CHAPTER 1CHAPTER 1INTRODUCTION TO INTRODUCTION TO

BIOLOGY BIOLOGY

BIO LOGY

GREEK

bios (LIFE)

logos(STUDY)

WHAT IS BIOLOGY ?WHAT IS BIOLOGY ?The study of life or living thingsThe study of life or living thingsLiving things = organismsLiving things = organismsTells us about the structure and function & Tells us about the structure and function &

the interaction between the organisms and the interaction between the organisms and enviroment.enviroment.

IMPORTANT OF BIOLOGY IMPORTANT OF BIOLOGY

Managing the enviroment

Food technology Biotechnology

Diseases

Agriculture

BIOLOGY

PHYSIOLOGY

TAXONOMY

MEDICINE

BOTANY BIOCHEMISTRY

BIOTECHNOLOGY

GENETICS ANATOMY

FIELDS OF STUDY IN BIOLOGYFIELDS OF STUDY IN BIOLOGY

ZOOLOGY

ECOLOGY

MICROBIOLOGY

THE STUDY OF BIOLOGYTHE STUDY OF BIOLOGY

Virology Bacteriology

Mycology Botany Zoology Anatomy Histology

Biochemistry Genetics

Ecology Microbiology

Physiology

Biological Fields Aspects of the studyCell Biology

Genetics Environmental study Biochemicals

Plants Animals Tissues

Structure of organisms Microorganism

Virus Bacteria

Fungi

JOB OR CAREERS ?? JOB OR CAREERS ??

• Doctor• Nurses • Dentist • Forensic scientist • Nutritionist• Biomedical scientist• Pharmacists • Physiotherapists

SCIENTIFIC INVESTIGATIONSCIENTIFIC INVESTIGATION

SCIENTIFIC SKILLS SCIENTIFIC SKILLS Divided into 2 component: Divided into 2 component: Science process skillsScience process skills

Critical, analytical, creative thinking.Critical, analytical, creative thinking.Formulate questions and find out the answers Formulate questions and find out the answers

Manipulative skillsManipulative skillsPsychomotor skillsPsychomotor skills

SCIENTIFIC SKILLSSCIENTIFIC SKILLSScience Process Skills

Observing

Classifying

Measuring and using numbers

Making inferens

Predicting

Using space-time relationship

Interpreting data

Defining operationally

Controlling variables

Communicating

Making hypothesis

Experimenting

The Manipulative Skills

a. Using and handling science apparatus and substances correctly

b. Keeping science apparatus and substances correctly and safely

c. Cleaning science apparatus in the correct way

d. Handling science specimens correctly and carefully

e. Drawing specimens, science substances and science apparatus correctly.

SCIENCE PROCESS SKILLSSCIENCE PROCESS SKILLSWhat are the skills involved?

-Observing

-Controlling variables

-Making hypothesis

-Making prediction

-Experimenting

-Manipulative skills

OBSERVATION, MAKING HYPOTHESIS AND PREDICTINGOBSERVATION, MAKING HYPOTHESIS AND PREDICTING

SCIENTIFIC METHODSCIENTIFIC METHOD

SCIENTIFIC METHODSSCIENTIFIC METHODS Diagram shows a flow chart of a scientific method.

SCIENTIFIC METHODSSCIENTIFIC METHODS

EXPERIMENTINGEXPERIMENTING

Preparing tissue culture of a plant

SCIENTIFIC METHODSSCIENTIFIC METHODS

Identifying the problems by observing or explaining the phenomenon

Identifying and controlling the variables that affect the study or the observations

Formulating the hypothesis in order to predict the phenomenon observed

Planning the investiga-tion to test the hypothesis

Carry out the investigation that had been planned. The following steps are suggested to follow: (a) Collecting data (b) Analyse the data (c) Interpreting the data (d) Making conclusion

Writing a report

SCIENTIFIC INVESTIGATIONSCIENTIFIC INVESTIGATION

MAKING HYPOTHESIS

THE VARIABLES IN A SCIENTIFIC INVESTIGATIONTHE VARIABLES IN A SCIENTIFIC INVESTIGATION

VARIABLESManipulated variable

Responding variable

Constant variable

All the other factors that can affect the result of the experiment , which is controlled or fixed throughout the experiment.

The factor that changes in respons to the changes in the manipulated variable

The factor which is under study and varied throughout the

experiment in order to observe the corresponding changes in

the responding variable.

pH, enzyme concentration and substrate concentration is controlled or kept constant.

Constant or fixed variable

A factor which is kept constant / fixed or controlled throughout the experiment or investigation. In an experiment to investigate the proces of respiration in animal for example, the factors (fixed variables) that are controlled are temperature and atmospheric presure. The manipulated variable

It is a factor which is changed or manipulated in the experiment in order to test the hypothesis. This factor may be expected as the source or the factor under study for a certain phenomenon.The responding variable

It is the factor that changes whenever the manipulated variable changes.

Optimum temperature

The effect of temperature on enzyme activity

Temperature/0C

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PLANNING INVESTIGATIONPLANNING INVESTIGATION

CONDUCTING EXPERIMENTCONDUCTING EXPERIMENT

COLLECTING DATACOLLECTING DATA

RECORDING DATARECORDING DATA

RECORDING DATARECORDING DATA

RECORDING DATARECORDING DATA

WRITING A SCIENCE REPORTWRITING A SCIENCE REPORT

Light MicroscopeLight Microscope

IDENTIFYING THE PROBLEM

FORMING A HYPHOTHEIS

PLANNING THE EXPERIMENT

IDENTIFYING & CONTROLLING VARIABLES

CONDUCTING THE EXPERIMENT

COLLECTING DATA

ANALYSING DATA

INTERPRETING DATA

DRAWING CONCLUSION

WRITING A REPORT Pg 10

SCIENTIFIC ATTITUDES AND SCIENTIFIC ATTITUDES AND NOBLE VALUESNOBLE VALUES

THE END

1.Having an interest and curiosity in recording the environment.

2.Being honest and accurate in recording and validating data.

3.Critical and analytical thinking skills.4.Objective and rational.5.Responsibility and accountability 6.Being confident and independent.7.Daring to try.