Chapter 1: Human Anatomy

PE 254

Systems

Cardiovascular

Respiratory

Digestive

Nervous

Endocrine

Skeletal

Muscular

Cardiovascular System

Heart, blood vessels, hormones, enzymes and wastes.

Four chambers (size of a fist).◦ Upper chambers (Atriums).

Right atrium contains the sinus node◦ Lower chambers (Ventricles).◦ Vena cava.◦ Pulmonary Artery and vein.◦ Aorta.◦ Coronary Arteries and veins.◦ Veins◦ Capillaries

Pulmonary Circuit Systemic Circuit

Circulation in the Heart

Video: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=D3ZDJgFDdk0

Right Atrium

•Receives deoxygenated blood from vena cava•Pumps deoxygenated blood to right ventricle

Left Atrium

•Receives oxygenated blood from pulmonary veins•Pumps oxygenated blood to left ventricle

Right Ventricle

•Pumps deoxygenated blood to lungs for gas exchange via pulmonary arteries

Left Ventricle

•Pumps oxygenated blood to the system (e.g., tissues and muscles) via aorta

Cardiorespiratory System

Blood vessels Arteries = vessels that carry blood away

from the heart Veins = vessels that carry blood to the

heart Capillaries = very small blood vessels that

distribute blood to all parts of the body

Respiratory System

Digestive System

Nervous System

Endocrine System

During Exercise: Nervous and Endocrine

Systems

Skeletal System

Gives form to the body

Protects vital organs

Consists of 206 bones

Acts as a framework for attachment of muscles

Designed to permit motion of the body

Structure of the Spine

The Thorax

The Pelvis

The Lower Extremity

Hip

Thigh

Knee

Leg

Ankle

Foot

The Upper Extremity

Shoulder girdle

Arm

Elbow

Forearm

Wrist

Hand

Joints

Degree of movement Synarthrosis – immovable joint

(ex: the skull) Amphiarthrosis – slightly movable joint

(ex: fibrocartilaginous disc between the vertebrae; ligament or membrane links the two bones such as scapula to the clavicle)

Diarthrosis – freely movable joint

(ex: hip or shoulder joint)

Diarthrosis Joints

Examples of Diarthrosis Joints

Bal l and Socket Hinge

Muscular System

Types of Muscle (1 of 3)

Skeletal (voluntary) muscle

Attached to the bones of the body

Smooth (involuntary) muscle

Carry out the automatic muscular functions of the body

Types of Muscle (2 of 3)

Smooth (involuntary) muscle

Carry out the automatic muscular functions of the body

Types of Muscle (3 of 3)

Cardiac muscle

Involuntary muscle

Has own blood supply and electrical system

Can tolerate interruptions of blood supply for only very short periods

Muscle Fiber Types

Slow-twitch fibers (Type I) Fatigue resistant Don’t contract as rapidly and forcefully as fast-twitch

fibers Rely primarily on oxidative energy system

Fast-twitch fibers ( Type II) Contract rapidly and forcefully Fatigue more quickly than slow-twitch fibers Rely more on nonoxidative energy system

Muscle Groups

Because a single muscle usually does not act alone when it exerts tension in normal body movement, it acts as one member of the team of muscles that partially or wholly can control or contribute to the joint movement occurring. Therefore, it is convenient and adequate in most cases of gross muscular analysis to refer to the action of “groups of individual muscles” rather than trying to name each one that is or might acting.

Examples of Muscle Groups

Elbow flexors/extensors

Knee flexors/extensors

Shoulder abductors/adductors

Shoulder flexors/extensors

Hip flexors/extensors

Hip abductors/adductors

Standard Reference TerminologyAnatomical Reference Position

Erect standing position with all body parts, including the palms of the hands, facing forward; considered the starting position for body segment movements

Basic Joint Articulations

Flexion

Extension

Abduction

Adduction

Pronation (elbow and forearm)

Supination (elbow and forearm)

Standard Reference TerminologyDirectional Terms

Superior

Inferior

Anterior

Posterior

Medial

Lateral

Proximal

Distal

Superficial

Deep

Standard Reference TerminologyAnatomical Reference Planes

Cardinal planes – 3 imaginary perpendicular reference planes that divide the body in half by mass

Sagittal plane Frontal plane Transverse plane

Standard Reference TerminologyAnatomical Reference Axes

An imaginary axis of rotation that passes through a joint to which it is attached

Mediolateral axis Anterioposterior axis Longitudinal axis

PLANES of Motion AXES of Rotation

SAGITTAL(FRONT TO BACK MAKING TWO HALVES, LEFT AND RIGHT)

MEDIOLATERAL

FRONTAL(SIDE TO SIDE MAKING TWO HALVES, FRONT AND BACK)

ANTERIOPOSTERIOR

TRANSVERSE(TRANSVERSE MAKING TWO HALVES, TOP AND BOTTOM)

LONGITUDINAL

Planes of Motion and Axes of Rotation

Sagittal plane movements

Frontal Plane Movements

Transverse Plane Movements

What could a biomechanist do to improve sport performance?

Group Activity

Group 1: Lunges.Group 2: Standing broad jump.Group 3: Discus throw.Group 4: 100-meter sprint from the starting block.Group 5: Push-ups.Group 6: Shoulder press with barbells.Group 7: Free throws in basketball. Group 8: Javelin throw.Group 9: Bench press with straight bar.Group 10: Field-goal kick in football.

Group Activity

Identify the following:

1. Joint(s) involved in activity

2. Muscle group(s) involved in activity

3. Plane(s) of motion

4. Axis(es) of rotation