Chapter 10 Database Management

Chapter 10 Database Management

Chapter 10 Objectives

Discuss the functions common to most DBMSs

Discuss the functions common to most DBMSs

Identify the qualities of valuable information

Identify the qualities of valuable information

Explain why data is important to an organization

Explain why data is important to an organization

Discuss the terms character, field, record, and file

Discuss the terms character, field, record, and file

Identify file maintenance techniquesIdentify file maintenance techniques

Differentiate between a file processing system approach and the database approach

Differentiate between a file processing system approach and the database approach

Describe characteristics of relational, object-oriented, and

multidimensional databases

Describe characteristics of relational, object-oriented, and

multidimensional databases

Explain how Web databases workExplain how Web databases work

Discuss the responsibilities of database analysts and administrators

Discuss the responsibilities of database analysts and administrators

Next

Data and Information

How are data and information related?

p. 516 Fig. 10-1 Next

processing

data stored on diskStep 1. The member data, including a photograph, is entered and stored on the hard disk.

Step 2. The computer extracts the member data from disk.

Step 3. The receipt is created and printed.

Data is raw facts Information is data that is organized

and meaningful

receipt

Computers process data into information

Add, change,

and delete data

Add, change,

and delete data

CreatedatabaseCreate

database

Sort and

retrieve data

Sort and

retrieve data

Createforms and

reports

Createforms and

reports


What is a database?

p. 517 Next

Database software allows you to

Database software allows you to

Collection of data organized so

you can access, retrieve, and

use it

Collection of data organized so

you can access, retrieve, and

use it

Database software also called database management system

(DBMS)

Database software also called database management system

(DBMS)

Click to view animation


What is data integrity?

p. 517 Next

Degree to which data is correct Garbage in, garbage

out (GIGO)—computer phrase that means you cannot create correct information from incorrect data

Garbage out

Garbage in

Data integrity is lost

UsefulUsefulAccessibleAccessible

OrganizedOrganized


What are the qualities of valuable information?

p. 518 Next

TimelyTimely

VerifiableVerifiable

AccurateAccurate

Cost-effectiveCost-effective

The Hierarchy of Data

What is a hierarchy?

p. 519 Fig. 10-2 Next

Database contains files, file contains records, record contains fields, field contains characters


What is a field?

p. 519 Fig. 10-3 Next

Combination of one or more characters

Smallest unit of data user accesses Field size defines the maximum

number of characters a field can contain

Field name uniquely identifies each field

Data type specifies kind of data field contains

Yes/NoYes/No(also called Boolean)

—only the values Yes or No (or True

or False)

HyperlinkHyperlinkWeb address that links to document or Web page

ObjectObject(also called BLOB for binary large object)—photograph, audio, video,

or document created in other application such as word processing or spreadsheet


What are common data types?

p. 520 Next

CurrencyCurrencydollar and cent amounts or

numbers containing decimal values

DateDatemonth, day, year, and

sometimes time

MemoMemolengthy text entries

TextText(also called

alphanumeric)—letters, numbers, or special

characters

NumericNumericnumbers

only

AutoNumberAutoNumberunique number automatically assigned to each new record


What is a record?

p. 520 Next

Group of related fields

Key field, or primary key, uniquely identifies each record


What is a data file?

p. 521 Next

Collection of related records stored on disk

key field

records fields

22 Fifth Avenue

P.O. Box 45

15 Duluth Street

33099 Clark Street

1029 Wolf Avenue

Address

Auburn

Clanton

Prattville

Montgomery

Montgomery

City

ALWeinbergJonah3928

ALMarcus4872

ALValesquezAdrian3376

ALMurrayShannon2928

ALVandenbergDonna2295

StateLast NameFirst NameMember ID

Green

Maintaining Data

What is file maintenance?

p. 522 Next

Changing recordsAdding records

Deleting records

Procedures that keep data current

Maintaining Data

Why do you add records?

p. 522 Fig. 10-5 Next

Add new record when you obtain new data

Maintaining Data

Why do you change records?

p. 523 Fig. 10-6 Next

Correct inaccurate data Update old data

Maintaining Data

Why do you delete records?

p. 524 Fig. 10-7 Next

When record no longer is needed Some programs remove record immediately,

others flag record

Maintaining Data

What is validation?

p. 524 Fig. 10-8 Next

Process of comparing data with a set of rules to find out if data is correct

SAMPLE VALID AND INVALID DATA

10/20/200510/13/2005

10/20/200510/27/2005

Date JoinedTraining Date

ConsistencyCheck

ValesquezLast NameCompletenessCheck

$95.25$39.50Monthly FeeRange Check

3rto936109Postal CodeNumericCheck

Ad33nAdrianFirst NameAlphabetic Check

Invalid DataValid DataField Being Checked

Validity Check

Reduce data entry errors and enhance data integrity before program writes data on disk

Consistency Check tests for logical relationship between two or more fields

Consistency Check tests for logical relationship between two or more fields

Maintaining Data

p. 525 Next

Click to view Web Link,click Chapter 10, Click Web Linkfrom left navigation, then click Check Digits below Chapter 10

What are the types of validity checks?

Range Check determines whether number is within specified range

Range Check determines whether number is within specified range

Completeness Checkverifies that a required field contains data

Completeness Checkverifies that a required field contains data

Check Digit number(s) or character(s) appended to or inserted into a primary key value to confirm accuracy of primary key value

Check Digit number(s) or character(s) appended to or inserted into a primary key value to confirm accuracy of primary key value

Alphabetic/Numeric Check ensures correct type of data entered

Alphabetic/Numeric Check ensures correct type of data entered

Isolated data—data stored

in separate files so it is difficult to

access

Isolated data—data stored

in separate files so it is difficult to

access

File Processing Versus DatabasesWhat is a file processing system?

p. 525 Next

Data redundancy—

same fields stored in

multiple files

Data redundancy—

same fields stored in

multiple files

Each department or

area within organization

has own set of files

Each department or

area within organization

has own set of files

May have weaknessesMay have

weaknesses

Records in one file may not relate to

records in any other file

Records in one file may not relate to

records in any other file

File Processing Versus DatabasesWhat is the database approach?

p. 526 Fig. 10-9 Next

Many programs and users can share data in database Secures data so only authorized users can access

certain data

File Processing Versus DatabasesWhat are the strengths of the database approach?

p. 527 Next

Reduced data

redundancy

Reduced data

redundancy Improved data

integrity

Improved data

integrityShared

dataShared

dataEasier accessEasier access

Reduced development

time

Reduced development

time

File Processing Versus DatabasesHow do a database application and a file processing application differ in the way they store data?

p. 527 Fig. 10-10 Next

Database Management Systems

What are popular database management systems (DBMSs)?

p. 528 Next

Click to view Web Link,click Chapter 10, Click Web Link from left navigation, then click Database Management System below Chapter 10

Personal computer, midrange server, mainframe

IBM CorporationDB2


IBM CorporationInformix

ServerMicrosoft CorporationSQL Server

Personal computer, midrange server, PDA

Sybase Inc.Sybase

Personal computer, midrange server, mainframe, PDA

Oracle CorporationOracle


Computer Associates International, Inc.

Ingres

Personal computer, server, PDAMicrosoft CorporationAccess

Computer TypeManufacturerDatabase


What is a data dictionary?

p. 528 Fig. 10-12 Next

Click to view Web Link,click Chapter 10, Click Web Linkfrom left navigation, then click Data Dictionary below Chapter 10

Contains data about each file in database and each field within those files


What is a query?

p. 530 Fig. 10-13 Next

Request for specific data from a database

Query language consists of simple, English-like statements that allow users to specify data to display, print, or store

Step 1. Select the fields you want to display in the resulting query.

Step 2. Assign a name to the query, so you can open it later.

Step 3. View query on the screen.


What is a query by example (QBE)?

p. 551 Fig. 10-14 Next

Program retrieves records that match criteria entered in form fields

Query by example screen

criteriaQuery results

Has a graphical user interface that assists users with retrieving data


What is a form?

p. 531 Fig. 10-15 Next

Window on screen that provides areas for entering or changing data in database

Used to retrieve and maintain data in a database

Form that sends data across network or Internet is called e-form, short for electronic form


What is a report generator?

p. 532 Fig. 10-16 Next

Allows user to design a report on screen, retrieve data into report design, then display or print reports

Also called report writer


What is data security?

p. 532 Next

Read-only privilegesuser can

view data, but cannot change it

Read-only privilegesuser can

view data, but cannot change it

DBMS provides means to ensure only authorized users can access

data

DBMS provides means to ensure only authorized users can access

data

Access privileges

define activities that specific user or group of users

can perform

Access privileges

define activities that specific user or group of users

can perform

Full-update privileges user can view and

change data

Full-update privileges user can view and

change data


What are backup and log?

p. 533 Fig. 10-17 Next

Backup is a copy of the entire database

Log is a listing of activities that change database contents DBMS places three items

in log: before image, actual change, and after image

before image

change

after image


What is a recovery utility?

p. 534 Next

Click to view Web Link,click Chapter 10, Click Web Linkfrom left navigation, then click Backup and Recovery below Chapter 10

Uses logs and/or backups to restore database when it is damaged or destroyed

Rollforward— DBMS uses log to re-enter changes made to data-base since last save or backup

Also called forwardrecovery

Rollback— DBMS uses log to undo any changes made to database during a certain period of time

Also called backwardrecovery

Relational, Object-Oriented, and Multidimensional Databases

What is a data model?

p. 534 Fig. 10-18 Next

Rules and standards that define how database organizes data

Defines how users view organization of data

Three popular data models Relational Object-oriented Multidimensional

DATA MODELS FOR POPULAR DBMSs


What is a relational database?

p. 534 Fig. 10-19 Next

Click to view Web Link,click Chapter 10, Click Web Linkfrom left navigation, then click Relational Databases below Chapter 10

Stores data in tables that consist of rows and columns Each row has primary key Each column has unique name

Stores data relationships Uses specialized terminology

DATA TERMINOLOGY


What is a relationship?

p. 535 Fig. 10-20 Next

Connection within data

Click to view animation


What is Structured Query Language (SQL)?

p. 536 Fig. 10-21 Next

Click to view Web Link,click Chapter 10, Click Web Linkfrom left navigation, then click SQL below Chapter 10

Allows you to manage, update, and retrieve data Has special keywords and rules included in SQL

statementsSQL statement

SQL statement results


What is an object-oriented database (OODB)?

p. 536 Next

Click to view Web Link,click Chapter 10, Click Web Linkfrom left navigation, then click Object-Oriented Databases below Chapter 10

Advantages

Often uses object query language (OQL)

Stores data in objectsObject is item that contains data, as well as actions that read or process data

Can store more types of dataCan access data faster


What are examples of applications appropriate for an object-oriented database?

p. 536 Next

Multimedia databasesMultimedia databases

Store images, audio clips, and/or video clips

Store images, audio clips, and/or video clips

Groupware databasesGroupware databases

Store documents such as schedules, calendars, manuals,

memos, and reports

Store documents such as schedules, calendars, manuals,

memos, and reportsComputer-aided design (CAD) databasesComputer-aided design (CAD) databases

Store data about engineering, architectural,

and scientific designs

Store data about engineering, architectural,

and scientific designs

Hypertext databasesHypertext databases

Contain text links to other documentsContain text links to other documents

Hypermedia databasesHypermedia databases

Contain text, graphics, video, and sound

Contain text, graphics, video, and sound

Web databasesWeb databases

Link to e-form on Web pageLink to e-form on Web page

What is a multidimensional database?


p. 537 Next

Click to view Web Link,click Chapter 10, Click Web Linkfrom left navigation, then click Multidimensional Databases below Chapter 10

Stores data in dimensions

Multiple dimensions, also called hypercube, allow users to analyze any view of data

Can consolidate data much faster than relational database


What is a data warehouse?

p. 538 Next

Click to view Web Link,click Chapter 10, Click Web Linkfrom left navigation, then click Data Warehouses below Chapter 10

Data mart is smaller version of data warehouse

Uses multidimensional databases

Often uses a process called data mining to find patterns and relationships among data

Huge database system that stores and manages data required to analyze historical and current transactions

Quick and efficient way to access large amounts of data

Web Databases

What is a Web database?

p. 538 Fig. 10-23 Next

Database you access through the Web by filling in a form on a Web page

Usually resides on a database server, a computer that stores and provides access to a database

Click to view video

Web Databases

How might a search engine interact with a Web database?

p. 539 Fig. 10-24 Next

Step 1. Browser sends search text to Web server.

Step 2. Web server sends search text through a CGI script to database. Database retrieves list of hits that contains search text and sends it through CGI script back to Web server.

Step 3. Web server sends list of hits to browser.

Click to view video

3. Design the records and fields for each table

2. Design the tables

1. Determine the purpose of the database1. Determine the purpose of the database

4. Determine the relationships among the tables

4. Determine the relationships among the tables

Design tables on paper first Each table should contain

data about one subject

Database Administration

What are guidelines for developing a database?

p. 540 Next

Be sure every record has a unique primary key

Use separate fields for logically distinct items

Do not create fields for information that can be derived from entries in other fields

Allow enough space for each field Set default values for frequently

entered data

Database Administration

What is the role of the database analyst and administrator?

p. 541 Next

Click to view Web Link,click Chapter 10, Click Web Linkfrom left navigation, then click Database Administrators below Chapter 10

Database analyst (DA)Database analyst (DA) Database administrator (DBA)Database administrator (DBA) Focuses on meaning and

usage of data Decides proper placement

of fields, defines relationships, and identifies users’ access privileges

Creates and maintains data dictionary, manages database security, monitors database performance, and checks backup and recovery procedures

Summary of Database Management

Chapter 10 Complete

How data and information are valuable assets to an organization

How data and information are valuable assets to an organization

Methods for maintaining high-quality data

Methods for maintaining high-quality data

Assessing the quality of valuable information

Assessing the quality of valuable information

Advantages of organizing data in a database

Advantages of organizing data in a database

Various types of databasesVarious types of databases

Role of the database analysts and administrators

Role of the database analysts and administrators

Documents

Chapter 10 Database Management