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CHAPTER 1Introduction to Human Relations
“The rules for work are changing, and we’re all being judged, whether we know it or not, by a new yardstick—not just how smart we are and what technical skills we have, which employers see as givens, but increasingly by
how well we handle ourselves and one another.”
-Daniel Goleman, Author, Working With Emotional Intelligence
© 2011 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
The Nature, Purpose, & Importance of Human Relations
How would you describe the study of human relations?
• Human Relations Defined:The study of why beliefs, attitudes, and behaviors can cause problems in personal and professional relationships
© 2011 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
Human Relations in the Age of Information
• In the Age of Information:– Increased reliance on information technology
often comes at a price - less personal human contact
– Over-emphasis on information causes us to lose sight of nonverbal cues and clues
How do these tendencies affect our abilitiesto interact and relate with others?
© 2011 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
Major Trends Giving New Importance to Human Relations
• Trend: Instability of the labor market due to mergers, closings, bankruptcies, downsizing, and outsourcing
• Trend: “Free Agent Nation” of self-employed, temporary, and part-time workers creates opportunities and challenges
How do these trends affect human relations?
© 2011 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
• Trend: Increasing focus on customer service to clients, patients, and customers
• Trend: Growing epidemic of workplace rudeness, insensitivity, and disrespect
Major Trends Giving New Importance to Human Relations
How do these trends affect human relations?
© 2011 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
• Trend: Increasing use of team organization and worker participation in problem-solving
• Trend: Increasing work force diversity in many dimensions, such as ethnicity, age, physicality, values, expectations, and work habits
Major Trends Giving New Importance to Human Relations
How do these trends affect human relations?
© 2011 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
Human Relations Challenge:Managing Three Relationships
© 2011 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
The Influence of Behavioral Sciences
Psychology Individual
Sociology
Anthropology
• Human Relations not only studies the “whys” of behaviors, but also how that knowledge can be applied in practical ways.
Group dynamic
© 2011 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
WORK LIFE
The “Total Person”
PERSONAL LIFE
Emotional Control
Self-Awareness
Physical Fitness
Self-Esteem
Creativity
Values
© 2011 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
Need for a Supportive Environment
• A supportive environment can lead to:– Greater personal career satisfaction– Greater employee commitment– Increased organizational productivity and
efficiency
• Requires full commitment and support of management
© 2011 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
© 2011 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
Major Forces InfluencingWorker Behavior
Reflect on the organizational culture of your school or
work place.
How does the culture influence the behavior of the
students and faculty or workers?
© 2011 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
Major Forces InfluencingWorker Behavior
Supervisors/Management influence:•Productivity
•Customer relations•Safety
•Loyalty to the organization
Group membership functions by:•Satisfying social needs
•Providing emotional support•Lending help in solving problems
and reaching goals© 2011 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
Major Forces InfluencingWorker Behavior
What kind of job motivates you to work up to your potential,
and with zest?
What drains you?
© 2011 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
Major Forces InfluencingWorker Behavior
Family influences:•Increase in dual-income families•Problems on the job, such as tardiness, often linked to family issues
Personal characteristics:•Behavior often reflects a match between environment and individual’s characteristics
© 2011 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
The Development of the Human Relations Movement
Early attempts to improve productivity:
Focused on plant layout & mechanical process
Concern for things
Later attempts to improve productivity:
Focus on nature of work & workers as complex humans
Concern for people
© 2011 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
• The Impact of The Industrial Revolution– Shift from home-based craftwork to factory
production had profound impact on nature of work and workers’ role
– Little understanding of employee needs and relation to production
– Increased output, but processes still lacking in efficiency and uniformity…until…
Human Relations Movement
© 2011 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
• Taylor’s Scientific Management
– Frederick Taylor redesigned jobs to increase efficiency
– Productivity increased but required little thinking by worker
Human Relations Movement
© 2011 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
• Mayo’s Hawthorne Studies– Original Intentions: To study effects of
illumination and ventilation on worker fatigue– Fortuitous Discoveries:
• Workers increased performance when they felt important and had greater freedom from supervisory control
• Interaction among workers created an “informal organization”
Human Relations Movement
© 2011 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
• From the Great Depression to New Millennium
• During Great Depression– Interest in human relations research waned as
other concerns gained momentum
• During postwar economic expansion– Interest in human relations field increased – Important theories emerge (McGregor,
Maslow, Herzberg, et. al.)
Human Relations Movement
© 2011 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
Themes concern two goals: 1) Personal growth and development2) Achievement of organizational objectives
© 2011 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
