Chapter 10 Chapter 10 20132013

objectivesobjectives

Investigate early African civilizationsInvestigate early African civilizations

Analyze the geographical elements and Analyze the geographical elements and how they influences the early people of how they influences the early people of Africa.Africa.

Chapter 10 section 1Chapter 10 section 1

Early civilizations in Early civilizations in AfricaAfrica

Geography of AfricaGeography of Africa

World second largest continent in both World second largest continent in both population and area.population and area.

The Savanna regionThe Savanna region

40% of Africa40% of Africa

Trees, thorn brushes, and tall grassesTrees, thorn brushes, and tall grasses

Rarely below 50*Rarely below 50*– Serengeti PlainsSerengeti Plains

The Desert regionThe Desert region

40% of the continent40% of the continent– Sahara in the north Sahara in the north

largest largest

3.5 million square miles3.5 million square miles

As big as the united statesAs big as the united states

– Kalahari in the southKalahari in the south

The Forest regionThe Forest region

Less than 20%Less than 20%

8% Rain forest8% Rain forest

Average temperature of 77*Average temperature of 77*

Never below 68Never below 68

155 inches of rain yearly155 inches of rain yearly

Daily Life in AfricaDaily Life in Africa

Earliest- hunter/ gathers- nomadsEarliest- hunter/ gathers- nomads

10,000 B. C. Agriculture10,000 B. C. Agriculture

Civilization----KingdomsCivilization----Kingdoms

Africa todayAfrica today– People still live in the rainforest and desert as People still live in the rainforest and desert as

hunter/ gather---nomadshunter/ gather---nomads

African SocietyAfrican Society

Most people lived in small villagesMost people lived in small villages

Lineage group- several extended families Lineage group- several extended families combined to make a communitycombined to make a community

PatriarchalPatriarchal– Father is head of familyFather is head of family

MatriarchalMatriarchal– Mother is head of familyMother is head of family

Religion Religion

Most believed in a supreme creator God Most believed in a supreme creator God with lesser godswith lesser gods

Some Kings were considered Gods or that Some Kings were considered Gods or that God’s spoke through the KingsGod’s spoke through the Kings

Priests who were also healersPriests who were also healers

Some believed ancestors were very close Some believed ancestors were very close to the Gods and were honoredto the Gods and were honored– By ritual ceremoniesBy ritual ceremonies

Many believed that a family’s children Many believed that a family’s children were that reborn spirits of their deceased were that reborn spirits of their deceased ancestorsancestors

Bride price or bride wealth- paid for loss of Bride price or bride wealth- paid for loss of the daughter laborthe daughter labor

Villages had social classesVillages had social classes

– Elders made up the governmentElders made up the government– Farmers and craft workers middle classFarmers and craft workers middle class– Captives (slaves) the lowest classCaptives (slaves) the lowest class

MusicMusic

Dances- elaborate, for special occasions Dances- elaborate, for special occasions such as marriages, even deathsuch as marriages, even death

Call and response patternCall and response pattern– Leader sang out a short bit of music and Leader sang out a short bit of music and

people sang it back accompanied by drums or people sang it back accompanied by drums or other percussion instrumentsother percussion instruments

Past to Present MusicPast to Present Music

African Thumb PianoAfrican Thumb Piano Modern day pianoModern day piano

Kora-harp luteKora-harp lute BanjoBanjo

African DrumsAfrican Drums

TrumpetsTrumpets

Literature Literature

Folktales-traditional stories handed down Folktales-traditional stories handed down from generation to generationfrom generation to generation

Griots- people who memorized and recited Griots- people who memorized and recited important cultural and historical eventsimportant cultural and historical events

Animals tales and human charactersAnimals tales and human characters

pitting small animals against larger, pitting small animals against larger, stronger animalsstronger animals

The trickster characterThe trickster character

Chapter 10 section 1Chapter 10 section 1Page 226Page 226

Due in 13 minutes Due in 13 minutes

Critical thinkingCritical thinking– ( At least 3 sentences)( At least 3 sentences)

Write about Geography Write about Geography – ( at least 5 sentences( at least 5 sentences

Section 2Section 2 kingdoms of West Africa kingdoms of West Africa

Ancient GhanaAncient Ghana

First known western African kingdomFirst known western African kingdom

Richest kingsRichest kings

Salt and gold at the heart of the tradeSalt and gold at the heart of the trade

Charged a tax to pass through GhanaCharged a tax to pass through Ghana

The ships of the desertThe ships of the desert• The camelThe camel

Exported to the Exported to the NorthNorth– Paper Paper – SlavesSlaves– goldgold

Imported from the Imported from the NorthNorth– SilkSilk– CottonCotton– glass beadsglass beads– HorsesHorses– mirrorsmirrors– datesdates– saltsalt

Berbers- earliest Berbers- earliest settlers of North settlers of North Africa charted the first Africa charted the first routes across the routes across the Sahara more than Sahara more than 2,500 years ago2,500 years ago

Arab conquerors Arab conquerors spread the Islamic spread the Islamic religion throughout religion throughout North AfricaNorth Africa

Ghana fallsGhana falls

Muslim Berbers launched a jihad against Muslim Berbers launched a jihad against GhanaGhana

Two empires aroseTwo empires arose– Mali----1240-1400A.D.Mali----1240-1400A.D.– Songhai---1464-1500’sSonghai---1464-1500’s– Both Muslim citiesBoth Muslim cities

The Empire of MaliThe Empire of Mali“where the Emperor resides”“where the Emperor resides”

1230 - 14681230 - 1468

Socially, politically, and economically Socially, politically, and economically similar to Ghanasimilar to Ghana

Control of gold mines = wealthControl of gold mines = wealth

Emperor changed to IslamEmperor changed to Islam

TimbuktuTimbuktu

Mali’s most important cityMali’s most important city

Major hub Major hub – Gold Gold – SlavesSlaves– SaltSalt

Center of Islamic learningCenter of Islamic learning

MosquesMosques

150 Islamic schools150 Islamic schools

Law schoolsLaw schools

Book dealersBook dealers

Cosmopolitan communityCosmopolitan community

Mansa MusaMansa Musa(1312 – 1337)(1312 – 1337)

Wealthiest ruler ever Wealthiest ruler ever knownknown

Pilgrimage to MeccaPilgrimage to Mecca– 60,000 people60,000 people– 100 elephants100 elephants– Huge amount of gold Huge amount of gold

given awaygiven away

The Empire of SonghaiThe Empire of Songhai

(1464 – 1591)(1464 – 1591)

Great traders and warriorsGreat traders and warriors

Trade across the Sahara has included Trade across the Sahara has included African slaves.African slaves.

Conquered Timbuktu Conquered Timbuktu

Allowed African to practice their traditional Allowed African to practice their traditional religion and not have to convert to Islamreligion and not have to convert to Islam

Strict Social SystemStrict Social System

1.1. Descendants of the original Songhai Descendants of the original Songhai peoplepeople

2.2. Traders, merchants and soldiersTraders, merchants and soldiers

3.3. Prisoners of war (slaves)Prisoners of war (slaves)

Due in 13 minutesDue in 13 minutespage 231page 231

Critical thinking Critical thinking – 3 or more sentences3 or more sentences

Write about CultureWrite about Culture– 5 or more sentences5 or more sentences

Section 3Section 3

Major Kingdoms of East AfricaMajor Kingdoms of East Africa

AksumAksum

Located in what is now Ethiopia and Located in what is now Ethiopia and EritreaEritrea

Established around 1000B.C. by Arabic Established around 1000B.C. by Arabic peoplepeople

Christian kingdomChristian kingdom

Decline to become The east African Decline to become The east African kingdom of Ethiopiakingdom of Ethiopia

Major trading centerFirst African Civilization south of the Sahara

to use of coins made of gold, silver and coppercopper

ImportImport

Olive oil Olive oil

silver silver

GoldGold

ExportExport

IvoryIvory

slaves slaves

raw materialsraw materials

Copper, brass and Copper, brass and glass beadsglass beads

StelaeStelae– carved pillars- made from granite blockscarved pillars- made from granite blocks– Grave markers of rulers tombs Grave markers of rulers tombs – 120 stelae were found 120 stelae were found

Kingdom of EthiopiaKingdom of Ethiopia

One of the oldest kingdomsOne of the oldest kingdoms

Connection to AksumConnection to Aksum– Trade, Culture and Christian religionTrade, Culture and Christian religion

Christian kingdomChristian kingdom

SwahiliSwahili

Both a group of people and a languageBoth a group of people and a language

A mixture of Arabic and Buntu peopleA mixture of Arabic and Buntu people

Islamic religionIslamic religion

Many city-states along the coastMany city-states along the coast

Huge trading center on the east coast Huge trading center on the east coast

Fall- Portuguese Fall- Portuguese

ZimbabweZimbabwe

400 years city was completely enclosed.400 years city was completely enclosed.– Walls 16 feet thick---30 feet high.Walls 16 feet thick---30 feet high.– Not built for defense but as display of powerNot built for defense but as display of power– Control of trade and cattle herds+ wealthControl of trade and cattle herds+ wealth– Do not know for sure what happen to them.Do not know for sure what happen to them.

Over farmed—droughtOver farmed—drought

Population growthPopulation growth

Shortages in water/ trees for firewoodShortages in water/ trees for firewood

Page 240Page 240

Answer questionsAnswer questions 1-23 1-23 for an in-for an in-class assignmentclass assignment