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8/10/2019 Chapter 1 Plant Cells
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Plant Anatomy and Physiology(BIO3602)
Dr. Ng Lee Chuen PPSTMTel: 09-668 5050 Email: [email protected]
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Plant Anatomy and Physiology?
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Plant Anatomy
• ANATOMY: study the structure of organisms.
looking at cells, tissues and organs
• Internal structure of plants, especially at themicrosco ic level histolo .
Morphology: Study of the physical form andexternal structure of plants.
• Plant morphology is useful in the visual
identification of plants.
Histology: Study of the microscopic anatomy ofcell and tissue of plants.
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Plant physiology• The study of the plant function and processes occur in
plant.• Plant physiology is a study of the plant way of life,
which include various aspects of the plant lifestyle and, ,
nutrition, development, movement, irritability (responseto the environment), organization, growth, and transportprocesses.
• The study from the moment of conception, zygote, untilthe plant’s death.
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Chapter 1: Introduction to
Plant Cell
Learning goal
• Understand the cells, tissues and organs in plant
in relation to their functions in plant.
Learning outcomes
1. Describe the anatomy of plant in detail.
2. Explain the processes that involve by each cell
structure in plant.
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Plants- What are they?
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Plants• Photosynthetic eukaryotes.
• Is autotrophic.• Existed possibly as long as 1.6 billion years
.
• Is non-motile (grow toward essentialresources eg: light, water and mineralnutrients).
• Include angiosperms (flowering plants),gymnosperms (cone-bearing plants), ferns,
and bryophytes (mosses & liverworts).
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From smallest to largest
plants
Individual plants of Wolffia arrhiza
(atermeal!, 1"2mm #ide
$ymnosperms% the tallest, larges and the
long"lived tress
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verv ew
of PlantStructure
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Plant Cell Animal cell
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contains DNA
storage:
pigments,
acids,
respiration
transport &
modification
cell recognition,
structural support
storage high energy
carbs.
protein synthesis &
transport ofmaterials
photosynthesis
transport
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A
B
CD
!
"
#
$
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Organelles in plant cells
Cell wall
primary cell #all " cellulose, hemicellulose, and pectin.
secondary cell #all " inside primary cell #all, cellulose,
hemicellulose, and lignin (complex alcohol polymer!.
&ell #all is mainly cellulose% beta"1,'"glucopyranoside
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Organelles in plant cellsCell wall
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Cell %all
Organelles in plant cells
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• Cell Wall is a rigid, non-living structurethat surrounds the plant cell.
• It provides physical support for thecell.
• It determines the cell's shape.• It protects the cell from osmotic
expansion.
Cell %all
Organelles in plant cells
• Its most important components arecellulose (very strong), hemicelluloses(link together the cellulose fibers) andpectin (a gelatinous matrix).
• All plant cells have a "primary wall,"some produce a stronger "secondary
wall" as well.
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Cell %allmiddle lamella
Organelles in plant cells
'iddle lamella is an adhesive gelatinous unction bet#een the t#oprimary #alls of t#o plant cells. It is cooperatively secreted by
adoining cells.
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• Small tubes that connect plant
cells to each other, establishingliving bridges between cells.
– Allow certain molecules to pass
directl from one cell to another.
Organelles in plant cells
Cell %all plasmodesma
– These channels, penetrate thecell wall and are lined withplasma membrane, uniting all
connected cells with essentially
one continuous cell membrane.
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Plasma membrane
Organelles in plant cells
)protects the cell
)regulates transport in and out of the cell
)provides anchoring for other cell parts
)allo#s cell recognition
)allo# for signal transfers
)provide a site for binding #ith other cells
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&hloroplast
*esophyll
+ m
Chloroplasts – are the organelles in which photosynthesis
occurs. – absorb light energy and convert it to
chemical energy.
Organelles in plant cells
Chloroplast
-uter
membrane
Intermembrane
space
Innermembrane
hyla/oid
space
hyla/oid
$ranum0troma
1 m
–
grana (stacks of thylakoids)
hyla/oid
◦ he membrane is impregnated #ith
photosynthetic pigments
(chlorophylls,carotenoids!.
◦ &hlorophyll is the green pigment that
captures light for photosynthesis.
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lastids that capture light energy from the sun to ma/e food34
contain chlorophyll
Chloroplast
Organelles in plant cells
•he plamid is a maor
organelle.
•lasmids are the site of
manufacture and storage of
important chemical compoundsused by the cell.
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Leucoplasts
• Colorless plastidsthat store starch oroil
Organelles in plant cells
• Found in tubers(e.g., Irish potatoes),roots, leaves, grains,
fruits, and seeds.
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Chromoplasts
• Plastids that make & store
carotenoid pigments.
• Found in red & yellow
Organelles in plant cells
peppers, oma oes, owerpetals.
• Carotenoid pigments are
not water soluble, but it isfat soluble.
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Organelles in plant cells
Mitochondria
• Power-house of the cell - energyproduction – Cells re uirin lar e amounts of ener have
numerous mitochondria. – Generates ATP from the oxidation of food
molecules.
– Requires oxygen and gives off carbondioxide, called cellular respiration• With oxygen – aerobic
• Without oxygen - anaerobic
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Organelles in plant cells
Nucleus• Usually the most prominent organelle.
• Contains the genetic material of the cell – DNA. – Chromatin is a complex of DNA and protein that
is diffusely distributed in the nucleus.
– DNA can be seen as chromosomes only duringcell division.
• Contains the nucleolus.
– Nucleolar organizing area.
– Contains the RNA molecules and proteinsnecessary for formation of ribosomes.
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Ribosome• Sites of protein
synthesis (translation).• Two subunits; one largeand the other small.
Organelles in plant cells
-organelles.
• Some free, someattached to the
endoplasmid reticulum(ER).
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Vacuoles
Organelles in plant cells
• 80 -90% volume of cell.
• Surrounded by vacuolarmembrane: tonoplast (vacuolar
membrane!
• on a n: norgan c ons, organ cacids, sugars, enzymes andsecondary metabolites.
• Hydrolytic enzymes: protease,
ribonucleases, glycosidases• Specialized protein storing
vacuoles – protein bodies in seeds
• Hydrolytic enzymes stored in lyticvacuoles
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Cytoplasma / cytosol• Extends bet#een cell
membrane, tonoplast and
nuclear membrane• Includes metabolically active
as #ell as inactive particles
Organelles in plant cells
– -rganelles 6 the smallmembrane"boundcomponents of the cell thatallo# it to function
– &ytosol 6 the a8ueous part ofthe cytoplasm outside of theother membrane boundorganelles
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(!) differs from )!) in the follo%ing aspects:
Smooth ER Rough ER
No ribosome, devoid ofpores
Bears ribosomes and pores
Smooth Rou h
Peripheral, may beconnected to plasmamembrane
Internal, may be connectedto nuclear membrane
Synthesis glycogen, lipidsand steroids
Synthesis protein
Has vesicles and tubules Cisternae and a few tubules
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Golgi apparatus• Most abundant in meristematic
and secretory cells.
• Produce materials for export(secretion).
• Polarity-
Organelles in plant cells
trans – exports vesicles).
• Site of processing and packagingcellular components.
• Vesiclesgolgi (cis-side)release processed sortedpackaged re-released (transface).
• Active in synthesizing many cellcomponent (carbohydrate).
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'C)*B*D!(• Microbodies are a diverse group of organelles that are found
in the cytoplasm of almost all cells, roughly spherical, and
bound by a single membrane.• Two main type: peroxisomes and glyoxysomes
• Peroxisomes: found in C3 and CAM lants, sites of
Organelles in plant cells
photorespiration, removal of hydrogen from organicsubstrate, consuming oxygen.
• RH2 + O2 R + H2O2
• Glyoxysomes: present in oil-storing seed
• Glyoxylate cycle enzymes; convert stored fatty acid intosugar
O ll i l ll
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Oleosomes
• Oil accumulate in – oleosomes.
• Also called lipid bodies or spherosomes.
• Surrounded b half-unit membrane:
Organelles in plant cells
phospholipid monolayer.
9ipid bodies stained #ith 0udan. 0ome cells may contain
large amounts of storage lipids in vacuoles large : small.
hese stain red #ith 0udan III.
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The Cytoskeleton
• Elaborate network of filaments that function to
give strength, shape and movement to cells.
• Play fundamental role in:
– mitosis,
– meiosis,
– cytokinesis,
– wall deposition, – maintenance of cell shape and
– cell differentiation
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Microfilaments
• Solid, 7 nm diameter, globular actin or G-
protein.• Compose of single polypeptide ~ 42 000
daltons.
• Consist of two chain polymerized actin subunit – intertwine in a helical fashion.
Intermediate Filaments
• Helically wound fibrous elements, 10 nmdiameter.
• Linear polypeptide monomer various types.
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;unction of
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;unction of
*icrotubules and *icrofilaments
Cytos+eleton fleible tubular scaffold of microfilaments.
• maintains cell shape and pro-ides support.
• anchors organelles & enymes to specific regions of the cell.
• contractility and mo-ement /amoeboid mo-ement0.
• ntracellular transport trac+s for -esicle and organelle mo-ement by.
Cytos+eleton components:
• 'icrofilaments
– solid protein /actin0 %hich is assembled at one end anddisassembled at the other end.
• ntermediate filaments ropeli+e fibrous proteins.
– pro-ide structural reinforcement
– anchor organelles
– +eep nucleus in place
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