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Chapter 1: The Science of Biology
Section 2: Science in Context
CCS Biology
Mr. Bogusch
Exploration and Discovery: Where Ideas Come From
• Scientific Attitudeo Curiosity, skepticism, open-mindedness, and creativity
help scientists generate new ideas
• Practical Problems usually inspire scientific investigations
• Role of Technology– New technology enable scientist to ask new questions,
produce new substances, and have new capabilities
Communicating Results: Reviewing and Sharing Ideas
• Why is peer review important?o Scientist share their findings with
the scientific community by publishing articles that have undergone peer review
o Experts review scientific papers in their field and evaluate each others work
• Sharing knowledge and New Ideas– Scientists publish their work in a
dynamic marketplace, available to everyone.
Scientific Theories
• What is a Scientific Theory?o Theory (scientific) – a well-tested explanation that
unifies a broad range of observations and hypothesizes and that enables scientists to make accurate predictions about new about new situations
o Ex. Theory of Evolution, Gravity, Germ theory
o Everyday us of the word theory = hunch, guess
– Scientific use of the word theory = accepted as true and parts of the theory will be modified with new information.
PBS Theory
Science and Society
• What is the relationship between science and society?
o Science, Ethics, and Moralityo Science explain why natural phenomena happen and do
not include ethical or moral viewpoints
o Avoiding Biaso Bias – a particular preference or point of view that is
personal, rather than scientific.o Science aims to be objective
o Understanding and Using Science– The main point of science is to understand, not
memorize or “believe.”
Chapter 1: The Science of Biology
Section 3: Studying Life
Characteristics of Living Things
• Biology- the study of life
• Living things are made up of basic units called cells, are based on a universal genetic code, obtain and use materials and energy, grow and develop, reproduce, respond to their environment, maintain a stable internal environment, and change over time
Characteristics of Living Things
• 1. Living things are based on a universal genetic codeo All organisms store vital information
in the form of DNA.o DNA is copied and passed from parent
to offspring
• 2. Living things Grow and Develop– Every organism has a particular
pattern of growth and development
Characteristics of Living Things • 3. Living things respond
to their environmento Organisms detect and
respond to stimuli from their environment
o Stimuli – signal to which an organism responds
• 4. Living things are made of cells– Cells- highly organized
structures; smallest units of life that are considered alive
Characteristics of Living Things • 5. Living things reproduce
o Sexual reproduction – cell from two parents unite to form the first new cell of an organism
o Asexual reproduction – a single organism produces offspring identical to itself
• 6. Living things maintain a stable internal environment– homeostasis – maintaining a stable
internal environment despite external conditions
Characteristics of Living Things
• 7. Living things obtain and use material and energy– Metabolism – the
combination of chemical reactions through which an organism builds up or breaks down
Characteristics of Living Things
• 8. Living things evolve (as a population)o Over many generations groups of organism
change over timeo Evolutionary change links all forms of life to a
common ancestor 3.5 billion years ago– Evidence of this shared history is found in all
aspects of living a fossil organism
Big Ideas in Biology
What are the Central Themes of Biology • Cellular Basis of Life
o Unicellular – organisms that consist of one cello Multicellular – organisms that consist of more
than one cell
Big Ideas in Biology
What are the Central Themes of Biology • Information and Heredity
o All living things are based on a universal genetic code- DNA
o The information in DNA represents an unbroken chain that stretches back 3.5 billion years
Big Ideas in Biology
What are the Central Themes of Biology • Matter and Energy
o Life requires matter that serves as body structures and energy that fuels life’s processes
• Growth, development, and reproduction
• Homeostasis– Living things maintain a relative stable internal
environment
Big Ideas in Biology
What are the Central Themes of Biology • Evolution
o Taken as a group, living things evolveo All living things are linked back to a common
ancestor 3.5 billion years ago
Crocodile evolution
Big Ideas in Biology
What are the Central Themes of Biology • Structure and Function
– Each major group of organism has its own “tool kit” of structures that have evolved
Big Ideas in Biology
What are the Central Themes of Biology • Unity and Diversity of Life
o All living things are fundamentally similar at a molecular level.
o All organisms are carbon-based and store information in a common genetic code.
• Interdependence in Natureo Biosphere – living planeto Organisms are linked to one another and the
planet
Big Ideas in Biology
What are the Central Themes of Biology • Science as a Way of Knowing
– Science is not just a list of facts
Performing Biological Investigations
• How is the metric system important in science?
– Because researchers need to replicate each other’s experiment a common system of measurement is used
– Metric system – a decimal system of measurements whose units are based physical standards and are scaled to multiples of 10.
• Also called the SI system –International system of units.
Safety
– Scientists working in a laboratory or in the field are trained to use safe procedures when carrying out investigations.
– Whenever you work in your biology laboratory, you must follow safe practices as well.
– Before you start each activity, read all the steps and make sure that you understand the entire procedure, including any safety precautions.
– The single most important safety rule is to always follow your teacher’s instructions. Any time you are in doubt about any part of an activity, ask your teacher for an explanation.
Safety
– Because you may come in contact with organisms you cannot see, it is essential that you wash your hands thoroughly after every scientific activity. Wearing appropriate protective gear is also important while working in a laboratory.
– Remember that you are responsible for your own safety and that of your teacher and classmates. If you are handling live animals, you are responsible for their safety too.
