar in the joy of victory totally forgot that two years ago he had received with full honor the message of the prophet, and had answered politely. As a victorious ruler of a great empire, he now thought the whole world to be his slave. The Roman failure at Mauta was an injury to his pride, which had totally changed his feelings. Now he regarded Islam and prophet MuhammadS as his greatest enemy, and had therefore gathered a large army for their annihilation.

However prior to his attack, Allah informed His Messenger of Caesar’s intentions. The prophet was ordained to attack the Byzantine (Roman) State, so as to pre-empt the Roman attack. When Muslims learnt about this command they were worried.

The situation in Medina was such that there had been a drought in Hijaz and Najd. The harvest of dates was effected badly and many beasts of burden has died in large numbers. The villagers were not prepared to leave their homes in such circumstances. Moreover many Muslims were afraid of the Byzantinian army and it’s power. They wanted to avoid fighting. This situation brought strict admonition from their Lord. Angel Gabriel came with the revelation.

Al-QuranSurah Tauba-9Verse: 38-39

What has happened to you O believers, that when you are asked to set out in the cause of God, your feet begin to drag? Do you find the life of the world so pleasing that you forget the life to come? Yet the profit of the life of this world is but meager as compared to the life to come.Unless you go out (to strive), God will inflict grievous punishment on you, and bring other people in your place, and you will not be able to harm Him

43

in the least, for God has power over all things.

When prophet’s companions heard these verses from him, they trembled in fear of their Lord’s Wrath. They rushed to join those who had already joined the prophet for jihad. Thousands of volunteers followed them from the suburbs of Medina. Now the question of obtaining animals for transport and arranging for cash for the army expenses, faced the prophet.

The cash, which the prophet had in hand was partly from Khums and partly from state funds(Bait-ul-Maal had not been established until then). Much more funds were reuired for which prophet appealed. Then donations started pouring in, Abu BakrR brought all of his assets, UsmanR promised to take up all expenses of a group of soldiers, others brought cash and many women donated their jewelry. Thus a handsome amount was accumulated which was enough to bear the expenses of 30,000 Mujahidin.

The truthfuls, the ordinary believers and the hypocrites:

The above verses of Surah Tauba exhorting Muslims to take part in Ghazwah Tabuk, were actually a test for the followers of prophet MuhammadS. As a consequence of this. test, three categories became clearly visible among the followers of prophet MuhammadS. They were:

(i). The Truthfuls. (ii). The ordinary believers. (iii). The Hypocrites.

(i) The Truthfuls: To this group belonged those who readily without any hesitation

obeyed whatever the prophet said. They are called Saadiqeen by Quran.

Al-QuranSurah Tauba-9Verses: 119

O believers, do not stray from the path of God and be with those who are truthful (Saadiqeen).

(ii) The Ordinary Believers: those were the Muslims addressed repeatedly in the Surah.

Though they had believed the prophet and accepted Islam, yet they needed frequent reminders.


What has happened to you O believers, that when you are asked to set out in the cause of God, your feet begin to drag? Do you find the life of the world so pleasing that you forget the life to come? Yet the profit of the life of this world is but meager as compared to the life to come.

44

(iii) The Hypocrites: They were the hidden enemies of Islam. Outwardly they had

embraced the faith, but they had not pledged their hearts to it. They were intent upon damaging the very roots of Islam through their conspiracies. Till 9th Hijri, the prophet was tolerating them but when they showed their real face prior to Ghazwah Tabuk, then the prophet received Divine Command that the soft attitude towards them should be followed no more. The verses revealed of Surah Tauba from 41-110 are self-explanatory in this respect. Following this guidance from the Lord, the prophet had the house of Swaylem put on fire before he proceeded on the expedition of Tabuk, and after returning from Tabuk he had the Mosque of Darrar demolished. Details are as under:

House of Swaylem:


Swaylem was a Jew who apparently embraced Islam. His home in Medina was the centre of all conspiracies of hypocrites. Here they gathered to hatchtheir plans to harm the Muslims and damage Islam.

They hatched schemes of breeding distrust and doubts amongst the Muslims about their faith and even conspired the assassination of the prophet.

During the preparations of Ghazwah Tabuk, they gathered in Swaylem’s house to think out ways and means of stopping the Muslims from joining the expedition. The prophet was ordered by Allah to act against these hypocrites, so he ordered the burning down of Swaylem’s house. This demolition of their headquarter scattered the hypocrites.

Mosque of Darar:



There are those who built a mosque (based on) opposition and disbelief, and to cause rifts among the faithful, and to serve as an outpost for those who have wared against God and His prophet before this. Yet they will surely swear, “We had only meant well”. But God is witness that they are liars.

Scholars state that before the prophet migrated to Medina there was a person named Abu A’amir of Khizrij tribe, who became a Christian priest and was regarded as a religious scholar. His knowledge and priesthood was acknowledged by the ignorant Bedouins Arab tribes, who were impressed by him and respected him.

45

When the prophet migrated to Medina, Abu A’amir’s fame and respect was dented, this infuriated him and jealousy bred in his heart. His intelligence and wisdom did not help him in comprehending the reality and faith of Islam and envy made him an enemy of the prophet. So he conspired with the non-believers and infidels. When the infidels were defeated in Ghazwah Badr, he fled to Mecca. He joined the Meccan army in the Ghazwah Uhad. The many ditches and pits dug by the Meccan army in the battle-field of Uhad were dug on his strategy. It was one of these pits in which the prophet had fell and injured himself.

He played a significant role in gathering a large army during Ghazwah Ahzab. After the war of Hunyn he reached Rome and constantly spoke against the Muslims to the Caesar. He succeeded when Caesar at last decided to attack Medina.

He had accomplices in Medina i.e, the hypocrites. They were his spies who secretely maintained a constant flow of information from Medina. He then asked them to build a mosque,which would provide them a facility to plan their dirty schemes under the cover of religion. Here their congregations hatched conspiracies, and formed a secrete centre of opposition.

For the construction of the mosque the permission of the prophet was needed. The reason they gave was that Quba and Nabvi mosques were situated at a great distance, so those Muslimswho were old, feeble and sick were facing difficulties in joining the congregations. Hence the need of a mosque situated in between the said two mosques would solve their problem. The prophet despite having knowledge of their real aim, gave permission, perhaps as a respite to let the conspiracy reveal itself. Allah’s will had him over-look for some time.

Allah also informed the prophet that these hypocrites were not ready to join Tabuk expedition and the Muslim forces. They will use deception and will stay behind. They believed that Muslims will suffer a great defeat. This will provide them a chance to capture Medina, and crown Abdullah Bin Ubaii’, chief of hypocrites, as their king.

The Departure of Muslim Army from Medina:

All preparations were finalized and the time of departure finally arrived. Uptill now no one had any idea as to whom the prophet was going to assign the administrative charge of Medina. It was most essential as all the families along with the old, feeble and sick were to stay behind in Medina.

Allah ordained and the prophet summoned AliA and said:“You have to stay in Medina, take charge of Medina and ensure safety and

security of this city”.

46

One can imagine how the brave warrior of Uhad, Ahzab and Khybar would have felt (as he was being denied participation in the battle). AliA however was a faithful follower of the prophet, he obeyed and setting aside his battle-gear stayed back in Medina.

The hypocrites were worried at this development, as like the infidels the hypocrites were very afraid of AliA. They now knew he will be the greatest obstacle in their secret plans. They were now confused and had to work on a new strategy. In the mean time the Muslim army marched towards that spot where the citizens were to bid them farewell. The hypocrites too joined the army and reached that spot. Then they reduced their speed as the army moved forward and when their distance increased they returned back to Medina. Here they visited AliA and spoke to him tauntingly:

“Look what the prophet has done to you today. He has left you back like the women and children”.

They also tried to convey to him that he could not order them anything. AliA however had no doubt on the intentions of the prophet, yet when he heard the hypocrites, he got furious. He mounted his horse and taking the hypocrites along rode towards the Muslim army. As he reached the army, he jumped from the horse in the presence of the prophet and related the wholeincident.

The prophet smiled and embraced AliA, and looking towards those hypocrites, who had come with AliA, he said:

“Ali! You are to me, like Aaron was to Moses”.

These few words were enough to make the hypocrites understand what the prophet meant asthey had converted to Islam from Jewish faith. These words made them understand that the prophet was leaving Ali in Medina just like MosesA left behind AaronA, when he went away for 40 nights, and then all those who did not obey AaronA but obeyed Samri, were executed. They very well remembered the incidence when Samri had made the golden Calf for Bani Israel in the absence of MosesA and in the presence of AaronA. If the hypocrites disobeyed Ali, then therewas a great possibility that they all will be executed in the same manner as the Bani Israel were executed for worshipping the Calf and disobeying AaronA.

Till this incident the hypocrites had not felt fear of their lives while living in Medina, but this one sentence of the prophet made them realize that the prophet could order their execution anytime due to their disobedience to AliA. This was the reason that they restrained from creatingany disturbance in the city, in the absence of the prophet.

Muslim Army v/s Caesar Heraclius:

47

In the month of Rajab 9th Hijri, the Muslim army of 30,000 warriors reached Tabuk located between Medina and Syria. There they learnt that Caesar had called back all his troops from the Syrian border. This situation was a pleasant surprise for Muslims. The prophet and the whole Muslim army thanked their Lord.

Apart from other reasons, one major reason was a complete breakdown of espionage between Medina and Rome. Since all news from Medina travelled to Syria through the hypocrites, they were in such a depressed and frightened state that they did not have courage to inform the Caesar about the Muslim Army. When Caesar came to know about the arrival of the Muslim army on the Syrian borders, he was still not fully prepared for the battle, hence the onlyoption he had was to call back his soldiers from the borders.

Victory of Tabuk and its benefits:


This act of the Caesar of avoiding the fight, gave a moral boost to the Muslims. The prophet was contented with the end result of the expedition and was happy with the political and military benefits. He did not order his army to enter Syria, but stayed for 20 days at Tabuk, and held contacts with all those small chiefdoms between Medina and Rome, which were under the influence of the Romans. These contacts resulted in making them allied to Islam and pay taxes to Medina.

.

This policy succeeded in making taxpayer states of Dumat-ul-Jandl ruled by the Christian ruler Akydr Bin Abdul Mulk Kundy, Yuhanna-bin-Rau’ba (Christian) ruler of Aila, and other Christian rulers like Maqna, Jarba, and Azrah. All accepted the sovereignty of Islamic State.

The result of this was the extension of Islamic State influence upto the borders of Roman Empire. Many of those Arab tribes which the Romans have been using against Muslims, now became the allies of the Muslims. It also helped the Islamic State to strengthen its position amongst the Arabs, prior to entering an era of conflict with the Roman Empire.

This victory gained without using a single weapon, broke the backbone of the hypocrites power. Those who were awaiting the return to the days of ignorance after the downfall of the Muslims, now had to accept and seek shelter from Islam.

Demolition of Darar Mosque:

Tafseer-e-Namuna Upon return from Tabuk in the month of Ramazan of 9th Hijri (December

48

Pages: 116-117 630 AD), before the prophet reached Medina a group of hypocrites came to welcome him and requested him for opening ceremony of their mosque. They said:“Please lead the congregation in our mosque, and pray to Allah for our well-fare and well-being”.

Precisely at the same moment, Angel GabrielA arrived with the verses 108 to 110 of Surah Tauba.Through it the prophet was commanded to unmask the hypocrites in public and to announce their evil acts and deeds. Along with this he was ordered to demolish the mosque, by burning it, and to make that site a garbage dump. The prophet carried out the Divine Will. Thus the conspiracies of the hypocrites could no more remain hidden and they were openly accused and reprimanded.

After the demolition of this mosque, the prophet entered Medina, and stayed in Medina for the rest of this year (9th Hijri) i.e, approximately three months. During this time he received delegations from different tribes.

The Prophet and his Companions blessed:


God was kind to the prophet, the emigrants (Mohajirin), and Ansar the helpers of the faithful who followed him in the hour of distress. When a section of them was about to lose courage, He turned to them in His mercy for He is compassionate and kind.

This verse appreciates those who under-took the journey of Tabuk, which was most distressful and difficult because of paucity of food and water and excessively hot weather. Under those conditions, some had started losing courage, who were consoled by the Lord.

Repentance of those who stayed behind:

Three persons Kaab Bin Malik, Marara Bin Raby and Bilal Bin Ummya had stayed behind due to their laziness and did not accompany Tabuk expedition. But after the departure of the prophet, they regretted their act. When the prophet returned, they met him and apologized. But the prophet not only did not speak to them himself but also asked others not to talk to them. All the three were not hypocrites but were Muslims, and were put under test before their repentancecould be accepted by the Lord.

49

It is stated their social boycott continued for 50 days, not a single Muslim spoke to them. They turned towards their Lord again and again, prayed and repented profusely. Allah then accepted their apologies and the below mentioned verse was revealed.


And to the three also (He turned in mercy) whose case was left undecided. Even the earth will all it’s expanse became narrow for them, their lives were confined, and they came to realize that there was no refuge for them except in God. So He softened towards them that they may repent; for God surely accepts repentance and is merciful.

The year of Delegations ( ):

The rest of the 9th Hijri is called the year of delegations which came from all over Arabia, tomeet the prophet.

Delegation of Tai’f:


Soon after prophet’s arrival in Medina, many Arab tribes who had settled inits surroundings, started pouring in the city. The first to arrive was a delegation from Tai’f. They were the same people who had insulted the prophet prior to Hijrat (migration), and had turned him out of the city, stoning him and injuring him. The prophet had laid siege of their city after the conquest of Mecca and that of Hunyn.

Now they arrived to beg forgiveness, and to enter Islam. But they were not prepard to leave their idols, and asked that they will accept Islam if their idols were not damaged. They also wanted exemption from the daily prayers of five times. The prophet refused to accept these conditions. Then willingly or unwillingly, they embraced Islam and their idols were demolished.

Delegation of Banu Tamym (A Quraiysh Tribe):

Al-QuranSurah Hujrat-49Verses: 4-5

(O Muhammad), many of those who call you from outside (your) apartments are not considerate. If they had waited for you to come out, it would have been better for them. But God is forgiving and kind.

50

It is narrated that a delegation comprising of Banu Tamym’s nobles came to prophet. They had inclinations towards Islam but the arrogance and pride of being Arabs still existed in them. The prophet was at home when they entered the Mosque (Nabvi). When they did not find the prophet there, instead of waiting for his arrival, they started shouting from outside the rooms of prophet’s wives:

“O Muhammad! Come out”.

Allah disliked this lack of respect showed by them and the above mentioned verses were then revealed, which laid down the rules for all delegations, which came and would come in future to meet the prophet.

Although these people continued shouting which must have annoyed the prophet but he did not show any displeasure even when the haughty Arabs proudly announced:

“O Muhammad! We have come to contest with you for glory”.

Contesting for Glory:

Among the Arabs two kinds of battles were fought since centuries. One with weapons and the other with words. Apart from the law of blood for blood, all other conflicts were settled through this battle of words. Orators and poets from both contesting parties, arrogantly boasted about their glory. The Mediator hearing this debate would finally give his verdict as to who were the most eloquent and fluent in their rhetoric.

Banu Tamym had brought their great Orator Atarad Bin Hajab, a famous Arab speaker, and their famous poet Zabrqan Bin Badr, along with their nobles.

The prophet gave permission to Muslim Orator Thabit Bin Qys and poet Hussaan Bin Thaabit to contest with Banu Tamym. The battle was fought and the arbitrator Iqra-bin-Aa’bis (from Banu Tamym) announced Muslims as winners. Banu Tamym then accepted his decision and embraced Islam.

Now the question of leadership arose in the tribe. Some favored Iqra Bin Aa’bis, others favoured Qa’qa’. A heated debate ensued. Emotions rose so high that the voice of the prophet could not be heard in the uproar. It appeared they had forgotten the dignity of the prophet, then the Divine Command arrived.

O you who believe, do not raise your voices above the voice of the prophet,

51

Al-QuranSurah Hujrat-49Verse: 2

and do not speak loudly to him as you do with one another; lest your deeds are nullified.

(For detailed interpretation, Sahiy Bukhari, volume-6, Page: 172, Tafseer ofSurah Hujrat may be consulted.

Delegation of Banu Saad:


Banu Saa’d sent Damam Bin Sa’lba’ as their representative towards the prophet. He asked some questions from the prophet:

“Swear by your Allah, that He has sent you as a prophet for humanity”.The prophet replied: “Yes”.

Then he asked if these were necessary:Prayers, Fasting, Pilgrimage (Hajj) and Zakaat (Tax). The prophet repeatedly replied in

affirmative. When Damam had heard all the answers, he said:“On my return, I will repeat word to word to my people what I have heard from you, O

Prophet”.

He kept his pledge, after repeating the sayings of the prophet he said to his people:“Laat and Uzaa (our gods) have no reality, as they can neither benefit nor damage. I have

faith in MuhammadS and his Allah, I leave you to decide for yourself”.

The tribe had heard his speech in total amazement, and his oration was so impressive, that before evening, the whole tribe, men, women, children, slaves and maids embraced Islam.

Banu Hars Bin Ka’ab (Najran Tribe):

Banu Hars was a clan of Najran tribe. KhalidR Bin Walyd was sent towards them for the Dawa of Islam. They sent their delegation which included Qys Bin Al-hasyn and Yazyd Bin Abdul Madaan to the prophet and spoke about embracing Islam. Thus the whole clan accepted Islam, the prophet made Qays their leader.

Banu Muzyna and its Poet (Quraiysh Tribe):

52

Banu Muzyna was a famous clan of Quraiysh. Their standard bearer on the occasion of conquest of Mecca was Nauman Bin Maqrn. This clan had accepted Islam, in the initial days of the prophet’s preachings, but the famous poet of the clan Kuab Bin Zubyr did not embrace Islam and incited the Quraiysh non-believers against Islam. He joined the worst enemies of the prophet and they all conspired against Islam. After the Muslim conquest of Mecca he went under-ground. The prophet declared his death sentence, but he was not found till 9th Hijri. His brother however had accepted Islam and on his advice he too became a Muslim. He visited the prophet in disguise and said:

“O prophet! If I make Kaab embrace Islam, and then bring him in your presence, will you forgive him”?

The prophet replied: “Yes”.

As soon as these words were uttered, he disclosed his identity, he said:“O prophet of Allah! I am Kaab bin Zubyr”.

The prophet’s companions on hearing his name, requested the prophet’s permission to kill him. The prophet however said: “Stop, I have announced his pardon”.

Then Kaab with the prophet’s permission, recited an Ode in praise for the prophet, this laudatory poem is regarded a masterpiece of Arabic literature. Due to its opening words, it is called “Ode Bant Saa’d”.


The poet using various metaphors relates a story of a lover who is wandering about in grief, as his beloved Saa’d, had left him. He is searching her far and wide. Then the allegory changes, deviating from the initial verses, it now lauds the prophet. The Ode is a superb combination of sound, harmony, music and melody, which is rare and unique. None of the poets could reach such heights in Arabic language after this Ode.

When Kaab reached the heights of his verses of praising, the prophet gave him his garment. This garment was sold by Kaab’s family for 40,000 Dirham to Ameer Mauviya. It remained in the custody of Banu Ummya, and then was taken over by Banu Abbas, from where it became the property of the Ottoman Empire.

Banu Fazara:

This was the most ferocious and powerful Arab tribe. Aynya Bin Hassan belonged to this tribe. In Ramazan of 9th Hijri, its delegation visited the prophet and accepted Islam, when they returned to their tribesmen they all embraced Islam.

53

Banu Asad:

This tribe was an ally of the Quraiysh in many battles. Talha Bin Khalid Asady who was a claimant of prophet-hood during the reign of Abu BakrR, belonged to this very tribe. In 9th Hijri the whole tribe accepted Islam, and sent a messenger towards the prophet to boast about their act of accepting Islam, though the prophet had not sent any Dawa towards their tribe. Despite the fact that the prophet had ignored them, they boasted that they became Muslims as a favor to him. This arrogance brought Divine revelation cautioning them:

Al-QuranSurah Hujrat-49Verse: 14


The Arabs of the desert say: “We believe”. (O Muhammad), tell them: “Youdo not believe”. They should better say: “We submit”, because ‘belief’ has not yet penetrated their hearts.

Commentators have spoken about many other tribes, which had a similar mindset, for example: Muzyna, Jahnya, Aslam, Asshajah, Ghaffar and Asad.

Banu A’amir Bin Sa’sa’:

The tribe of Banu Aamir was a branch of the famous Arab tribe Qys Aylaan. This tribe had three chiefs, A’amir Bin Tufail, Arbd Bin Qys and Jabbar Bin Salma. All these three chiefs cameto Medina to embrace Islam. However only Jabbar Bin Salma had righteous intention, whereas the other two came with evil intentions. Aamir had planned, that he will converse with the prophet, and when they will be engrossed, Arbd would kill the prophet. However the conversation continued, and Arbd sat paralyzed, overawed by the dignity and grandeur of prophet’s personality. As a result both returned without accepting Islam. After their departure the prophet prayed to his Lord:

“O Allah! Protect me from their wickedness”. Soon Aamir died of Cholera.

Jabbar had stayed in Medina with Kaab Bin Malik, a companion of the prophet. After the other two returned back, Jabbar met the prophet along with his 13 followers and all embraced Islam whole-heartedly. Soon his whole tribe became Muslim.

54

Delegation of Banu Hamyr:

The rulers of small Humyr states too sent their representatives declaring that they too had accepted Islam. During the same period delegations of Banu Bahyra and Banu Baka also visitedthe prophet.

Delegation of Najran:

Seerat-un-Nabi-2Pages: 32 to 34Summary.

Najran was situated in south-west of Medina at a distance of about seven days travel towards Yemen. Christians were the settlers in this region. They had a large church built here, which they called their Ka’ba. Many great Christian scholars and leaders resided in this area. They had the title of Syed and Aaqib. This was the most important religious centre of the Arab Christians. They were peace-loving people.

The prophet wrote a letter to them giving the Dawa of Islam. In reply, the custodian of their Ka’ba along with 60 scholars came to Medina. The prophet got tents erected for them near the mosque. Soon after their arrival prayer time arrived for them. They prayed in the courtyard of the mosque facing towards Bait-ul-Maqdas, Abu Harris was their Lord Bishop, who was a respected learned scholar. This delegation asked many questions of the prophet, who answered in accordance with the Quranic verses revealed in response to the questions asked. These answers are preserved for all times in Surah Al-i-Imran-3 verses 31-61. Christians could not refute his answers, but they were not still ready to accept Islam. Given below are these verses. From 31 to 34, the verses pertain to the questions about the continuity of religion of God and sending of prophets from AdamA to JesusA and after JesusA:

Al-QuranSurah Al-i-Imran-3Verses 31-37

31: Say (O Muhammad): “If you love Allah. Then follow me; Allah will love you and forgive you your sins, verily, Allah is forgiving. Merciful”.32: Say (O Muhammad): “Obey Allah and the messenger”. But if they turn back, then verily Allah does not love the disbelievers.33: Verily, Allah chose Adam and Nuh and the descendents of Ibrahim and the descendents of Imran above (all His) creatures.34: Offspring, one from the other; and Allah is hearing, knowing.From 35 to 37, the verses pertain to the birth of Virgin Mary, the mother of Jesus ChristA:35: When (Hannah) the wife of Imran said: “My Lord! Verily I have vowed to you that which is in my womb, to be (exclusively) dedicated (to Your service), therefore accept (it) from me; verily You are the hearer, the

55

knower”.36: And when she had given birth to her (Mary), she said: “My Lord! I havedelivered a female”. And Allah knew better what she had delivered; the male is not as the female. “And I have named her Maryam, and verily I seek refuge for her and for her offspring with You from the accursed (outcast) Shaytan”.37: So her Lord accepted her with gracious acceptance, and made her grow up with a graceful growth, and He made Zakariyya take care of her. Whenever Zakariyya came to see her in the sanctuary, he found her provided with sustenance. He said: “O Maryam! From where this comes to you”? She said: “It is from Allah. Verily Allah provides for whomsoever Helikes without measure”.From 38 to 41, the verses pertain to the birth of prophet Yahya (John the Baptist):38: Then Zakariyya prayed to his Lord; he said: “O Lord! Bestow on me a goodly offspring from You; verily, You are the hearer of prayer”.39: Then the angels said to him while he stood paying in the sanctuary: “Verily Allah gives you glad tidings of (a son whose name is) Yahya (who comes) to confirm a word from Allah, (and he is) noble, chaste and a prophet from among the righteous”.40: He said: “My Lord! How can I have a son when indeed my age has overtaken me, while my wife is barren”? He (the Lord) said: “Even so, Allah does whatsoever He likes”.41: “He said: “My Lord! Appoint a sign for me”. He (the Lord) said: “The sign for you shall be that you will not speak to men for three days accept bysigns; and remember your Lord much and glorify Him in the evening and morning”.From 42 to 51, the verses pertain to the birth of prophet ‘Isa (Jesus ChristA):42: And (recall, O Muhammad) when the angels said: “O Maryam! Verily, Allah has chosen you, and purified you, and chosen you above (all) the women of the world.43: O Maryam be devout to your Lord, prostrate yourself, and bow with those who bow (in prayer)”.44: This is of the news of the (things) unseen which We reveal to you (O Muhammad); (for) you were not with them when they cast lots with their pens as to who (of them) should take care of Maryam; nor were you with them when they disputed (among themselves).45: (Recall, O Muhammad) when the angels said: O Maryam! Verily, Allah gives you glad tidings of a word from Him, whose name shall be Masih,

56

‘Isa, son of Maryam, illustrious in this world and the hereafter, and (he shallbe) one of those brought near (to Allah).46: And he shall speak to the people when in cradle and when in the prime of his life; and (he shall be) of the righteous’.47: She said: “My Lord! How can I have a son when no man has touched me”? He (the Lord) said: “Even so Allah creates whatsoever He wills; whenHe decrees a thing He only say to it: Be! And it is”.48: And He will teach him the book and wisdom, and the Torah and the Bible.49: And (will appoint him) a messenger to the children of Israil (to whom he will declare): “Verily I have come to you with a sign from your Lord, verily I will make for you out of clay the likeness of a bird, and I will breathe into it, and it shall become a flying bird by Allah’s permission; and I shall heal the blind and the leper and will raise the dead by Allah’s permission; and I will declare to you what you eat and what you store up in your houses. Verily, in this will be a sign for you if you are (indeed) believers.50: And (I come) confirming that which was before me of the Torah, and to allow you some of that which was forbidden to you. And I come to you with a sign from your Lord, so be fearful of Allah and obey me.51: Verily Allah is my Lord and your Lord; therefore worship (only) Him. This is the right path.From 52 to 53, verses pertain to the disciples of Jesus ChristA:52: And when Isa perceived their disbelief, he said: “Who will be my helpers unto Allah”? The disciples said: “We will be Allah’s helpers. We believe in Allah, and bear witness that we are Muslims”.53: (And they prayed): “Our Lord! we believe in that which You have sent down and we follow the messenger (Isa); record us then with those who bear witness (to him)”.From 54 to 58, the verses pertain to the plotting of Jews for getting rid of Jesus and Almighty Lord’s declaration that Jesus was not harmed. He was raised by God, up in the heavens, and a deception was created for his enemies:54: And they (the disbelieving Jews) plotted, and Allah (also) planned, and Allah is the best of planners.55: (And remember O Muhammad) when Allah said: “O Isa! Verily, I will take you away and raise you up to Me and purify you of those who disbelieve, and set those who follow you (victorious) above those who disbelieve until the day of resurrection. Then unto Me you shall all return,

57

and I will judge between you in what you used to differ.56: And as for those who disbelieve, I will chastise them with a severe chastisement in the world and the hereafter, and they shall have no helpers”.57: And as for those who believe and do good deeds, He will pay them theirrecompense in full, and Allah does not love the unjust.58: This (which) We recite to you are signs and wise reminder.From 59 to 60, the verses pertain to God’s declaration that Jesus was not son of God:59: Verily, the likeness of Isa with Allah is as the likeness of Adam; He created him out of dust, then He said to him: “Be!” and he was.60: (This is) the truth from your Lord, therefore do not be of those who doubt.Verse 61 was finally revealed for conducting Mubahyla when all the arguments failed to convince the Christians:61: And say to him who disputes with you therein after the knowledge has come to you (O Muhammad): “Come, let us summon our sons, and your sons, and our women and your women, and ourselves and yourselves, and then let us humbly pray and invoke the curse of Allah on the liars”.62: Verily, this is the true narrative. There is no God save Allah; and verily, Allah is the almighty, the all-wise.63: But if they turn away, then, verily, Allah knows the mischief-makers.

Tafseer-e-Namuna-2Pages: 348-349

Mubahyla in Arabic is a way of ascertaining truth, between two persons or two parties, about religious matters. They gather in public and they pray to God that He may send down His curse on the party, which is lying.

It is narrated that, when the prophet challenged them for Mubahyla, the Christians requestedrespite to think about the matter. They discussed and decided, if the prophet will arrive with a large Muslim crowd, shouting and crying for justice then they would accept Mubahyla. But if he came only with a small group of his family members, then it will be a sign that he is truly a messenger of God. Then they would not accept Mubahyla.

With this plan they reached the appointed place, where they saw the prophet coming with AliA, FatimaA, HasanA and HussainA.

They did not accept Mubahyla, but accepted paying Jazya tax and made peace.

In respect of the 61st verse of Surah Al-i-Imran, many scholars have written about this Mubahyla, some famous ones are:

1. Muslim Bin Hijaj Nayshapury.

58

2. Ahmed Bin Hunmbl.3. Tabari.4. Fakhar-ud-din Razi.5. Ibne Jozy.6. Qazi Baidawy.7. Zamkhshary.8. Hafiz Ahmed Bin Hujr Asqlany.9. Allama Qurtaby.10.Aalusy.

A summary of the narrations by these different scholars can be put down as under:

“The prophet had a black sheet covering his body. He carried in his lap his grandson HussainA (5 years old) and HassanA his six years old other grandson walked by his side holding his finger, fatimaA followed the prophet’s footsteps and AliA followed her. This is how the prophet implemented the Quranic verse when HasanA and HussainA represented his sons, FatimaA represented the women and AliA

represented his soul ( ). When the Lord Bishop saw this group, he was amazed and exclaimed: “O people of my nation, today I am seeing those pious and glorious faces whose prayers to God could even move the mountains from their place. So don’t take the risk of having Mubahyla with them, for all of you will face death”.

When the Najran delegates refused Mubahyla, the prophet asked them to accept Islam. They refused this too. The prophet then asked them to prepare for a battle, they replied:

We don’t possess the strength to fight, we want to compromise for peace. Then under certain conditions compromise was made.

(Ref: Fayuz-ul-Quran, By: Abdul Samad Farooqi Qadri Chishti. Compiled by: Dr. Syed Hussain Balgramy (r), Vice Chancellor Bahawalpur University).

Tribe of Tay:



Spirit of IslamSyed Ameer Ali

Tay was one of the most famous tribe of Arabs. They were idol-worshippersand their major god was Fils (Philis). The tribe had two chiefs Zayed-al-Khail and A’dy Bin Hatim-Tai.They visited the prophet in 9th Hijri and converted to Islam but A’dy Bin Hatim followed his previous faith. He incited his neighboring tribes and gathered an army to fight the Muslims. When the prophet heard about this, he sent a small army under AliA’s command. When A’dy heard about the arrival of AliA, he was frightened and escaped to Syria. His tribe fought as

59

Page: 203 long as they could then surrendered.

Many of the respected elders along with Ady’s sister and some of tribal women were captured. AliA brought the prisoners to Medina. Adequate facilities were provided to the prisoners of the defeated tribe, but the idols of Phillis were demolished. When these prisoners were brought before the prophet, he freed them and sent them back with gifts.

The sister of A’dy went to Syria to her brother. When A’dy heard about the treatment meted out to the prisoners and to her by the prophet, he was impressed and obliged. He immediately travelled to Medina, met the prophet, and begged humbly to be a Muslim, and thanked the prophet. He then returned to his people and all converted to Islam. Thus the idol-worshippers ofBanu Tay became followers of the prophet in the year 10th Hijri.

60

Documents

Chapter - 10 Invitation of Islam to neighboring states · After returning from Hudaibya, the first thing done by the prophet was to send invitation of Islam to rulers of neighboring