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Chapter 1
The Leisure Services The Leisure Services EnvironmentEnvironment
C H A P T E R 1
The Difference Between Leisure and Recreation
• Leisure
– Time not working
– Free time
• Recreation
– Time playing
– Pastime
Traditional View of Leisure Services
• Sports
• Games
• Classes
• Special events
• Activities
History of Leisure Services
• London parks
• Paris parks
• New York’s Central Park
• American national parks
• State parks
• Park districts
American Urban Park Movement
• The Central Park Commission was created as a separate governmental unit to avoid the politics of Tammany Hall.
• Frederick Law Olmsted
– First superintendent of the Central Park Commission
– Established landscape architecture as a profession
– Went on to design Yosemite and other national parks
– Came to Chicago and helped establish park districts
Urban Recreation Movement
• Started with YMCA camps and centers
• Followed by other providers such as Hull House and the Boys Clubs
• Remained largely separate from the urban park movement until the 1960s
Commercial Recreation Movement
• Has always existed as the travel, tourism, hospitality, and hotel industry
• Came to fruition in the 1920s
• Has come to make up more than 90 percent of all recreation provided in America
Commercial Leisure Services Sector
• More than 2 million business providers
• 6.5 million jobs
• $88 billion in revenues
• 8.33 percent of the gross domestic product in America
(continued)
Commercial Leisure Services Sector (continued)
Includes:
• Hospitality
• Resorts and gaming
• Camping and outdoor recreation
• Travel, tourism, and the cruise industry
• Movies and entertainment
• Professional and amateur sports
Nonprofit Leisure Services
• Nobody knows for sure how many of the 960,000 nonprofit organizations provide leisure services.
• Estimated to be tens of thousands:
– Youth sport programs
– YMCAs, Boys and Girls Clubs
– Country clubs and member organizations
– Service clubs
Tax-Exempt Status of Nonprofits
• 501(c)(3) organizations: Exist for charitable purposes, such as YMCAs
• Non-501(c)(3) organizations: Exist to serve the members, such as country clubs and sport teams
Federal and State Government Leisure Services Organizations
Federal agencies:
• National recreation areas
• National parks
• National forests
• Waterways
• Wildlife refuges
(continued)
Federal and State Government Leisure Services Organizations
(continued)
The 50 state agencies:
• State park systems
• Wildlife refuges
• State recreation areas
• Waterways
• Designated hunting areas
County Leisure Services Organizations
• County park departments
• County forest preserve districts
• Regional, multicounty park and recreation districts
• Wildlife refuges
Local Leisure Services Organizations
87,000 local governments:
• Municipal park and recreation departments
• Municipal recreation departments
• Municipal park departments
• Special districts
• School district recreation departments
Managing Leisure Services Organizations in the Three Sectors
• Similarities
– Services are sometimes exactly the same.
– Service skill sets can be similar.
• Differences
– Services are sometimes different.
– Management skill requirements are often different.
Managing Commercial Leisure Services Organizations
• Profit motive: Increases the focus on the customer
• Less transparency: Proprietary financial information
• Marketing approach: Product, price, position, and promotion
Managing Nonprofit Leisure Services Organizations
• Fundraising is a requirement.
• Revenue streams and engines must be developed.
• Managing membership is often important.
• Providing services to those who can’t pay can be required.
• More transparency than business must occur.
Managing Government Leisure Services Organizations
• There is a political dimension to managing.
• Transparency is almost total.
• Employees have more rights.
• Pension protection can be important.
Summary
• The sectors are different in size.
– 2 million private-sector leisure services providers
– Tens of thousands of nonprofit leisure services providers
– 87,000 government leisure services providers
(continued)
Summary (continued)
• Different management skill sets are required.
– The ability to make a profit in the private sector
– The ability to raise funds in the nonprofit sector
– The ability to navigate the political process in the public sector