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Anatomy (ana-”up” tomos – “cutting”)
- the study of the structure of an organism and the relationship of its parts
Physiology (physis–“nature” logos – “study of”)
-the study of the functions of the body
Studying both the body parts(anatomy) and how they function(physiology) with each other are important when trying to understand the body as a living and integrated whole.
For example; see how the anatomy and physiology of the heart pump your blood to the rest of your body
Although all living things share a common set of characteristics the following are specific to the human body.
However, simply put, all living things are self-organizing and self-maintaining where as non-living things are not.
1. Responsiveness- sensing, monitoring, and responding to changes in environment
2. Conductivity- capacity conduct electricity or heat
3. Growth – increase in size or number of cells
4. Respiration – absorption, utilization, or exchange of gasses (O2 and CO2)
5. Digestion – breaking down complex food into simpler substances that can be utilized by the body
6. Absorption – movement of nutrients to cells
7. Secretion – production and delivery of certain substances like hormones to the rest of the body
8. Excretion – removal of wastes
9. Circulation – movement of body fluids with in the body
10. Reproduction – formation of a new individual or new cells
Smallest to Largest
Atoms Molecules Organelle
Cell Tissue Organ Organ System
Organism
There are 11 main organ systems that make up the human body.
Although we will study each individual system in detail later, it is important to understand they all ultimately work together as the human body.
Integumentary
System
• Main Organ – Skin
• Function- protection, temperature regulation, sensation
Skeletal System
• Organs – Bones/ Ligaments
• Function – support, protection, movement, fat storage, blood production
Muscular System
Organs- Muscles/ Tendons
Function – movement, posture, heat production
Nervous System
Organs – Brain, Spinal cord, Nerves, sensory organs
Function – Control, regulation and coordination of other sensations, memory
Endocrine System
Organs- pituitary gland, adrenals, pancreas, thyroid, other glands
Function- control and regulation of other systems
Cardiovascular
system
Organs – Heart, arteries, veins, capillaries
Function- Exchange and transport of materials
Lymphatic System
Organs- Lymph nodes, lymphatic vessels, spleen, tonsils, thymus
Function- Immunity, fluid balance
Respiratory System
Organs- Lungs, bronchial tree, trachea, larynx, nasal cavity
Function- gas exchange, acid-base balance
Digestive System
Organs - Stomach, small and large intestine, esophagus, liver, mouth, pancreas
Function – Breakdown and absorption of nutrients, elimination of wastes
Urinary System
Organs - Kidneys, ureters, bladder, urethra
Function – Excretion of waste, fluid and electrolyte balance, acid-base balance
Reproductive System
Organs –
Female- Ovaries, fallopian tubes, uterus, vagina, breasts
Males- Testes, vas deferens, prostate, seminal vesicles, penis
Function – reproductions, continuation of genetic information, nurturing of offspring
Anatomical Position
When discussing the body or the relating of one part to another, we always assume to body is in a specific position known as anatomical position
In this position the body is in standing posture, arms to the side, palms turned forward, and both head and feet are pointed forward.
Bilateral symmetry refers to any organism that the right and left sides are mirror images of each other.
An important feature of organisms with bilateral symmetry is balanced proportions
Body Cavities
Ventral – composed of the thoracic cavity and the abdominopelvic cavity
Dorsal- composed of the cranial and spinal cavities
The thoracic cavity or chest cavity houses the following organs
Lungs
Heart
Trachea
Bronchi
Esophagus
Thymus gland
It is separated from the abdominopelivc cavity by the diaphragm
The following organs are contained in the abdominopelvic cavity:
Liver Gallbladder Stomach Pancreas Intestines Spleen Kidneys Ureters Bladder Reproductive organs
BODY REGIONS
The body as a whole can be subdivided into two major portions:
Axial – along the middle (or axis of the body)
Appendicular – arms, legs and appendages
Superior – toward the head “upper” Inferior – toward the feet “lower”
Anterior – Front Posterior – Back
Medial – toward the middle Lateral – toward the side (away from the middle)
Proximal – toward the closest trunk of the body Distal – away from the trunk of the body
Superficial – near the surface Deep – Far from the surface
Body Planes divide the body into sections along an invisible axis called a plane.
The three main planes are:
Sagittal – lengthwise from front to back. Divides body into right and left
Coronal – lengthwise from side to side. Divides front from back
Transverse – crosswise; divides body from upper and lower parts
Homeostasis – homoios – “the same” stasis – “standing”
The relative constancy of the normal body’s internal environment.
It is the maintenance of relative constant internal conditions despite changes in either internal or external environment.
This is the body’s ability to “self-regulate”
Homeostasis is maintained by the body by two main mechanisms; positive and negative feedback
Signals are sent to and from different parts of the body to regulate these system
Afferent signals – are signals traveling toward a particular point of reference
Efferent signals - are signals moving away from a particular point of reference
This is a system that inhibits or opposes a change in homeostasis.
These loops are responsible for stabilization and maintaining a constant internal environment.
They oppose a change (like a drop in external temp.) by creating a response ( producing heat by shivereing)
Does not operate to help maintain homeostasis, can sometimes be harmful to the body.
These loops amplify or reinforce the change that is occurring.
Positive feedback loops stimulate the body to increase the change.
They will continue to accelerate the process until something stops it.
Examples of “good” positive feedback loops are blood clotting, birth of a baby, or an immune response to infection