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1-1 Chapter 1 - Introduction
Computer Architecture and Organization by M. Murdocca and V. Heuring © 2007 M. Murdocca and V. Heuring
Computer Architecture andOrganization
Miles Murdocca and Vincent Heuring
Chapter 1 – Introduction
1-2 Chapter 1 - Introduction
Computer Architecture and Organization by M. Murdocca and V. Heuring © 2007 M. Murdocca and V. Heuring
Chapter Contents1.1 A Brief History of Computing1.2 The Von Neumann Model1.3 The System Bus Model1.4 Levels of Machines1.5 A Typical Computer System1.7 Organization of the Book1.8 Case Study: What Happened to Supercomputers?
1-3 Chapter 1 - Introduction
Computer Architecture and Organization by M. Murdocca and V. Heuring © 2007 M. Murdocca and V. Heuring
Some Definitions
• Computer architecture deals with the functional behavior of acomputer system as viewed by a programmer (like the size ofa data type – 32 bits to an integer).
• Computer organization deals with structural relationships thatare not visible to the programmer (like clock frequency or thesize of the physical memory).
• There is a concept of levels in computer architecture. Thebasic idea is that there are many levels at which a computercan be considered, from the highest level, where the user isrunning programs, to the lowest level, consisting oftransistors and wires.
1-4 Chapter 1 - Introduction
Computer Architecture and Organization by M. Murdocca and V. Heuring © 2007 M. Murdocca and V. Heuring
Wolf Radius Bone• Wolf radius bone ca. 25,000–30,000 B.C. showing 55 cuts in
groups of five, suggesting a rudimentary form of multiplicationor division.
(Source: Illustrated London News, October 2, 1937.)
1-5 Chapter 1 - Introduction
Computer Architecture and Organization by M. Murdocca and V. Heuring © 2007 M. Murdocca and V. Heuring
Tally Sticks• Original wooden tally
sticks fromWestminster, England,ca. 1250–1275 A.D.
(© SSPL/TheImageWorks.)
1-6 Chapter 1 - Introduction
Computer Architecture and Organization by M. Murdocca and V. Heuring © 2007 M. Murdocca and V. Heuring
Chinese Abacus• Representation of 39,017 on a Chinese abacus.
1-7 Chapter 1 - Introduction
Computer Architecture and Organization by M. Murdocca and V. Heuring © 2007 M. Murdocca and V. Heuring
Cylinder Music Box• Victorian Swiss cylinder music box, dated 1862.
(Source: http://www.liveauctioneers.com/auctions/ebay/497199.html.)
1-8 Chapter 1 - Introduction
Computer Architecture and Organization by M. Murdocca and V. Heuring © 2007 M. Murdocca and V. Heuring
Pascal’s Calculating Machine• Performs basic arithmetic operations (early to mid 1600’s). Does
not have what may be considered the basic parts of a computer.
(Source: IBMArchivesphotograph.)
1-9 Chapter 1 - Introduction
Computer Architecture and Organization by M. Murdocca and V. Heuring © 2007 M. Murdocca and V. Heuring
Babbage’s Difference Engine #1• Working portion of Babbage’s Difference Engine No. 1, which is
the first known automatic calculator.
(© SSPL/The ImageWorks.)
1-10 Chapter 1 - Introduction
Computer Architecture and Organization by M. Murdocca and V. Heuring © 2007 M. Murdocca and V. Heuring
The Jacquard Pattern Weaving Loom
• The Jacquard patternweaving loom (ca.1804).
(Source: The DeutschesMuseum.)
1-11 Chapter 1 - Introduction
Computer Architecture and Organization by M. Murdocca and V. Heuring © 2007 M. Murdocca and V. Heuring
Enigma• Siemens Halkse T-52 Sturgeon (Enigma) cipher machine.
(Photo and copy courtesy John Alexander, G7GCK Leicester, England.)
1-12 Chapter 1 - Introduction
Computer Architecture and Organization by M. Murdocca and V. Heuring © 2007 M. Murdocca and V. Heuring
Colossus• The Colossus (ca. 1944).
(Source: http://www.turing.org.uk/turing/scrapbook/electronic.html.)
1-13 Chapter 1 - Introduction
Computer Architecture and Organization by M. Murdocca and V. Heuring © 2007 M. Murdocca and V. Heuring
The ENIAC
(Time & Life Pictures/Getty Images.)
1-14 Chapter 1 - Introduction
Computer Architecture and Organization by M. Murdocca and V. Heuring © 2007 M. Murdocca and V. Heuring
Moore’s Law• Computing power doubles every 18 months, for the same price.
1-15 Chapter 1 - Introduction
Computer Architecture and Organization by M. Murdocca and V. Heuring © 2007 M. Murdocca and V. Heuring
UltraSPARC IV+ Layout• Die photo of UltraSPARC IV+, 295 million transistors, 19.7 mm ×
17.0 mm.
(Source: “Best Servers of 2004”, Kevin Krewell, 1/18/05, Microprocessor,www.MPRonline.com, Reed Electronics Group, ref: h10018.www1.hp.com/.)
1-16 Chapter 1 - Introduction
Computer Architecture and Organization by M. Murdocca and V. Heuring © 2007 M. Murdocca and V. Heuring
The von Neumann Model• The von Neumann model consists of five major components:
(1) input unit; (2) output unit; (3) arithmetic logic unit; (4)memory unit; (5) control unit.
1-17 Chapter 1 - Introduction
Computer Architecture and Organization by M. Murdocca and V. Heuring © 2007 M. Murdocca and V. Heuring
The System Bus Model• A refinement of the von Neumann model, the system bus model
has a CPU (ALU and control), memory, and an input/output unit.
• Communication among components is handled by a sharedpathway called the system bus, which is made up of the databus, the address bus, and the control bus. There is also a powerbus, and some architectures may also have a separate I/O bus.
1-18 Chapter 1 - Introduction
Computer Architecture and Organization by M. Murdocca and V. Heuring © 2007 M. Murdocca and V. Heuring
Levels of Machines• There are a number of levels in a computer, from the user leveldown to the transistor level.
• Progressing from the top level downward, the levels become lessabstract as more of the internal structure of the computer becomesvisible.
1-19 Chapter 1 - Introduction
Computer Architecture and Organization by M. Murdocca and V. Heuring © 2007 M. Murdocca and V. Heuring
A TypicalComputer
System
(Computer case source http://www.baber.com/cases/mpe_md14_silver.htm.Motherboard source ftp://ftp.tyan.com/img_mobo/i_s2895.tif)
1-20 Chapter 1 - Introduction
Computer Architecture and Organization by M. Murdocca and V. Heuring © 2007 M. Murdocca and V. Heuring
The Motherboard
Source: Courtesy Tyan Computer Corp. (USA).
• An AMD Opteron 200 based motherboard.
1-21 Chapter 1 - Introduction
Computer Architecture and Organization by M. Murdocca and V. Heuring © 2007 M. Murdocca and V. Heuring
End-to-End Network
Source: MSGScott Bramwell.
• End-to-end communication over a network. Highlighted architecturalcomponents include computers, hubs, switches, routers, firewalls,multiplexers, andphone switches.
1-22 Chapter 1 - Introduction
Computer Architecture and Organization by M. Murdocca and V. Heuring © 2007 M. Murdocca and V. Heuring
Manchester University Mark 1 / Baby• The Manchester University Mark 1, showing the Manchester Baby
portion which was made operational on 21 June 1948.
(Source: The University of Manchester, www.computer50.org/mark1/ip-mm1.mark1.html)
1-23 Chapter 1 - Introduction
Computer Architecture and Organization by M. Murdocca and V. Heuring © 2007 M. Murdocca and V. Heuring
Moore’s Law Restated
• Computing power doubles every 18 months for the sameprice.
• Project planning needs to take this observation seriously:an architectural innovation that is being developed for aprojected benefit that quadruples performance in threeyears may no longer be relevant: the architectures thatexist by then may already offer quadrupled performanceand may look entirely different from what the innovationneeds to be effective.