Chapter- 1 INTRODUCTION. - Darshan Institute of ... Paper Analysis. Elements of Mechanical Engineering (2 110006) Department of Mechanical Engineering Darshan Institute of Engineering

GTU Paper Analysis.

Elements of Mechanical Engineering (2110006)Department of Mechanical EngineeringDarshan Institute of Engineering & Technology

Chapter- 1 INTRODUCTION.

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Theory

1.Define the following terms:(i) Prime mover(ii) Specific heat(iii) Internal energy

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2 Give the statements of zeroth law, first law and second law ofthermodynamics.

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3. State and explain first law of thermodynamics. 04 03

4. Classify thermodynamic system and give example of each. 03

5. Define Pressure and explain Absolute Pressure, Guage Pressure andAtmospheric pressure.

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6.Define following terms(i) Absolute pressure and Atmospheric pressure(ii) Enthalpy and Energy

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7. Explain Specific heat. Give Statements of Zeroth Law and First law ofthermodynamics.

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Chapter- 2 Energy.

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Theory1. What are Bio-fuels? Describe them in details. 042 State the advantages of gaseous fuels over solid and liquid fuels. 043. What do you mean by non-conventional energy sources? How does itdiffer from conventional sources?

034. Write advantages of gaseous fuels over other fuels. Write short note onLPG.

065. What are LPG and CNG? 046. Write a short-note on bio-fuels. 047. Write a short note on solar energy? 038. Write a short note on Global Warming? 03

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Chapter- 3 Properties of Gas

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Theory1. What is isothermal process? Derive an expression for the work doneduring the isothermal process.

052 For adiabatic process derive PVɤ= constant 043. Write similarities between heat transfer and work transfer. 044. What is flow and non-flow process? 035. What is adiabatic process? Prove with usual notations the law ofgoverning adiabatic process process as PVγ = Constant.

076. What are basic gas processes? How are they shown graphically onp-v diagram?

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7. Explain Isothermal Process. For Isothermal process. Find expression ofwork done,Change in Internal Energy, Change in Enthalpy and Heattransfer.

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8. Derive Expression PV/T=constant with the help of Boyle’s law andCharle’s law.

05 049. (I) state & Explain Charles’s law.(II) Prove the equation of work done for Isothermal process.

0710. Derive Cp-Cv=R, with usual notations. 04

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Examples

1. Determine the work done in compressing one kg of air from a volume of0.15m3 at a pressure of 1.0 bar to a volume of 0.05 m3 when thecompression is (i) isothermal and (ii)adiabatic, Take Ƴ=1.4Also, comment on your answer.

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2. An ideal gas is heated from 25 0C to 145 0C. The mass of gas is 2 kg.Determine (i) Specific heats (ii) change in internal energy, (iii) change inenthalpy. Assume R = 267 J/Kg K and γ =1.4 for the gas.

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3. One kg of gas is compressed polytropically from 150 KPa pressure and290 K temperature to 750 KPa. The compression is according to law PV1.3

= constant. Find : (a) final temperature (b) work-done (c) change ininternal energy (d) amount of heat transfer and (e) change in enthalpy.Take R = 0.287 KJ/kgK and Cp = 1.001 KJ/kgK.

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4. Dry saturated steam at 7 bar pressure is expanded to 1 bar following thelaw PV1.1=constant. Determine (i) work-done (ii) change in internalenergy (iii) heat transferred during the process.

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5. 0.67 kg of gas at 14 bar and 290 0C is expanded to four times the originalvolum according to the law PV1.3 = Constant.Caluculate : (1) The original and final volume of the gas.(2) The final temperature of the gas .(3) The final pressure of the gas. Take R = 287 J/kgK.

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6.In an ideal constant volume cycle the pressure and temperature at thebeginning of the comperession are 97 kPa and 50 0C respectively. Thevolume ratio is 5. The heat supplied during the cycle is 930 kj/kg ofworking fluid.Calculate : (1) The maximum temperature attained in the cycle.(2) The thermal efficiency of the cycle.(3) Work done during the cycle/kg of working fluid.

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7. 0.3m3 of air of mass 1 kg at an initial pressure of 5.5 bar expands to 07

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a final volume of 0.5m3 If the expansion is according to the lawPV1.3= C, Find the work done, the change in internal energy and heatreceived or rejected during the process. Take Cv = 0.708 kJ/kg K and R =0.287 kJ/kg K for air.

8. Calculate the heat required to form 2.5 kg dry steam at 1.1 MPa fromwater at20 0C. Determine the amount of heat removed at constant pressure tocause the steam to become 0.95 dry. Calculate the specific volume atrespective condition.

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9. A steel cylinder contains O2 at pressure of 25 bar and temperature of 270C, After using some quantity of the gas the pressure was found to be 5bar and temperature of 200C. 700 liters of O2 was originally put in thecylinder at NTP Density of O2 at NTP is 1.43 gm/liter. Find the mass of O2

used.

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10. Air enters a compressor at 0.2 Mpa and 300C having a volume of2 m3/kg is compressed to 1 Mpa isothermally. Calculate (i) work down (ii)change in I.E. (iii) Heat transferred

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11. 1 kg of air at 9 bar pressure and 80 0C temperature undergoes a non-flowwork polytropic process. The law of expansion is PV1.1 = C. The pressurefalls to 1.4 bar during process. Calculate (1) Final temperature (2) Workdone (3) Change in internal energy (4) Heat exchange. Take R=287 J/kgand γ = 1.4 for air.

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12.One kg of gas is compressed polytropically from 160 kpa pressure and280 K temperature to 760 KPa. The compression is according to lawPV1.3= Constant. Find: (1) Final Temperature (2) work done (3) change ininternal energy (4) amount of heat transfer and (5) change in enthalpy.Take R=0.287 KJ/KgK and Cp= 1.002 KJ/KgK.

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13. Determine the work done in compressing one kg of air from a volume of0.15m3 at a pressure of 1 bar to a volume of 0.05 m3, when thecompression is 1) adiabatic 2) isothermal. Take Ƴ = 1.4. Give your

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comments.

14. What amount of heat is required to produce 5 kg of steam at a pressureof 5 bar and temperature of 250°C from water at 30°C, take Cps=2.1kJ/kg K

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15. One cubic meter of air at pressure of 1.5 bar and 80 0C is compressed tofinal pressure 8 bar and volume 0.28 m3. Determine (i) mass of air (ii)index of ‘n’ compression (iii) change in internal energy (iv) Heat transferduring compression. Take γ = 1.4 and R= 287 J/kgK.

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Chapter- 4 Properties of Steam

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Theory

1. Define the following terms:(i) Dryness fraction of steam(ii) Degree of superheat

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2. What is dryness fraction? Explain throttling calorimeter. 033. Define : Latent Heat , Degree of superheat , Enthalpy of evaporation 034. Define : (i) Sensible heat (ii) Enthalpy of evaporation(iii) Heat of superheat (iv) Dryness Faction.

045. Define the following terms:(a)Wet steam (b) Degree of superheat (c ) Saturation temperature

036. What do you mean by Dryness fraction? Describe Combinedcalorimeter with a neat sketch.

077. Define : (i) Sensible heat (ii) Latent heat(iii)Dryness fraction (iv) Enthalpy of evaporation.

048. Explain Separating Calorimeter with neat sketch with it’s limitation 05 079. Explain Barrel calorimeter with neat sketch. 0410. List methods of measuring dryness fraction. Explain any one of them. 0711. Explain water Temperature- Enthalpy Diagram for water. 07

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Examples

1.

Determine the enthalpy and internal energy of 1 Kg of steam at apressure 10 bar(abs.), (i)when the dryness fraction of the steam is 0.85(ii) when the steam is dry and saturated (iii) when the steam issuperheated to 300 0C. Neglect the volume of water and take the specificheat of superheated steam as 2.1 KJ/KgK.

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2.

Determine dryness fraction of steam supplied to a separating andthrottling calorimeter.Water separated in separating calorimeter = 0.45 kgSteam discharge from throttling calorimeter = 7 kgSteam pressure in main pipe = 1.2 MPaBarometer reading = 760 mm of HgManometer reading = 180 mm of HgTemperature of steam after throttling = 140 0CTake Cps = 2.1 kJ/kg K.

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3.Calculate the enthalpy per kg of steam at 10 bar pressure and atemperature of 300 0C. Find also the change in enthalpy if this steam isexpanded to 1.4 bar and dryness fraction of 0.8. Take specific heat ofsuperheat steam equal to 2.29 kj/kgK.

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4.How much heat is needed to convert 4 kg of water at 20 0C into steam at8 bar and 200 0C. Take Cp of superheated steam as 2.1 kJ/kgK andspecific heat of water as 4.187 kJ/kg K.

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5.Find internal energy of 1 kg of steam at a pressure of 15 bar when(i) The steam is superheated with temperature of 400 0C.(ii) The steam is wet with dryness fraction =0.9Take Cps=2.1 kJ/kg K

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6.How much heat is to be added to convert 4 kg of water at 20 0C in tosteam at 8 bar and 200 0C. Take Cp of superheated steam as 2.1 KJ/kgand specific heat of water as 4.187 KJ/kg K.

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7.Calculate the internal energy per kg of superheated steam at 10 bar anda temperature of 300 0C. Find also change in internal energy if this steamis expanded to 1.4 bar and dryness fraction 0.8.

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8.1.5 kg of steam at a pressure of 10 bar and temperature of 250 0C isexpanded until the pressure becomes 2.8 bar. The dryness fraction ofsteam is then 0.9. Calculate change in internal energy.

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9.Determine the quality of steam for the following cases:(i) P= 10 bar, v = 0.180 m3/kg(ii) P= 10 bar, t = 200oC(iii) P=25 bar , h = 2750 kJ/kg

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Chapter- 5 Heat Engine

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Theory1. ‘For the same compression ratio the air standard efficiency of Otto cycleis greater than that of Diesel cycle.’ Justify the statement.

022 Draw P-V diagram for an ideal Diesel cycle and Derive an expression forits air standard efficiency in terms of temperatures only.

05 073. Derive thermal efficiency formulae for Rankine cycle. 044. Define heat engine. What are the essential requirements of heat engine? 035. Prove that the efficiency of Otto cycle is a function of compression ratioonly.

04 036. Prove that the efficiency of Carnot cycle operating betweentemperatures T1 and T2 = (T1 - T2) / T1.

037. Derive equation for air standard efficiency of otto cycle. 04 078. Explain Carnot cycle and derive expression for the efficiency of theCarnot cycle.

07 059. Compare Rankine cycle with Carnot cycle. 0310. Discuss Rankine cycle in detail with flow diagram and P-V diagram 07

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Examples

1.Determine the compression ratio, the cycle efficiency, and the ratio ofmaximum to minimum pressure in an air standard Otto cycle fromfollowing data : Minimum temperature = 25 0C Maximum temperature =1500 0C Heat supplied per kg of air = 900 kJ Take Cv = 0.718 kJ/kg K & Ƴ =1.4

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2. Air at 150 C and 1 bar is compressed adiabatically to 15 bar by an engineworking on Otto cycle. The maximum pressure of the cycle is 40 bar.Calculate (a) air standard efficiency and (b) mean effective pressure.Take Cv = 0.718 kJ/kgK and R = 8.314 kJ/Kmol K

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3. In air standard Otto cycle the maximum and minimum temperaturesare 1673 K and 288 K. The heat supplied per kg of air is 800 kJ.Calculate : (1) the compression ratio (2) Efficiency(3) Maximum and minimum pressures.Take Cv = 0.718 kJ/kg K and Ƴ= 1.4

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4. An Otto cycle having compression ratio 8 has pressure and temperatureat the beginning of compression are 1 bar and 270C respectively. If heattransfer per cycle is 1900KJ/Kg, find pressure and temperature at the endof each process. Take CV=0.718 KJ/Kg-K.

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5. In an ideal Diesel cycle the temperature at the beginning and at the endof compression are 570C and 6030C. The temperature at the beginningand at the end of expansion are 19500C and 8700C.Find the idealefficiency of the cycle. If the pressure is 1 bar find the maximum pressurein the cycle.

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6. In an engine working on Otto cycle, air has a pressure of 1 bar andtemperature 30 0C at the entry. Air is compressed with a compressionratio of 6. The heat is added at constant volume until the temperature

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rises to 1500 0C. Determine (i) air standard efficiency (ii) pressure andtemperature at the end of compression (iii) heat supplied. Take Cv =0.718 kJ/Kg K, R = 0.287 kJ/Kg K.

7.An engine operates on the air standard diesel cycle. The conditions at thestart of the compression stroke are 353 K and 100 kPa , while at the endof compression stroke the pressure is 4 MPa. The energy absorbed is 700kJ/kg of air. Calculate (1) the compression ratio (2) the cut-off ratio (3)the work done per kg air (4) the thermal efficiency.

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8. In an Otto cycle the compression ratio is 10. The temperature at thebeginning of compression and at the end of heat supply is 300 K and1600 K respectively. Assume, γ = 1.4 and Cv= 0.717 KJ/KgK.Find: (i) Heat supplied (ii) Efficiency of the cycle.

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An engine working on ideal Otto cycle has a clearance volume of 0.03m3

and swept volume of 0.12m3. The temperature and pressure at thebeginning of compression are 100°C and 1 bar respectively. If thepressure at the end of heat addition is 25 bar, calculate i) ideal efficiencyof the cycle. ii) Temperature at key points of the cycle. Take Ƴ = 1.4 forair.

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Chapter- 6 Steam Boiler

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Theory1. State the advantages of high pressure boilers. 032 Explain with neat sketch the construction and working of Babcock andWilcox boiler.

073. Differentiate between (i) natural circulation and forced circulation inboiler (ii) internally and externally fired boilers

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4. Explain very briefly the function of following mountings :(i) Steam stop valve (ii) Feed check valve (iii) Blow-off cock (iv) Waterlevel indicator (v) Pressure gauge (vi) Safety valve.

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5. Write short note on(i) Vane pump(ii) Babcock and Wilcox boiler

066. Explain with neat sketch Bourdon tube type pressure gauge. 04

7. State the function of the following :(1) Pressure gauge(2) Fusible plug(3) superheater

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8. With neat sketch describe the construction and working of Cochranboiler.

079. What is boiler? Compare fire tube boiler with water tube boiler. 03

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10. Explain construction and working of Lancashire boiler. 0711. List out Boiler mountings. 0312. Explain fusible plug with neat sketch. 04 0413. What is the main difference between water tube and fire tube boiler?Explain any one water tube boiler with neat sketch.

0714. Explain construction and working of Locomotive boiler with neat sketch 0715. State the function of the following(1) Fusible plug. (2) Economizer (3) Safety valve

0316. Explain with a neat sketch the babcock and Wilcox water tube boiler.Show path of the gases and water in it.

05 0717. Draw a neat sketch of cochran boiler with all labels 0418. Explain Cochran boiler with neat sketch & give its advantages anddisadvantages.

07 0719. Show the function and location of the following in the boiler plant:(i) Economizer (ii) Steam stop valve (iii) Fusible plug.

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Chapter- 7 Internal Combustion Engine

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Theory1. Explain with a sketch the working of a four stroke Petrol engine. 052 Why Diesel engines are called C.I. engines? Differentiate between S.I.and C.I. engine.

043. Differentiate Petrol engine and Diesel engine. 04 044. Define : Cut off ratio , Swept volume , Boiler efficiency. 035. With neat sketch describe the working of two stroke cycle petrol engine. 046. Give difference between Two stroke and Four stroke I.C. Engine 03 03 047. Explain working of Four stroke petrol engine with neat diagram 07 078. Explain four stroke Diesel Engine with neat sketch. 05 05 059. Differentiate between C.I and S.I. engine. 0410. Explain with the help of neat sketches, the working of two stroke petrolengine.

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Examples

1.The following results refer to a test on C.I. engineIndicated power ------------------------ 37 KWFrictional power ------------------------- 06 KWBrake specific fuel consumption-------- 0.28 Kg/KwhCalorific value of fuel -------------------- 44300 KJ/KgCalculate:(i) Mechanical efficiency(ii) Brake thermal efficiency(iii) Indicated thermal efficiency

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2. An engine operating on the ideal Diesel cycle has a maximum pressure of4 bar and a maximum temperature of 1600 0C.The pressure andtemperature of air at the beginning of the compression stroke are 1 barand 27 0C respectively.Find the air standard efficiency of the cycle. For air take Ƴ=1.4

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3.The following reading were taken during the test of four stroke singlecylinder petrol engine : Load on the brake drum = 50 kg Diameter ofbrake drum = 1250 mm Spring balance reading = 7 kg Engine speed = 450rpm Fuel consumption = 4 kg/hr Calorific value of the fuel = 43000 kJ/kgCalculate: (i) indicated thermal efficiency (ii) brake thermal efficiency.Assume mechanical efficiency as 70%

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4. A 4 cylinder 2-stroke engine develops 30 kW at 2500 rpm. The meaneffective pressure of each cylinder is 800 kPa and mechanical efficiency =80 %. Calculate Brake power and mass flow rate of fuel if L/D = 1.5, Brakethermal efficiency = 28% and calorific value of fuel = 44000 kJ/kg

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5. A two stroke cycle internal combustion engine has a piston diameterof 110 mm and a stroke length of 140 mm. The mep exerted on thehead of the piston is 600 kN/m2. If it runs at a speed of 1000 r.p.m.Find the indicated power developed.

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6. The following data is available for 2-stroke diesel engine: Bore=10 cm,stroke=15 cm, engine speed=1000 RPM, Torque developed=58 N-m,ηm=80%, indicated thermal efficiency=40%, Calorific value of fuel=44000KJ/Kg. Find: (a) Indicated Power,(b) Mean effective Pressure & (c) BrakeSpecific Fuel Consumption.

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7. A four cylinder four stroke petrol engine has 100mm bore and stroke is1.3 times bore. It consumes 4 kg of fuel per hour having calorific value of40500 kJ/kg. If engine speed is 850 rpm. Find its Indicated thermalefficiency. The mean effective pressure is 0.75 N/mm2

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8.A four cylinder two stroke petrol engine with stroke to bore ratio 1.2develops 35 kW brake power at 2200 rpm. The mean effective pressurein each cylinder is 9 bar and mechanical efficiency is 78 %. Determine (1)Diameter and stroke of each cylinder (2) Brake thermal efficiency (3)indicated thermal efficiency. If fuel consumption 8 kg / hr havingC.V=43000 kJ/kg.

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9.During testing of single cylinder two stroke petrol engine, following datais obtained: Brake torque 640 Nm, cylinder diameter 21 cm, Speed 350rpm, stroke 28 cm, mean effective pressure 5.6 bar, oil consumption 8.16kg/hr, C.V = 42705 kJ/kg. Find, i) Mechanical Efficiency, ii) Indicatedthermal efficiency iii) brake thermal efficiency iv) brake specific fuelconsumption.

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10.The following data refers to a single cylinder 4 strokes petrol engine.Cylinder diameter = 30 cm, piston stroke = 40 cm, engine speed= 1400r.p.m, indicated mean effective pressure = 5 bar, fuel consumption=17.568 kg per hour, calorific value of the fuel is 45000 kJ/Kg; specificgravity of the fuel is 0.8. Determine the indicated thermal efficiency.

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Elements of Mechanical Engineering (2110006)Department of Mechanical EngineeringDarshan Institute of Engineering & Technology, Rajkot

Chapter-8 Pumps

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Theory

1. Classify the rotary pumps and describe with neat sketch working of arotary gear pump.

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2. What is priming? Why priming is required in centrifugal pump but not inreciprocating pumps?

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3. Write a short note on Vane pump. 03

4. Classify centrifugal pumps. With neat sketch explain the function of eachpart of centrifugal pump.

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5. Classify the centrifugal pump and explain with neat sketch the vertex typecentrifugal Pump.

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6. Explain Double acting reciprocating pump with a neat sketch. 04

7. What do you understand by word pump? Draw neat sketch of single actingreciprocating pump with nomenclature.

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8. Explain working of main parts of centrifugal pump with neat sketch. 05

9.What is the function of pump? Classify the pumps. Explain with sketch theworking of single acting piston pump. 05

10.What do you mean by priming of centrifugal pump? Explain single actingreciprocating pump. 07

11. Explain working of a centrifugal pump. 03



Chapter-8 Air Compressor

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1. State the advantages of multistage compressor and explain with P-Vdiagram the working of two stage compressor.

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2. Classify rotary air compressors. Explain the construction and working ofcentrifugal compressor with neat sketch.

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3. Classify the air compressor. Differentiate between reciprocatingcompressor and rotary compressor.

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4. Briefly Classify air compressors. Write the uses of compressed air. 03

5.What are the applications of compressor? Derive an expression of workdone for single stage single acting reciprocating air compressor withoutclearance.

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6. Explain difference between Reciprocating and Rotodynamic compressor. 05

7. What is compressor? Give uses of compressed air. 04

8. Classify Air Compressors. Give the uses or application of compressed air. 07



Chapter-10 Refrigeration and Air conditioning

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Theory

1. Define air conditioning and classify the air conditioning systems 03

2. Describe with neat sketch vapor compression refrigerating system. 05

3. Explain with flow diagram, the working of a vapour absorptionrefrigerator.

04

4. Define air conditioning. State the basic components of air conditioningsystem.

03

5. Write short note on domestic refrigerator. 04

6. Explain Bell-Coleman air refrigeration cycle. 04

7. What is refrigerant? State the most widely used refrigerant. 03

8. With neat sketch explain vapour compression refrigeration cycle. 04

9. Explain with neat sketch split air conditioner. State its advantages 07

10. Define the term ‘Refrigeration’. Explain Vapour compressionrefrigerator.

04

11. What should be the properties of common refrigerants? 05

12. Explain Vapour absorption Refrigeration system with the neat sketch. 06

13. Explain with a neat sketch the working of a vapour compressionrefrigerator.

05

14. What should be the properties of common refrigerants? 03

15. Explain Vapor Compression Refrigeration system with neat sketch. Also 07



draw p-h and T-s diagram for the same.

16.Mention different parts of vapor compression refrigeration cycle along withtheir functions. Also draw a neat diagram of vapor compressionrefrigeration cycle.

07



Chapter-11 Couplings Clutches and Brakes

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Theory

1. What is the function of a brake? Explain with neat sketch the working ofan internal expanding shoe brake.

06

2. Give the classification of brake and describe with neat sketch the workingprinciple of an internal expanding shoe brake.

04

3. Explain with neat sketch the working of cone clutch. What are theadvantages of cone clutch compare to disc clutch?

04

4. Differentiate brake and clutch. Explain Band brake. 04

5. Explain centrifugal clutch. 04

6. With neat sketch explain vapour compression refrigeration cycle. 04

7. Explain with neat sketch split air conditioner. State its advantages. 07

8. Distinguish between a coupling and a cluth. 03

9. Differentiate between clutch and brake. 03

10. Explain Oldham’s coupling with neat sketch. 04

11. Draw and explain Internal expanding brake. 04

12. What is coupling? Explain internal expanding shoe brake with a neatsketch?

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13 Brake and Clutch 02



Chapter-12 Transmission of motion and power

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Theory

1 Differentiate between individual drive and group drive. 03

2 Discuss the relative merits and demerits of belt, chain and gear drives. 05

3 State the application, advantages and disadvantages of (i) belt drive(ii)chain drive (iii) gear drive

06

4 What are belt drives? List various belt drives and explain cross belt drive. 06

5 Write short note on: Type of belt drive. 07

6 Give comparison of belt drive, Chain drive and gear drive. 04

7 What are different elements to transfer motion and power? Explain anyone withneat sketch.

04

8 Explain types of belt drive. 07

9 What is belt drive? Describe briefly types of belt drives. 04

10 Belt drive, chain drive and gear drive 02



Chapter-13 Engineering Materials

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Theory

1 Describe in brief the various non-ferrous metals along with theirapplications

06

2 Define : Malleability , Compressive strength , Toughness and Brittleness 04

3 What do you understand by non-metallic materials? Name any six andstate their practical importance.

04

4 State the important properties of engineering materials. 04

5 What is the difference between ferrous and nonferrous materials? List outvarious ferrous and nonferrous materials with their application.

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6 Define (i) Hardness (ii) Creep (iii) Resilience (iv) Toughness. 04

7 Define following mechanical Properties.(i) Hardness (ii) Toughness (iii) Ductility (iv) Elasticity

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8 Define the following mechanical properties(i) Ductility (ii) Hardness (iii) Plasticity

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9 Classify properties of engineering material. Explain any three of them. 07

Documents

Chapter- 1 INTRODUCTION. - Darshan Institute of ... Paper Analysis. Elements of Mechanical Engineering (2 110006) Department of Mechanical Engineering Darshan Institute of Engineering