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Chapter 1: The Land & it’s People- The First Occupants. The First Occupants: Where did they come from?. Experts say that Amerindians arrived in North America 30,000 years ago - PowerPoint PPT Presentation
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Chapter 1: The Land & it’s People- The First Occupants
The First Occupants: Where did they come from?
• Experts say that Amerindians arrived in North America 30,000 years ago
• Evidence suggests that the first occupants crossed a ‘land bridge’ that was located where the Bering Straight is now.
Amerindians in what is now Quebec and Ontario
• Is it believed that people settled what is now Quebec and Ontario 6,000 years ago.
• For the most part, there were two groups in what is now Quebec and Ontario:– Iroquoians– Algonkians
THIS AREA MELTED LAST
Iroquoians
• Iroquoians consisted of 7 main groups:– Huron– Neutral– Mohawk– Oneida– Onondaga– Cayuga– Seneca
Algonkians
• Algonkians consisted of 7 main groups:– Algonquin– Montagnais– Cree– Ojibwa– Ottawa– Micmac– Naskapi tribes
Did they live in the same places? NO!
• Iroquoian tribes St-Lawrence Lowlands
• Algonkian tribes covering areas of the ‘Canadian Shield’ and the Appalachian mountains.
• Living in different places main groups had to adapt to different things.
Iroquoians: their way of life• Living close to the South
end of the St-Lawrence & Lake Ontario living on FERTILE ground
• Fertile ground = Agriculture = SEDINTARY
• Farming vegetables like corn, beans, squash
• Men hunted from time to time, but not a if they didn’t catch anything, they still had agriculture
Iroquoians Con’t
• How did they farm, hunt and store food?– Simple tools like stone
axes, bows/arrows and baskets allowed them to live and maintain a sedentary life
• Animal skins/furs comprised most of their clothing trade with Algonkian tribes
Iroquoians Con’t• How did they travel?– Travel by foot
(snowshoes in winter) or by canoe (on waterways)
• What did their housing look like?– They built semi-
permanent structures called ‘longhouses’
– Each longhouse housed several families
Longhouses
Iroquoians Con’t
• Longhouses were 50-65 meters long
• There were several Longhouses in one village
• The village was surrounded by a tall wooden fence for protection
Iroquoians Con’t
• Why were longhouses semi-permanent?– Every 8-10 years, the soil
the Iroquoian tribes farmed became infertile…so they had to change where they lived
– A new Group of longhouses was built elsewhere
Iroquoians Con’t• Iroquoian social
structure was known as MATRIARCHAL
• What did this mean for them?– Women made important
decisions, were the leaders of permanent settlements and decided who would be the chief of the tribe/village (a man)
Algonquians: their way of life
• Algonquian groups lived in the ‘Canadian Shield’ and Appalachian Mountain Regions NOT FERTILE
• NON FERTILE= hunting and gathering= NOMADIC
Algonquians Con’t • They did not farm like the
Iroquoian tribes, so they relied on hunting animals and gathering wild vegetation like berries
• Summertime=fishing grounds
• What was their housing like?– Small/portable dwellings
called wigwams– 2-4 families per wigwam
Algonquians Con’t
• How did Algonquians travel?– Foot, canoe, snowshoes,
toboggans• Tools?– Bows/arrows, stone
axes, fishing implements like nets
Algonquians Con’t
• The social structure= PATRIARCHY
• What does that mean?• The opposite of
MATRIARCHAL • Men made important
decisions and were placed in leadership roles