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Chapter 1
The Study of Body Function
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Human Physiology
Study of how the human body functions.
Pathophysiology: How physiological processes are
altered in disease or injury.
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Homeostasis
Maintaining constancy of internal environment.
Dynamic consistency. Maintained by negative
feedback loops.
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Feedback Loops Sensor:
Detects deviation from set point.
Integrating center: Determines the response.
Effector: Produces the response.
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Negative Feedback Defending the set
point. Reverse the
deviation. Produces change in
opposite direction.
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Hormone insulin restores plasma [glucose].
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Positive Feedback Action of effectors amplifies
the change. Is in same direction as change. Examples:
Oxytocin (parturition) Voltage gated Na+ channels
(depolarization)
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Primary Tissues 4 Different Primary Tissues:
Muscle Nervous Epithelial Connective
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Muscle Tissue Specialized for contraction. 3 Types of Muscle Tissue:
Skeletal Cardiac Smooth
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Skeletal Muscle Voluntary muscle. Striated. Attach to bones at
both ends (tendons).
Arranged in parallel. Grade contraction. Note the location of
the nuclei along the edges of the cells.
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Cardiac Muscle Striated. Found only in
the heart. Interconnecte
d. Intercalated
discs.
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Smooth Muscle
Not striated. Gap
junctions connect them so they often act as a unit. Not graded.
Peristalsis.
Found in digestive tract, blood vessels, Bronchioles, urinary and reproductivesystems.
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Nervous Tissue Neurons (nerve cells):
Specialized for conduction of action potentials.
Supporting cells: Provide anatomical and
functional support.
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Neuron Dendrites:
Receive input. Cell body:
Nucleus. Metabolic
center. Axon:
Conducts nerve impulses.
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Epithelial Tissue Types of Epithelial Tissue:
Cells that form membranes for coverings and linings:
Squamous Columnar Cuboidal
Exocrine glands (have ducts) Endocrine glands (secrete into blood
stream)
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Exocrine Glands Derived from cells of
epithelial membranes. Secretions are released
through ducts. Simple tubes or modified as
acini (clusters around branched ducts).
Examples: Tear glands Sweat glands Prostate glands
http://www.sp.uconn.edu/~bi102vc/images/exocrine.gif
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Endocrine Glands Lack ducts. Secrete hormones
into capillaries within the body.
May be discrete organs: Primary functions
are the production and secretion of hormones.
http://www.sp.uconn.edu/~bi102vc/102f02/terry/hormones.html
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Squamous Cells Flattened in
shape. Adapted for
diffusion and filtration.
Line all blood vessels and the alveoli of the lungs.
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Cuboidal Cells Cube-shaped
cells. Excretion,
secretion and absorption.
Line kidney tubules, salivary ducts, and pancreatic ducts.
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Columnar Cells Taller column
shaped cells. Excretion,
secretion and absorption.
May contain cilia. Line digestive tract
and respiratory passageways.
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.Simple columnar epithelium is found in: ducts of exocrine glands larger tubules or collecting ducts
of the kidney stomach, small intestine, and large
intestine smaller respiratory tubes or
bronchioles fallopian tubes goblet cells (small single-celled
mucus-producing glands scattered among columnar epithelium of stomach and intestine)
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Connective Tissue Large amounts of extracellular
material (matrix) in the spaces between connective tissue cells.
Matrix formed by secretions of the cells. Its
composition determines the physical properties of ea. tissue, s.a. hardness, toughness and flexibility.
4 Types of Connective Tissue: Connective tissue proper Cartilage Bone Blood
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.Connective Tissue Proper
Loose connective tissue: Scattered collagen and tissue fluid.
Dermis of skin
Dense fibrous connective tissue: Regularly arranged. Collagen oriented in same direction. Tendons
This tissue is composed mostly of non-stretching or branching collagen fibers and very few spaces, making it very strong. The "wavy" pattern of the fibers is a useful diagnostic pattern for this tissue.
www.dmacc.cc.ia.us/instructors/ dense.htm
Irregularly arranged. Resists forces applied in many directions. Capsules and sheaths
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Loose Connective Tissue
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fibrous tendon Note boxcar arrangement of
nuclei.
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Cartilage Chondrocytes. Supportive and protective tissue. Elastic properties to tissues. Precursor to many bones. Articular surfaces on joints. View slide
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Bone Matrix is collagen embedded in
minerals, esp. Ca and phosphate Osteoblasts:
Bone-forming cells Osteocytes:
Trapped osteoblasts: less active Osteoclasts:
Bone resorbing cells
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Collagen makes bone tough and able to resist fracture.
Minerals make bone hard. Need both. Without protein, bone
brittle; without minerals, bone soft and flexible
Properties
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Compact Bone (osteons) Central canal
through which blood vessels and nerves pass.
Layers of bone with osteocytes embedded
Canaliculi
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www.colorado.edu/.../ index-histo.html
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Bone Functions (1) Support (skeleton) (2) Movement (3) Protection (4) Mineral reservoir (esp. Ca and
P) (5) Hemopoiesis (blood-cell
formation)
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Blood Classified as connective tissue. Half its volume is plasma. The rest is formed elements
(cells and platelets).
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Organs Organs:
Composed of at least two primary tissues.
Serve different functions of the organ.
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Systems Organs that are located in
different regions of the body and perform related functions.
Examples: Skeletal system Cardiovascular system GI system
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65-75% of total body weight H20. Intracellular compartment:
Fluid inside the cell. 2/3 of H20
Extracellular compartment: 1/3 H20 2 Subdivisions:
Blood plasma Interstitial fluid
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Hyaline cartilage
Bluish white matrix.
Note chondrocytes, lacunae in slide of tracheal cartilage
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