Chapter 10

Chapter 10Chapter 10

Natural ResourcesNatural Resources

State RequirementsState Requirements

• E2.2 Energy in Earth SystemsE2.2 Energy in Earth Systems– E2.2B Identify differences in the origin and use E2.2B Identify differences in the origin and use

of renewable and nonrenewable sources of of renewable and nonrenewable sources of energyenergy

• E2.4 Resources and Human Impacts on E2.4 Resources and Human Impacts on Earth SystemsEarth Systems– E2.4A Describe renewable and nonrenewable E2.4A Describe renewable and nonrenewable

sources of energy for human consumption, sources of energy for human consumption, compare their effects on the environment, and compare their effects on the environment, and include overall costs and benefits.include overall costs and benefits.

Book ConceptsBook Concepts

• Natural resources support human Natural resources support human activityactivity

• Energy comes from other natural Energy comes from other natural resourcesresources

10.1: What you will learn10.1: What you will learn

• What makes a natural resource What makes a natural resource renewable or nonrenewablerenewable or nonrenewable

• About benefits and costs of using About benefits and costs of using fossil fuelsfossil fuels

• How people use natural resources in How people use natural resources in modern lifemodern life

10.1 Natural resources support 10.1 Natural resources support human activityhuman activity

• A. Nat. Rcs. provide materials and energyA. Nat. Rcs. provide materials and energy1.1. Natural resource is any energy source, Natural resource is any energy source,

organism, or substance found in nature that organism, or substance found in nature that people usepeople use

2.2. Four Earth parts: atmosphere, hydrosphere, Four Earth parts: atmosphere, hydrosphere, biosphere, geosphere - provide all materials biosphere, geosphere - provide all materials for lifefor life

3.3. There are costs and benefits to using nat. res.There are costs and benefits to using nat. res.a.a. Cost- downside, undesirable effect of using resourceCost- downside, undesirable effect of using resource

b.b. Benefit- positive effect or gain from using resourceBenefit- positive effect or gain from using resource


• B. Renewable ResourceB. Renewable Resource1. 1. Renewable resource Renewable resource is a nat. rsc. is a nat. rsc.

that can be replaced in nature at about that can be replaced in nature at about the same rate it is usedthe same rate it is used

2. 2. Renewable resources Renewable resources include include sunlight, wind, water, trees and other sunlight, wind, water, trees and other plants, and animal waste plants, and animal waste


• C. Nonrenewable ResourcesC. Nonrenewable Resources 1. 1. Nonrenewable resource Nonrenewable resource is a nat. rsc. is a nat. rsc. that that exists in a fixed amount or that is used exists in a fixed amount or that is used faster faster than it can be replacedthan it can be replaced

2. Nonrenewable resources include coal, oil, 2. Nonrenewable resources include coal, oil, natural gas, uranium, minerals and rocksnatural gas, uranium, minerals and rocks3. resources require millions of years to 3. resources require millions of years to replacereplace


• D. Fossil fuels supply energyD. Fossil fuels supply energy 1. 1. Fossil fuel Fossil fuel is a nonrenewable energy is a nonrenewable energy source source formed from ancient plants and formed from ancient plants and animals animals

a. buried organisms form layers, a. buried organisms form layers, buried, buried, compressed, exposed to high compressed, exposed to high heat and heat and pressure to produce fossil fuel pressure to produce fossil fuel

b. energy in fuel is stored energy b. energy in fuel is stored energy (chemical) (chemical) produced from sunlightproduced from sunlight


• D. Fossil fuels supply energyD. Fossil fuels supply energy2. Fossil fuels burn easily and produce heat2. Fossil fuels burn easily and produce heat

a. used heavily in power plants to produce a. used heavily in power plants to produce electricityelectricity

3. Burning of fossil fuels harm the 3. Burning of fossil fuels harm the environmentenvironment

a. produces excess carbon dioxide, harmful a. produces excess carbon dioxide, harmful acids, and other forms of pollutionacids, and other forms of pollution

Fossil Fuel Power StationFossil Fuel Power Station


• D. Fossil fuels supply energyD. Fossil fuels supply energy4. Coal4. Coal

a. Coal is a fossil fuel formed from plant a. Coal is a fossil fuel formed from plant materialmaterial

b. The greater the heat and pressure the b. The greater the heat and pressure the higher the grade of coalhigher the grade of coal

c. World’s largest reserves in U.S., c. World’s largest reserves in U.S., Russia and ChinaRussia and China

Coal FormationCoal Formation



d. Mining of coal from large open pit d. Mining of coal from large open pit mines or deep underground minesmines or deep underground mines

e. Most coal used to fuel power plants e. Most coal used to fuel power plants and factoriesand factories

f. Burned coal produces byproducts that f. Burned coal produces byproducts that pollute air and waterpollute air and water



g. Surface mines destroy landscape and g. Surface mines destroy landscape and cause pollution from runoffcause pollution from runoff

h. Underground mines produce coal dust h. Underground mines produce coal dust which is harmful to miners lungs plus which is harmful to miners lungs plus cave-ins can occur with loss of lifecave-ins can occur with loss of life


• D. Fossil fuels supply energyD. Fossil fuels supply energy5. Oil and Natural Gas5. Oil and Natural Gas

a. Most oil and gas trapped underground a. Most oil and gas trapped underground in porous rockin porous rockb. Wells drilled through nonporous rock b. Wells drilled through nonporous rock to tap porous rockto tap porous rockc. Major deposits found below ocean as c. Major deposits found below ocean as well as landwell as land

Oil and GasOil and Gas

10.1 Natural resources support 10.1 Natural resources support human activityhuman activity• D. Fossil fuels supply energyD. Fossil fuels supply energy

5. Oil and Natural Gas5. Oil and Natural Gasd. Recovered oil transported to refineries d. Recovered oil transported to refineries where heat is used to break oil up into different where heat is used to break oil up into different products such as gasoline, fuel oil and jet fuelproducts such as gasoline, fuel oil and jet fuele. Costs in using oil include oil spills which e. Costs in using oil include oil spills which cause damage to area as well as clean up cause damage to area as well as clean up costscostsf. Air pollution results from burning, COf. Air pollution results from burning, CO2 2

increases, smog-produced by burned fuels and increases, smog-produced by burned fuels and sunlight-gives a fog like effectsunlight-gives a fog like effect


• E. Resources supply materials for E. Resources supply materials for productsproducts1. Fossil fuels used for plastic and plastic 1. Fossil fuels used for plastic and plastic

wraps and fertilizerswraps and fertilizers

2. Minerals used in cars, planes, chairs, 2. Minerals used in cars, planes, chairs, money, all kinds of products around youmoney, all kinds of products around you

3. Plants used for lumber, furniture, 3. Plants used for lumber, furniture, paper, dyes, and medicinespaper, dyes, and medicines


• E. Resources supply materials for E. Resources supply materials for productsproducts4. Costs for use of these products include: 4. Costs for use of these products include:

a. fossil fuels need to burn to produce a. fossil fuels need to burn to produce power = pollutionpower = pollution

b. factory wastes from production can b. factory wastes from production can pollute soil, water and airpollute soil, water and air

c. recovery of materials costs money and c. recovery of materials costs money and may disrupt environmentmay disrupt environment

10.3 Energy from other natural 10.3 Energy from other natural rscrsc

• A. Nuclear power produces electricityA. Nuclear power produces electricity1. Fossil fuels produce 86 % of electricity1. Fossil fuels produce 86 % of electricity

a. water boiled by burning fossil fuels, a. water boiled by burning fossil fuels, steam generated turns a turbine, which steam generated turns a turbine, which turns generatorturns generator

2. Nuclear power produces 10 % of 2. Nuclear power produces 10 % of electricityelectricity

a. water boiled by a. water boiled by nuclear fissionnuclear fission


• A. Nuclear power produces electricityA. Nuclear power produces electricity3. 3. Nuclear fissionNuclear fission is the process of is the process of

splitting the nucleus of a radioactive splitting the nucleus of a radioactive atom, forming lighter atoms and atom, forming lighter atoms and releasing huge amounts of energyreleasing huge amounts of energy



• A. Nuclear power produces electricityA. Nuclear power produces electricity4. Nuclear power plants use uranium as 4. Nuclear power plants use uranium as

fuelfuel

a. when uranium splits it forms two a. when uranium splits it forms two smaller nucleismaller nuclei

b. it also releases two neutrons and a b. it also releases two neutrons and a large amount of energylarge amount of energy

c. the neutrons split other nuclei in a c. the neutrons split other nuclei in a chain reactionchain reaction



fuelfuel

d. one atom splitting releases 20 million d. one atom splitting releases 20 million times more energy than burning one times more energy than burning one molecule of natural gasmolecule of natural gas



fuelfuel

e. a reactor vessel is where the chain e. a reactor vessel is where the chain reaction takes placereaction takes place

f. control rods are used to limit the f. control rods are used to limit the reaction by absorbing neutrons thus reaction by absorbing neutrons thus providing a safe amount of energyproviding a safe amount of energy



fuelfuel

g. the cooling water in the heat g. the cooling water in the heat exchanger is kept separate from water exchanger is kept separate from water heated in the reactorheated in the reactor

h. water from the cooling tower keeps the h. water from the cooling tower keeps the equipment from overheatingequipment from overheating


• A. Nuclear power produces electricityA. Nuclear power produces electricity5. Nuclear power plants have costs5. Nuclear power plants have costs

a. nuclear power plants produce a. nuclear power plants produce radioactive waste that remain radioactive waste that remain dangerous for thousands of yearsdangerous for thousands of yearsb. these wastes must be stored in a safe b. these wastes must be stored in a safe location to keep people from exposure location to keep people from exposure and to protect from theftand to protect from theft


• A. Nuclear power produces electricityA. Nuclear power produces electricity5. Nuclear power plants have costs5. Nuclear power plants have costs

c. currently the nuclear waste from each c. currently the nuclear waste from each power plant is stored at each plant while power plant is stored at each plant while the government decides what to do with the government decides what to do with itit


• B. Renewable ResourcesB. Renewable Resources1. Renewables for power and fuel1. Renewables for power and fuel

a. Renewables usually produce electricity or fuel a. Renewables usually produce electricity or fuel with little or no pollutionwith little or no pollution

b. these resources cannot produce enough b. these resources cannot produce enough energy to pay for cost of developingenergy to pay for cost of developing

c. renewables thus form only 6 % of energy usec. renewables thus form only 6 % of energy use


• B. Renewable ResourcesB. Renewable Resources2. Hydroelectric Energy2. Hydroelectric Energy

a. Electricity produced by flowing water, a. Electricity produced by flowing water, using a dam built across a river, no using a dam built across a river, no pollution, replaces ½ billion barrels of oil pollution, replaces ½ billion barrels of oil equivalentequivalentb. dams cause problems by flooding b. dams cause problems by flooding lands, destroy habitats, fish migrations lands, destroy habitats, fish migrations and fill over timeand fill over time

HydroelectricHydroelectric


• B. Renewable ResourcesB. Renewable Resources2. Hydroelectric Energy2. Hydroelectric Energy

c. most rivers in US currently built c. most rivers in US currently built on so very little expansion of this power on so very little expansion of this power source is possiblesource is possible


• B. Renewable ResourcesB. Renewable Resources3. Solar Energy3. Solar Energy

a. Solar energy falling on US each day a. Solar energy falling on US each day enough to power US for a year and a halfenough to power US for a year and a half

b. Solar cell is a device of silicon and b. Solar cell is a device of silicon and metals that converts light energy into metals that converts light energy into electricityelectricity


• B. Renewable ResourcesB. Renewable Resources3. Solar Energy3. Solar Energy

c. Individual solar cells can be linked into c. Individual solar cells can be linked into arrays in panels to generate larger voltagesarrays in panels to generate larger voltagesd. Current methods are expensive and d. Current methods are expensive and inefficient, as technology improves solar inefficient, as technology improves solar technology will be an important energy technology will be an important energy sourcesource


• B. Renewable ResourcesB. Renewable Resources4. Geothermal Energy4. Geothermal Energy

a. Geothermal energy is energy produced from a. Geothermal energy is energy produced from the heat within Earth’s crustthe heat within Earth’s crust

b. Production of geothermal energy requires b. Production of geothermal energy requires the drilling of several deep wells for circulating the drilling of several deep wells for circulating water. Water is heated by contact with the hot water. Water is heated by contact with the hot rock. This superheated water is then piped rock. This superheated water is then piped into a flash tank which produces steam to turn into a flash tank which produces steam to turn turbines. turbines.


• B. Renewable ResourcesB. Renewable Resources4. Geothermal Energy4. Geothermal Energy

c. Turbines are connected to c. Turbines are connected to generators to produce electricity.generators to produce electricity.d. Currently the idea is limited to areas d. Currently the idea is limited to areas where hot water is close to the surface, where hot water is close to the surface, Iceland and California. However research Iceland and California. However research is underway to expand the areas is underway to expand the areas available to use the idea.available to use the idea.

GeothermalGeothermal


• B. Renewable ResourcesB. Renewable Resources5. Wind Energy5. Wind Energy

a. Wind energy is electricity produced from a. Wind energy is electricity produced from moving airmoving air

b. Modern windmills are made of plastic and b. Modern windmills are made of plastic and steel and stand up to 40-stories tall steel and stand up to 40-stories tall

c. Fan blades are connected to generators to c. Fan blades are connected to generators to produce electricity. The faster the blade turns produce electricity. The faster the blade turns the more electricity producedthe more electricity produced

Wind EnergyWind Energy


• B. Renewable ResourcesB. Renewable Resources5. Wind Energy-drawbacks5. Wind Energy-drawbacks

d. Wind farms can blanket an area with d. Wind farms can blanket an area with hundreds of windmillshundreds of windmills

e. Wind is clean and renewable, however, it e. Wind is clean and renewable, however, it must blow steady for dependable power must blow steady for dependable power generation and areas of strong steady winds generation and areas of strong steady winds are difficult to find are difficult to find

f. Fan blades are also noisy and the structures f. Fan blades are also noisy and the structures take up a lot of roomtake up a lot of room


• B. Renewable ResourcesB. Renewable Resources6. Biomass Energy6. Biomass Energy

a. Biomass is organic matter, such as plant and a. Biomass is organic matter, such as plant and animal waste, that can be used as fuelanimal waste, that can be used as fuel

b. Currently, in some areas, wood and other b. Currently, in some areas, wood and other plant material are burned for energy. Fast plant material are burned for energy. Fast growing plants and grasses could be grown to growing plants and grasses could be grown to supply a renewable energy source that is supply a renewable energy source that is cheaper than fossil fuels cheaper than fossil fuels

BiomassBiomass

10.3 Energy from other natural 10.3 Energy from other natural rscrsc• B. Renewable ResourcesB. Renewable Resources

6. Biomass Energy6. Biomass Energyc. Plants are currently being built to convert the c. Plants are currently being built to convert the sugar and starch in corn into a liquid fuel called sugar and starch in corn into a liquid fuel called ethanol.ethanol.Ethanol is added to gasoline to form gasohol.Ethanol is added to gasoline to form gasohol.d. Although biomass is a renewable resource, d. Although biomass is a renewable resource, problems limit its use. Burning wood and crops problems limit its use. Burning wood and crops produces just as much carbon dioxide as fossil produces just as much carbon dioxide as fossil fuels. Biomass crops use fields that could be fuels. Biomass crops use fields that could be growing food crops. Ethanol plants are still too growing food crops. Ethanol plants are still too expensive to produce on a large scale. expensive to produce on a large scale.


• B. Renewable ResourcesB. Renewable Resources7. Hydrogen Fuel Cells7. Hydrogen Fuel Cells

a. Scientist are exploring using hydrogen as an a. Scientist are exploring using hydrogen as an energy resource. It is a flammable gas that energy resource. It is a flammable gas that can be obtained from water.can be obtained from water.

b. The hydrogen would be used in a hydrogen b. The hydrogen would be used in a hydrogen fuel cell- a device that produces electricity by fuel cell- a device that produces electricity by separating hydrogen into protons and separating hydrogen into protons and electrons.electrons.

Fuel CellFuel Cell


• B. Renewable ResourcesB. Renewable Resources7. Hydrogen Fuel Cells7. Hydrogen Fuel Cells

c. Hydrogen fuel cells are used in space probes c. Hydrogen fuel cells are used in space probes to supply electricity.to supply electricity.d. Fuel cells hold promise as a non-polluting d. Fuel cells hold promise as a non-polluting energy source but are still too expensive to energy source but are still too expensive to produce, currently obtaining the needed produce, currently obtaining the needed hydrogen requires more energy than the hydrogen requires more energy than the energy produced and also there are problems energy produced and also there are problems in designing stations to supply fuel for the cars.in designing stations to supply fuel for the cars.

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Chapter 10