Chapter 1 Review (Foundations)

An organized way of gathering and analyzing evidence about the natural world.

A. ScienceB. ObservationC. ConclusionD. Manipulated variable

Multiple Choice

The goals of science are to give explanations for natural events, to understand patterns, and to make predictions.

True

True or False

Scientists must be _____-_______. They must

be willing to listen to new ideas without

evidence.

Fill in the Blank

open minded

A logical conclusion based on evidence or what is already known.

Multiple Choice

A. Manipulated variableB. InferenceC. TheoryD. Data

Science almost always proves things in absolute terms.

False

True or False

Science rarely proves things in absolute terms.

Experiments with multiple trials that include

large sample sizes that are randomly selected

help reduce sources of __________.

Fill in the Blank

error

The act of noticing and describing what is happening in an orderly way.

Multiple Choice

A. ConclusionB. Controlled variableC. ObservationD. Bias

Scientists often define “scientific uncertainty” as being 95% sure that cause and effect have been correctly identified.

True

True or False

Scientists are ________ , which means that they

question existing ideas and hypotheses. They

also do not believe ideas without evidence.

Fill in the Blank

skeptics

A scientific explanation for a set of observations that can be tested.

Multiple Choice

A. ConclusionB. Peer ReviewC. SkepticismD. Hypothesis

Peer review does not make sure that a piece of

work is correct, but it does make sure the work

meets standards set by the scientific community.

True or False

True

Curiosity, skepticism, open-mindedness, and

creativity are scientific __________ or attributes

that all good scientists share that lead them to

exploration and discovery.

Fill in the Blank

attitudes

A statement of how the responding variable will change in response to changes in the manipulated variable.

Multiple Choice

A. PredictionB. ObservationC. ValidityD. Reliability

Biology is the study of life.

True or False

True

All organisms store information they need to

live, grow, and reproduce in a genetic code

written in a molecule called ______.

Fill in the Blank

DNA

An experiment in which only one variable is changed.

Multiple Choice

A. Procedure or processB. ProtocolC. Controlled experimentD. Analytic investigation

Homeostasis is a signal to

which a living thing reacts.

True or False

False

A stimulus is a signal to which

a living thing reacts.

The chemical reactions through which a

living thing builds up or breaks down

materials are called_____________.

Fill in the Blank

metabolism

The result or consequence of an action, influence, or casual event.

Multiple Choice

A. EffectB. SelectionC. InferenceD. Cause

Evolutionary change links all forms of

life to a common origin more than 3.5

billion years ago.

True or False

True

All forms of life are connected into a

__________ , which means “living planet.”

Fill in the Blank

biosphere

The factor of a system being investigated that is changed to determine that factor’s relationship to the responding variable.

Multiple Choice

A. PredictionB. Control groupC. Controlled variableD. Manipulated variable

The prefix that means 1000 is milli.

True or False

False

The prefix that means 1000 is kilo.

Most scientists use the ________ system when

gathering data and doing experiments.

Fill in the Blank

metric

Mistakes of perception, measurement, or process during an investigation; an incorrect result or discrepancy.

Multiple Choice

A. CauseB. ObservationC. InferenceD. Error

When scientists explain “why” something

happens, their explanation is about only nature.

Science does not include ethical or moral views.

True or False

True

Sometimes, _______ keeps scientists from

doing certain kinds of experiments, such as

cloning people.

Fill in the Blank

ethics

Observations, measurements, or data collected through established and recognized scientific processes.

Multiple Choice

A. EvidenceB. HypothesesC. TheoriesD. Consequences

Controlled experiments typically involve testing

two or more variables at a time.

True or False

False

Controlled experiments involve testing only

one variable at a time.

In the leaf toughness experiment, the leaf’s

exposure to sunlight was the ____________

variable and how easily the leaf ripped was the

___________ variable .

Fill in the Blank

manipulated

responding

The factor of a system being investigated that changes in response to the manipulated variable and is measured.

Multiple Choice

A. Quantitative dataB. Responding variableC. Controlled variableD. Qualitative data

Placing the rip-o-meter’s binder clip in the same

position on each leaf tested is an example of a

controlled variable.

True or False

True

Comparing the toughness of leaves as a

function of branch position was best graphed

using a ___________________ chart.

Fill in the Blank

Scatter plot

The conditions that are kept the same from trial to trial in a laboratory investigation.

Multiple Choice

A. Controlled variablesB. Responding variableC. Manipulated variableD. Quantitative data

In the leaf toughness lab, a strong correlation was

found between branch position and ease of

ripping.

True or False

False

In the leaf toughness lab, no correlation was found

between branch position and ease of ripping.

In the leaf toughness lab, we can __________ from

the data that our hypothesis, which stated that

older leaves would be tougher to rip than younger

leaves, was not supported by the evidence.

Fill in the Blank

conclude

An investigation under which the conditions for a phenomenon to occur are arranged beforehand by the investigator.

Multiple Choice

A. VariableB. ExperimentC. TrialD. Effect

A strong correlation implies causation.

True or False

False

Remember the example about shoe size and math

ability among children showing a strong correlation, but

certainly no causation.

Draw a scatterplot graph that shows a strong correlation between two variables.

Draw a Graph

The part of a controlled experiment that is treated the same as the experimental set-up except for one manipulated variable.

Multiple Choice

A. Qualitative dataB. ConclusionC. Control groupD. Observations

Records of experimental observations.

Multiple Choice

A. InferencesB. BiasC. Experimental groupD. Data

Draw a scatterplot graph that shows little or no correlation between two variables.

Draw a Graph

Data that consists of numbers that are found by measuring or counting.

Multiple Choice

A. VariablesB. QualitativeC. QuantitativeD. Sources of Error

Data that consists of descriptions because they cannot be counted.

Multiple Choice

A. VariablesB. QualitativeC. QuantitativeD. Measurements

Draw a plot of averages with error bars showing a significant difference between two sets of data.

Draw a Graph

An agent or condition that could cause a change.

Multiple Choice

A. FactorB. ObservationC. EffectD. Hypothesis

An attribute of an investigation that describes the degree of confidence that data collected and logical inferences are accurate representations of the phenomena being investigated.

Multiple Choice

A. TheoryB. ControlC. ValidityD. Hypothesis

Repetitions of data collection procedures in an investigation .

Multiple Choice

A. TrialsB. Quantitative dataC. InferencesD. Experimental group

The attitude in scientific thinking that emphasizes that no fact or principle can be known with complete certainty; the view that all knowledge is uncertain.

Multiple Choice

A. Open-mindednessB. SkepticismC. BiasD. Conclusions

Draw a plot of averages with error bars showing no significant difference between two sets of data.

Draw a Graph

An attribute of any investigation that promotes consistency of results during repeated trials.

Multiple Choice

A. InferencesB. BiasC. VariabilityD. Reliability

Peer reviewers may have biases and be prejudiced

against studies that contradict their own research

or preferred beliefs.

True or False

True

A _____ is a certain preference or point of view that is personal, rather than scientific.

Fill in the Blank

bias

Bias in weight loss advertisement

A rigorous process of evaluation of scientific, academic, or professional work by others working in the same field.

Multiple Choice

A. Peer reviewB. ConclusionsC. Data analysisD. Theories

The metric system is harder to use than the old

Imperial (standard) system, because it is based on

multiples of 10.

True or False

False

The metric system is easier to use than the old

Imperial (standard) system, because it is based on

multiples of 10.

Scientists are __________ and ask questions

about what they observe.

Fill in the Blank

curious

Any changed or changing factor used to test a hypothesis or prediction in and investigation that could affect the results.

Multiple Choice

A. VariableB. Data setC. InferenceD. Hypothesis

Scientists need to think ________ to design

experiments that provide good data.

Fill in the Blank

creatively

A well-tested explanation that accounts for a lot of observations and hypotheses and that lets scientists make good predictions.

Multiple Choice

A. HypothesisB. EvidenceC. TheoryD. Observations

Because technology uses the discovery process

rather than the scientific method, it is not closely

linked to science at all.

True or False

False

Technology and science are closely linked.

Discoveries in science may lead to new

technologies.

Over generations, groups of living things

________ , or change over time.

Fill in the Blank

evolve

A summary of how the results of a scientific investigation support or contradict the original hypothesis. This statement also evaluates the experimental procedure and its effectiveness.

Multiple Choice

A. ConclusionB. TheoryC. ProcedureD. Predictions