1

Chapter 1

Review on some medicinal plants of

Zingiberaceae Family

2

Chapter 1

Review on some medicinal plants of Zingiberaceae Family

1.1. Introduction

Medicinal plants have been used for centuries as remedies for human

diseases. Treatments with the use of various plants have historically formed the

basis of sophisticated traditional medicine, preceding the established scientific

literature by thousands of years. With the advancement of science, the source of

the medicinal properties associated with these treatments has been investigated.

This quest for understanding has led to an explosion in the last hundred years in

the areas of isolation, biological activity, structural elucidation and the chemical

synthesis of natural products.1

Natural products represent a significant source of drug compounds that

are currently on the market for the treatment of a variety of diseases and some of

them are used as dietary supplements, as dyes, flavouring agents, or ingredients

in the cosmetics industry for meeting demand for effective and safer use.

Natural products from plants find application in several therapeutic

formulations. These compounds belong to different chemical classes (alkaloids,

phenolics, terpenoids, etc.) and have chemically diverse and complex structures.

One area of natural product is the study of terpenes, also referred to as terpenoids

or isoprenoids. Terpenoids are one of the largest groups of natural compounds

identified from diverse sources including plants, microbial sources and marine

3

sponges. They play an important role in nature, but have also served as a source

of naturally occurring medicinal compounds, which in turn provide the basis for

the synthesis of biologically active molecules. The terpenoids may be divided

into subgroups based on the number of isoprenoid units with molecular formula -

(C5H8)n. This vast group of naturally occurring substances, contains an immense

range of structural diversity (over 200 skeletal types), which includes acyclic,

monocyclic, bicyclic, tricyclic and tetracyclic compounds. One of these

subgroups, the sesquiterpenes or sesquiterpenoids, possess 15 carbons, derived

from the assembly of three isoprenoid units. As with all the other terpene groups,

many sesquiterpenes possess biological activities - antimicrobial, antitumour and

cytotoxic. The guaianolides represent one of the largest groups of sesquiterpene

lactones with over 200 known naturally occurring compound.2,3

Zingiberaceae family is an important natural resource that provides many

useful products for food, spices, medicines, dyes, perfume and aesthetics.4 It

constitutes a vital group of rhizomatous medicinal and aromatic plants

characterised by the presence of volatile oils and oleoresins of export value and

widely distributed in India, and in tropical and subtropical regions of Asia

(specially Thailand, Indonesia and Malaysia). India is one of the richest and

diverse regions for Zingiberaceae, having 22 genera and about 170 species. The

NE region of India is a zone of greatest concentration where 19 genera and about

88 species are reported.5 The important genera coming under Zingiberaceae are

Curcuma, Kaempferia, Hedychium, Amomum, Zingiber, Alpinia, Elettaria and

Costus. Most of the members of Zingiberaceae are found here at wild states,

4

which are yet to be explored. They are well known for their use in tradicinal

medicine.5-11

Generally, the rhizomes of this family are aromatic, tonic and stimulant.

They are rich sources of essential oils that consist of numerous complex

terpenoid mixture. Many terpenoids compounds with varied physiological

activities - antimicrobial, antiarthritic, antioxidant, anticancer, antiinflammatory,

antidiabetic, anti-HIV, neuroprotective and larvicidal etc. have been identified in

the essential oils of Zingiberaceous plants.12-21

1.2. Multipotential bioactivities of Zingiberaceae family

Some plants in this family exhibit a wide spectrum of pharmacological

properties. Many researchers have reported on different potential bioactivities of

different members of Zingiberaceae family.

Table 1 The Biological activities of different members of Zingiberaceae family

Sl. No. Botanical name Parts used Bioactivity1 Alpinia allughas (Retz.)

Rosc.(Manipuri -Pullei)

Fruits andrhizome

Antioxidant22

2 Alpinia galanga (Linn.)Willd (Manipuri -Kanghu)

Rhizome Anti-inflammatory23, Antiallergic24,Gastroprotective25, Cytotoxicity26,Neuroprotective effect 27,Antioxidant and Antibacterial28

3 Alpinia nigra BURTT.(Manipuri - Pullei)

Tender shootand rhizome

Flukicidal 29, Antimycobacterial30,Free radical scavenger andantibacterial agent31-32

4 Alpinia zerumbet(Pers.) Burtt. et Sm.(Manipuri - ElaichiAchouba)

Rhizome Psychopharmacological andantioxidant effects 33

5

5 Amomum aromaticumRoxb. (Manipuri -Kukrubi)

Seeds Antimycobacterial30

6 Amomum subulatumRoxb.

Pods Antimicrobial34, anti-inflammatory,analgesic and antispasmodic35

7 Amomum zingiber L.(Hindi - Baba elaichi)

Rhizome Antibacterial and Antifungal34

8 Costus speciosus Sm.(Manipuri -Khongbantakhellei)

Rhizome Antidiabetic and antilipidemiceffect36, Antioxidant37

9 Curcuma aeruginosaRoxb. (English - pinkand blue ginger)

Rhizome Anti-androgenic effect38,Antimicrobial39

10 Curcuma amada Roxb.(Manipuri -Yai-heinounam)

Rhizome Antibacterial40, Cholesterollowering activity41, Antioxidant andantibacterial42, antitubercular43

11 Curcuma angustifoliaRoxb. (Manipuri -Yaipan)

Rhizome Antifungal44

12 Curcuma aromaticaSalisb. (Manipuri -LamYai)

Rhizome Inhibition of proliferation ofhepatoma45, Anticancer46,Larvicidal activity47, Antioxidant48

13 Curcuma caesia Roxb.(Manipuri –Yaimu)

Rhizome andseed

Anti-inflammatory and anti-asthmatic in ayurvedic medicines49,anti-microbial efficacy of essentialoils50

14 Curcuma comosa Roxb. Rhizome Antioxidant51, Proinflammatory52

15 C. heyneana Rhizome Anti-inflammatory53

16 Curcuma kwangsiensis Rhizome Anti-tumour54

17 Curcuma leucorrhizaRoxb. (Manipuri - Yaiangouba)

Rhizome Antioxidant and antimicrobial55

18 Curcuma longa L.(Manipuri - Yaingang)

Rhizome Anti-inflammatory56-57

Antioxidant58, Antifungal59,antibacterial60, anti-HIV 61, anti-tumour62, Cytotoxic63, Anti-Arthritic 64, Antidepressantactivity65, Antiviral effect66

19 Curcuma malabaricaVel.

Rhizome Antimicrobial67

20 Curcuma wenyujin Y.H. Chen et C. Ling

Rhizome Anti-influenza 68

6

(Chinese - Erzhu)21 Curcuma xanthorrhiza

Roxb.Rhizome Antimicrobial69, Antioxidant70-71 ,

Antibacterial72

22 Curcuma zedoariaRosc.( Hindi - Kakhur)

Rhizome Anti-inflammation73 vasorelaxant,heptatoprotective, and inhibitoryactivity of NO production74-76,Anticancerous activity77, anti-angiogenesis effect78

23 Elettaria cardamomumMaton (Hindi - Elaichi)

Seeds andpods

Antimicrobial34, antispasmodic78

24 Hedychium coccineum(Manipuri - Takhelleiangangba)

Flower,rhizome and

stem

Anti-inflammatory79-82

25 Hedychium coronariumKoenig. (Manipuri -Takhellei angouba)

Flower,rhizome and

stem

Antibacterial83, Anti-inflammatory84, cytokines85,cytotoxic86

26 Hedychium spicatumSM. (Hindi - KapoorKachri)

Rhizome Antibacterial87 , Antioxidant88,Cytotoxic activity89

27 Kaempferia galanga L.(Manipuri -Yaithamnamanbi)

Leaves andrhizomes

Larvicidal activity90-92,Antibacterial93, Cytotoxic94

28 Kaempferia parviflora Rhizome Anti-allergic95, Anti-inflammatory96, Antimutagenic97

29 Kaempferia rotunda L.(Manipuri - Leipaklei)

Leaves andrhizomes

Insecticidal98, antimutagenicactivity99

30 Zingiber cassumunarRoxb. (Manipuri -Tekhaoyaikhu)

Rhizome Anti-inflammatory, antiallergic,antioxidant activity100

31 Zingiber montanum(Koen.) Link ex A.Dietr. (Manipuri -Tekhaoyaikhu)

Rhizome Anti-inflammatory activity101,Antiulcer102, Antioxidant andcytotoxic properties103a

32 Zingiber officinaleRosc. (Manipuri -Shing)

Rhizome Rheumatism and inflammation ofliver104-105, Hepatoprotectiveeffects106, antioxidant andantimicrobial107

33 Zingiber purpureumRosc.

Rhizome Antifungal108

34 Zingiber zerumbetSmith. (Manipuri -Shingkha)

Rhizome Anti-cancer, Anti-inflammation,Anti- HIV, Anti-alzheimer'sdisease, multipotentialbioactivities109

7

1.3. Uses of some medicinal plants of Zingiberaceae family

Various plants belonging to the family Zingiberaceae are utilized as orna-

mentals, medicines or food (vegetables or spices). Rhizome extracts of some

members of the medicinal Zingiberales are widely used in dietary intake as well

as in the traditional system of medicine. In the genus Alpinia, A. galanga is the

most important one, which finds varying uses in ayurvedic preparations such as

“Rasnadi powder”. Costus speciosus is the only species in the genus Costus that

is medicinally important. It is valued very much for its diosgenin content. Some

Curcuma species are used as different crude drugs. In Curcuma, C. longa is the

most popular one, which has been studied in greater depths already. C. aromatica

is used in the treatment of skin diseases and is extensively used in vanishing

creams. Kaempferia galanga has become very popular and is identified to have

tremendous effect in curing bronchial and gastric diseases. In Zingiber, Z.

officinale is used as a diet worldwide. Ginger and turmeric rhizomes have

approximately 45 and 40% of starch, respectively.110, 182-183

Alpinia allughas (Retz.) Rosc.

Young shoots of A. allughas are used as vegetables. Inflorescence is usually

taken as appetizer. Rhizomes are used in gout and colic.18

Alpinia galanga (Linn.) Willd

Inflorescence of A. galanga is consumed raw and rhizome is used as medicine.

Root extract is abortifacient; fresh rhizome paste is applied to ringworms and

skin diseases; rhizomes are stimulant, carminative; used in rheumatism and

bronchial catarrh; herb is anti-tubercular; seeds are used for colic, diarrhoea and

8

vomiting.7

Alpinia nigra BURTT.

Rhizomes of A. nigra is used as vegetable locally and has medicinal properties.

Alpinia zerumbet (Pers.) Burtt. et Sm.

The capsule of A. zerumbet is used as spice and the rhizome as medicine. It is

also grown as ornamental plant.

Amomum aromaticum Roxb.

The stem of Amomum aromaticum is consumed as vegetable. Rhizome and root

extracts have hypoglycaemic and anthelmintic properties.5

Amomum subulatum Roxb.

Seed powder of A. subulatum is used in cough, vomiting, enlarged spleen and

diseases of rectum; decoction given in abdominal pain and as a tonic to the heart

and liver and also as a gargle in infection of teeth and gums. Rhizome and root

extracts have hypoglycaemic properties.5 Oil extracted from seed is applied to

inflamed eyelids.7

Costus speciosus Sm.

The rhizomes are useful in burning sensation, flatulence, constipation,

helminthiasis, leprosy, skin diseases, fever, hiccough, asthma, bronchitis,

inflammation and aneamia. It is used to make sexual hormones and

contraceptives.8

Curcuma aeruginosa Roxb.

The rhizomes of C. aeruginosa are used in traditional oriental medicine as a

gastrointestinal remedy.

9

Curcuma amada Roxb.

The rhizome of C. amada (Mango ginger) is used for therapeutic purpose and in

the manufacture of pickles, as a source of raw mango flavour. It is also used as an

appetizer, alexteric, antipyretic, aphrodisiac and a laxative. stimulant,

expectorant, diuretic, carminative and stomachic; rhizome paste is used as plaster

in sprains and bone fractures.7 Rhizome paste mixed with hot water applied in

inflammation (due to injuries), itching and skin diseases; decoction given in

bronchitis, asthma, constipation and gastric troubles.5 It is also used in applying

on piles and lightening the scars. It can be combined with other medicines to

improve the quality of blood.

Curcuma angustifolia Roxb.

The rhizome is also used in commercial pickles. The inflorescence of C.

angustifolia is used in the preparation of an indigenous curry Iromba by

Manipuris. Rhizome paste is applied in leprosy, leu-coderma, burning sensations;

decoction is given in asthma, jaundice, dyspepsia, kidney stones and anaemia.5

Curcuma aromatica Salisb.

C. aromatica rhizomes are used as tonic, carminative, and externally in

combinations with astringents, bitters and aromatics to bruises, in sprains and in

snake-bite. Rhizome paste/powder is used externally in leukoderma, scabies and

small pox; considered useful in blood diseases; juice is given orally as a strong

remedy against rheumatism and also (mixed with juices of other gingers)

administered for smooth delivery in N.E. India.5

10

Curcuma caesia Roxb.

The rhizome of C. caesia is used externally for sprains and bruises, leukoderma,

piles; decoction is given in asthma, epilepsy, tuberculous gland of the neck and

with other ingredients given in weakness after child birth; juice is rubbed on the

body in jaundice; boiled and eaten in N. E. India.5 For curing wounds, pimples,

allergies, raw paste of rhizomes is applied externally. For migraine, 2 – 4 drops of

fresh juice is poured in nose. For longevity, impotence, infertility, irregular

menstrual flow, a spoonful powder from dried rhizomes is mixed with a spoonful

of honey or a cup of milk is taken twice a day. For gastric troubles, a fresh piece

of rhizome is chewed.

Curcuma comosa Roxb.

The rhizome of C. comosa has been used extensively in indigenous medicine and

as an anti-inflammatory agent for treating postpartum uterine bleeding. It has also

been widely used as an aromatic stomachic.52

Curcuma heyneana

A slurry prepared from fresh rhizomes of C. heyneana is used to treat skin

diseases; its crude extract is used to treat fatigue, helminth infections, obesity,

and rhumatism; and its pulverized form is used as a component in beauty

treatments.53

Curcuma leucorrhiza Roxb.

The rhizomes of C. leucorrhiza are used in Singbhum, Bihar for treatment of

enlarged liver and spleen, and ulcer in stomach.112

11

Curcuma kwangsiensis

The rhizomes of C. kwangsiensis is used as a digestive and analgesic agent, and

also for the treatment of menstrual disorders.54

Curcuma longa L.

C. longa Linn. is extensively used as a spice, food preservative and colouring

material commonly used in the Indian subcontinent. Since the time of Ayurveda

(1900 BC) numerous therapeutic activities have been assigned to turmeric for a

wide variety of diseases and conditions, including those of the skin, pulmonary,

and gastrointestinal systems, aches, pains, wounds, sprains, and liver disorders.113

Curcuma malabarica Vel.

The rhizhomes of C. malabarica are used as starch which is reported to have

medicinal properties.67 Starches extracted from this plant are used in diets for

infants and convalescents due to their cooling and demulcent properties.

Curcuma wenyujin

The rhizomes of C. wenyujin are used as a Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM)

for the treatment of jaundice, thoracic-abdominal pain, arthralgia, hematuria,

dysmenorrhea, epilepsy and psychataxia.68

Curcuma xanthorrhiza Roxb.

The inflorescence of C. xanthorrhiza is consumed as vegetable by the Manipuri

and also applied to bruises and sprains. Fresh root checks leucorrhoeal and

gonorrheal discharges and purifies blood.

12

Curcuma zedoaria Rosc.

The rhizome of C. zedoaria has been used as a stimulant, stomachic, carminative,

diuretic, anti-diarrheal, anti-emetic, anti-pyretic, and depurator, and also as an

ointment for ulcers, wounds, and other skin disorders.114 The product ‘Zedoary’,

used as a tonic and in perfumery, is obtained from the tubers of C. zedoaria.

Elettaria cardamomum Maton.

Seeds of E. cardamomum is used as spice. Seeds are used in the treatment of

asthma and diseases of throat, liver, heart and kidney; they are well known for

use as a masticatory, spice and condiment.5 Seed extracts are carminative,

aromatic stimulant and diuretic.

Hedychium coccineum

H. coccineum is grown as ornamental plant. Flower is also offered in religious

ceremonies by the Meiteis.

Hedychium coronarium Koenig.

The rhizomes of H. coronarium are used for the treatment of inflammation, skin

diseases, headache, and sharp pain due to rheumatism in traditional medicine.11

Pharmacological studies have shown that an extract of H. coronarium has anti-

inflammatory and analgesic effects in an animal model.115

Hedychium spicatum SM.

The rhizome of H. spicatum in powder form is sprinkled as an antiseptic agent

and also used as a poultice for various aches and pains. It is used as a

carminative, stimulant, tonic and in dyspepsia, as well as in veterinary medicine.

13

It is also useful in liver complaints, as an expectorant and in urinary disorders.

Abir, the famous scented powder, is prepared from H. spicatum.

Kaempferia galanga L.

The rhizome of K. galanga has been used traditionally for the treatment of many

ailments, such as stimulant, expectorant, diuretic and carminative. It is also

employed in cosmetics, mouth-washes, hair tonics and toiletries.

Kaempferia parviflora

The rhizomes of K. parviflora have been used for the treatment of colic disorder

and for peptic and duodenal ulcers.

Kaempferia rotunda L.

Rhizomes are used as an indigenous hair lotion. It is used for the treatment of

swelling and healing of fresh wounds; used in abdominal pain and gastric

troubles.

Zingiber cassumunar Roxb.

The rhizome of Z. cassumunar is used for the treatment of asthma, diarrhoea,

colic. It is also used as a stimulant, carminative; and given as antidote to snake

bite.

Zingiber montanum (Koen.) Link ex A. Dietr.

The rhizome of Z. montanum is given in diarrhoea, colic and used as a stimulant,

carminative; used for flavouring food preparation and substituted for true ginger;

also given as antidote to snakebite.10 Rhizome is used to treat fevers and

intestinal disorder; various lotions and decoctions applied to swellings,

rheumatism, bruise, numb feet, and painful parts.9 Traditional medicinal

14

practitioner uses this rhizome in the treatment of piles and cough in Manipur.

Zingiber officinale Rosc.

Ginger, the rhizome of Z. officinale Roscoe as a traditional medicine is used for

management of such symptoms as the common cold, digestive disorders,

rheumatism, neuralgia, colic and motion-sickness, as well as being an important

spice to flavor foods and beverages. It has also been used as an antioxidant,

antimicrobial, and antifungal agent.107 6-Gingerol, the major gingerol in ginger

rhizomes, has been found to possess many interesting pharmacological and

physiological activities.

Zingiber purpureum Rosc.

Rhizomes are used against paralysis; and used as a neural or muscular stimulant.

Zingiber zerumbet Smith.

Z. zerumbet is used in the treatment of cough, asthma, worms, leprosy and other

skin diseases. Rhizomes are used as spice and condiment. It has been used for the

treatment of stomach ache, toothache, fever, sprain and indigestion. Young

rhizome with pseudostem is used as vegetable.109

1.4. Some bioactive compounds isolated from Zingiberaceae family

The rhizomes of some medicinal plants of this family have been widely

studied for the bioactive compounds present in them. Ten species have been also

identified to possess various bioactive molecules.103b Numerous terpenoids

compounds have been identified in the Zingiberaceous plants with varied

physiological activities.181

15

Table 2. Biological activities of some Curcuma sesquiterpinoids

Sl.no. Compound Biological activity ReferenceBisabolane type sesquiterpinoids

1 Bisacurone Anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, 116

2 4-Methoxy-5-hydroxy-bisabola-2,10-diene-9-one

Antileishmanial activity 116

3 Turmeronol Anti-inflammatory 117-118

4 Xanthorrhizol Anti-inflammatory, antiarthritic,antivenum, apoptosis,antiproliferative, antimicrobial,estrogenic, immunomodulatory

119-135

5 Zingiberene Anti-inflammatory, 136-137Carabrane type Sesquiterpinoids6 Curcumenone Hepatoprotective 1387 Curcumadione Antioxidant, hepatoprotective 137, 139Diphenylheptanoids7 bis-

DemethoxycurcuminAnti-cancer 140

8 Curcumin Antioxidant, anti-inflammatory,anti-cancer, hepatic fibrosis in type2 diabetes mellitus, suppression ofcholesterol

58, 60, 140-149, 179-180

Germacrane type Sesquiterpinoids9 Curdione Anti- influenza, hepatoprotective,

platelet aggregation68, 150-152

10 Dehydrocurdione Anti-inflammatoryantiandrogenic

153-155

11 Furanodienone Anti-inflammatory, anticancer, 156-15912 Isofuranodienone Antimicrobial 13713 Glechomanolide Cytotoxic 137,139,160-

16114 Germacrone Antiplasmodial, anti-inflammatory,

antitumor, antiandrogenic,antimicrobial, cytotoxic, plateletderived growth factor inhibitor

162-165

15 (4S,5S)-Germacrone-4,5-epoxide

CYP3A4-Inihibition, p450-Inhibitor

160

16 Neocurdione Hepatoprotective 137,139,151,164-165

16

17 Zederone Anti-inflammatory, antivenum,antiendrogenic, anti-cancer

137, 153-154,156-157

18 Zederone epoxide Anti-inflammatory, antioxidant 137, 156Guaiane type Sesquiterpinoids19 Aerugidiol Anti- influenza, cytotoxic, liver

injury, inhibited protein tyrosinephosphatase 1B

68,137, 151,165-166, 177

20 Alismoxide Anti- influenza, antiallergic,anticomplementary activity,antiallergic

68, 137, 167-170

21 Curcumenol Anti- influenza, hepatoprotective,COX2 inhibitor, antiandrogenic,analgesic, antioxidant

68,151, 158,165, 171-173, 178

22 Epiprocurcumenol Anti-inflammatory, inhibited proteintyrosine phosphatase 1B

137,164,174-175, 177

23 Isocurcumenol Antiviral, antiandrogenic, plateletderived growth factor inhibitor

151, 153,156, 165,171

24 Isoprocurcumenol Antitumor 139, 16425 Procurcumadiol Antimicrobial 15326 Procurcumenol Radical scavenging 164, 17527 1α,8β-epidioxy-4α-

hydroxy-5αH-guai-7(11),9-dien-12,8-olide

Anti-influenza 68

28 Guai-1(10),5,7(11),8-tetradien-12,8-olide

Antioxidant 176

17

H

H

O

O

H

H

H

O

O

H

O

(E)-labda-8(17), 12-diene-15, 16-dial (E)-8b,17-Epoxylabd-12-ene-15,16-dial(Antibacterial32)

O

OH

OH

HO

OO

H

CH3

Heyneanone A(inhibited protein tyrosine phosphatase

1B177)

Curcumenone (Hepatoprotective138)

HO OH

R2OO

R1

HO OH

R2OO

R1

enol-form keto-form

1 R1=R2=OCH3(curcumin)2 R1=H, R2=OCH3 (demethoxycurcumin)3 R1=R2=H (bis-demethoxycurcumin)

H

O

O

HO

OO

HHO

1α,8β-epidioxy-4α-hydroxy-5αH-guai-7(11),9-dien-12,8-olide

(anti-influenza68)

Xanthorrhizol119-135

18

O

O

O

Zerumbone Dehydrocurdione

(anti-cancer109) (Antiinflammatory155)

O

O

CHO

OHH

H

O

O

CH3

H

OH

H

7-hydroxy hydichinal Spicatanoic

(cytotoxic89)

H

CHO

CHO

OH

O

OH

OH

OH

HO

O

7β-hydroxy-(E)-labda-8(17),12-diene-15,16-dial (Cytotoxicity86)

Kaempferol

Figure 1. Molecular structures of some of the bioactive compoundsof Zingiberaceae family

19

1.5. Conclusion

Zingiberaceae family is well-known for its medicinal and economic

significances. Many species are used as sources of indigenous medicines,

vegetables, food flavours, spices, dyes, condiments as well as ornamentals. This

family is widely known for its broad range of pharmacological activities. To

study on its compounds offers many opportunities to investigate the various

functions and prospects in various pharmaceutical studies. It becomes more

evident about its potential from the bioactivities reviewed above based on the

work of various researchers.

20

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