CHAPTER- 1 INTRODUCTIONjkspcb.nic.in/WriteReadData/userfiles/file/public hearing...investors and cement industry is one of them. Cement is very important building material. It is used

Environmental Clearance for Proposed Zaffron Enterprises Pvt. Ltd. A Cement Manufacturing Unit of

Capacity 200 TPD at Village – Khonmoh, Tehsil & District - Srinagar, State- Jammu & Kashmir. EIA & EMP

Report

Mr. Shahid Bashir Baba

1

Environmental (EIA) Consultant:

E.C Engineers.

CHAPTER- 1 INTRODUCTION

1.0 PURPOSE OF THE REPORT

The purpose of EIA studies is to ensure that all impacts whether directly or

indirectly affect social and economical status are fully examined and addressed.

Consistency with this purpose, the EIA/EMP is self contained and detailed

information, which provides the basis for understanding the project is as follows:-

a) Existing environmental attributes, which would affect the surroundings and the

impacts that may occur and the measures to be taken to mitigate all adverse

impacts.

b) For the proponents, a definitive statement of measures/ actions to be taken to

mitigate any adverse impacts if any.

M/s Zaffron Enterprises Pvt. Ltd. proposed to set up a Cement Manufacturing

Unit of Capacity 200 TPD at Khasra No. - 2040, 2041, 2064, Village – Khonmoh,

Tehsil & District - Srinagar, State- Jammu & Kashmir. The total plot Area for the

proposed project is 25084.00 sq.m. The total project cost envisaged for the

proposed Plant is Rs. 35.44 Corers.

As Dachigam National Park is situated around 3.1 Km (Aerial distance) from the

project site and even some part of the Dachigam National Park also falls within

the 5 km radius zone of the project site the project categorized as ‘A’ of 3(b)

projects of Gazette Notification dated Sep 14th, 2006 (<1.0 million tones/annum

production capacity).

The Government of India has made it mandatory for all the development projects

to prepare a detailed EIA study, so that the impacts of the proposed

developmental activity can be predicted and a suitable environmental

management plan can be prepared.

The purpose of the EIA study is to critically analyze the manufacturing process of

different products, proposed to be manufactured with reference to types and

quantity of different raw material consumption, possible source of wastewater,

air emission and hazardous waste generation, control measures to reduce the



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pollution and to delineate a comprehensive environment management plan along

with recommendations and suggestions in existing environment management

system.

1.2 PROJECT PROPONENT AND IDENTIFICATION OF PROJECT

Zaffron Enterprises Pvt. Ltd. are the leading entrepreneur in Kasmir valley

specially for production of mineral water. Zaffron Enterprises Pvt. Ltd.

proposed to set up a Cement Manufacturing Unit of Capacity 200 TPD at Khasra

no.-2040, 2041, 2064, Village – Khonmoh, Tehsil & District - Srinagar, State- Jammu

& Kashmir. The total plot Area for the proposed project is 25084.00 sq.m. The

total project cost envisaged for the proposed Plant is Rs. 35.44 Corers.

As the Dachigam National Park is situated around 3.1 Km (Aerial distance) from

the project site and even some part of the Dachigam National Park also falls

within the 10 km radius zone of the project site the project categorized as ‘A’ of

3(b) projects of Gazette Notification dated Sep 14th, 2006 (<1.0 million

tones/annum production capacity).

1.3 BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE PROJECT

1.3.1 Salient Features of the Project

Salient features of the project is given in Table 1.1

Table: 1.1: Salient Features of the Project

S. No. Particulars Details

A. Location details:

1. Location Village – Khonmoh, Tehsil - Srinagar

A. District Srinagar

B. State Jammu & Kashmir

2. Co-ordinates of the proposed project site

Latitude 34 o 04’ 38.16” N

Longitude 74o 59’ 01.00” E

B. Proposed Project Area:

3. Total Proposed Area 25084.00 sq.m



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S. No. Particulars Details

4. Elevation above Mean Sea

level in m 1576-4072 meter

5. Government Land N.A.

6. Private Land Private Land

C. Production Capacity: 200 TPD

D. Environmental settings:

7. Nearest Railway Station Pampore Railway Station at a distance of approx

11.84 km in SW direction from the project site &

Srinagar Railway Station at a distance of 13.90

km in SW direction from the project site.

8. Nearest Village Khonmoh

9. Nearest Town/City The nearest town is Pampore located at an

aerial distance of ~ 9.72k.m in SSW direction

from plant site.

Nearest major city Srinagar located at a distance

of ~17.20 km in W direction from plant site.

10. National Highway

The nearest highway is NH-1 A, Connecting

Jammu to Uri through Srinagar which is 8.70 Km

away towards SW direction from project site.

11. Nearest Airport

(By road-Appx.)

Srinagar Airport: Approx 22 km. in SW direction

from plant site.

12. Source of Water in the area Groundwater

13 Soil Type Clay loam to silty clay

14 Permeability Moderate

15 A. Temperature Max.34ᵒC,Minimum-9ᵒC

16 B. Relative Humidity Max.-96, Min-13

17 C. Mean Annual Rainfall 680 MM

18 Capital Cost of the proposed

project & Time of Completion

Rs. 35.44 Corers

One year after clearance from the respective

authorities.

Source: - Site Visit/ Survey



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1.3.2 Size of the project.

Area acquired for the proposed project is 25084.00 sq.m. The proposed capacity

of the Cement Manufacturing Unit is 200 TPD.

1.3.3 Location of the Project

Zaffron Enterprises Pvt. Ltd. proposed to set up a Cement Manufacturing Unit of

Capacity 200 TPD at Village – Khonmoh, Tehsil & District - Srinagar, State- Jammu

& Kashmir. The total plot Area for the proposed project is 25084.00 sq.m. Land

documents are enclosed as Annexure -I.

Figure 1.1 Google Image of the Project Location

1.3.4 Importance of the Project to the country and region

India is fast emerging on the world map as a strong economy and a global power.

The country is going through a phase of rapid development and growth. All the

vital industries and other sectors of the country are registering growth thus luring

investors and cement industry is one of them.

Cement is very important building material. It is used in almost all the construction

and is subjected to water in contact. If the concrete or cement is water absorbing



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then leakage will occur and will destroy construction. The material used for

checking this absorption of water is known as water proofing compound. Water

proof cement is used in water tanks, sewer pipes and many constructions like

dams, bridge etc. due to applicability in numerous construction works, the

demand for this product is continuously increasing, now –a-days, more over due

to uneven supply of the product, there is good demand for it and a project for its

manufacture on small scale can be visible.

Estimates of future demand and supply at the national, regional and state level to

examine the market position of the proposed plant.

a) Present demand and supply

As per records, there is a demand for 5500 MT per day in the valley. At present,

the production is around 2700 MT per day. This leaves a gap of more than 2800

MT per day.

In winter months, the demand falls so does the production as most of the plants

opt for planned maintenance or shut downs during that period.

This is a huge gap which begs to be filled. This is being done, partly, by the

imports. But imports too have their inherent problems. For one, none is too sure

about the quality of the cement in these bags. Many dubious makes are being

marketed in the garb of more visible brands like Jehlum Brand, Ambuja, ACC, etc.

Moreover, the imported cement is costlier than local and invites a higher

transportation cost. Mostly, the imported cement is PPC or blended cement. All

this is being tolerated at present as there is a wide gap in supply and demand.

Once, the local manufacturers fill in, then, the imports are likely to go down in

favor of local brands.

In the locality, there is the case of expansion of existing projects and the ones that

are in pipe line. But none has as yet embarked on any expansion project. Thus we

shall still have a deficit of about 2800 MT as on date. Here we shall have to

consider the increase in demand now. This has been growing in past few years. It

stands at above 9 % annual on national average level. The annual growth in

demand for cement in Kashmir in more than 10 % pa. Still if we consider just the

national average, we have to consider a growth of 9 %. Thus the present demand



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of 5500 MT will increase to about 6000 MT per day. In next year it will go to about

6500 MT per day. This will be at about 7000 MT per day next. By the time the

proposed unit comes to commercial production, the demand per day based on

present requirements will be about 7000 MT per day. Thus we anticipate a deficit

of more than 4300 MT per day. This is much more than the expected 100 %

capacity of the proposed unit.

Another point which needs to be considered here is the import of cement and

clinker to the state. Since the state Govt. has put import of clinker in negative list,

the import attracts a toll tax of Rs.500 PMT. This tends to make the imports un-

viable. At least in the valley. On the other hand the cost of transportation is on the

rise. All this goes to prove that the market has scope for more cement

manufacturers in the state. A new unit with 200 TPD is more likely to do good

business.

The recently announced incentive to new industrial units shall make them even

more attractive. In this new Industrial Policy, the new units shall have a tax

holiday for 5 years as well as exemptions in Sales Tax/ Excise/ VAT/ Toll and Entry

Tax. The imported brands shall not be able to compete. Hence, the need to

generate local cement is becoming very viable to local manufacturers. Another

aspect of this new industrial policy gives these concessions to units already in

production if they increase the capacity by 25 % or more. This too is going to

generate a lot of interest in the promoters and tell upon the imports. Once, the

level of imports becomes un-viable, these shall stop and the field shall be open for

local producers. All this projects a demand for about one million tons of cement

per year in near future.

The acceleration in the Railway project is one major factor which shall increase the

demand beyond the nationally projected of 9 % for North. May be, the railway

project does not prefer Mini Cement Plant’s production. The demand for this

Railway project is anticipates at about half a million tons per year. In other words,

equal to the present installed capacity. In either case, this is going to increase the

demand many fold.



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There are various infrastructures projects in the pipe line and on anvil. These are

basically civil engineering projects and hence demand for cement is likely to

increase.

The viability of the proposed unit is based on the data collected and analyzed.

Some of that is presented above. Basis for our analysis is the data provided by

Govt. agencies and from published statistics.

By the above analysis, we anticipate a market for at least 20 to 30 years for the

proposed unit, if not more. The demand is likely to remain very high for a long

period as more and more infrastructure activities are initiated by the state and

central governments. The recent Industrial Package too is going to increase the

demand for cement. The proposed unit is, thus, a viable project and shall be able

to meet its financial obligations.

The consumption of cement indicates the tempo of building and Construction

activities. The first cement factory in India was built at Madras in 1904. Today

there are large numbers of cement factories operating in different parts of the

Country as a result of the government’s participation in the field. The government

has, On the one hand established cement factories in the public sector and has

induced and Encouraged participation by the private sector, on the other. Cement

factories depends on limestone as the main raw–material which is widely

scattered in the country. The Khonmoh area in the District Srinagar in Kashmir

province is abundantly rich in the requisite quality-limestone reserves.

Looking at the production of the cement in 1950-51, which stood at 2.70 Million

tones and at 15.50 million tones in 1972-73, and on the basis of the position, today,

when the production has increased manifold, it is amply clear that the “CEMENT–

INDUSTRY” has travelled a long way and has come of age now. The number of

cement Factories (big and small) has kept growing with the passage of time but

has not been able to keep pace with the growth in the “EFFECTIVE DEMAND”

despite the fact that the network of cement factories in India has tremendously

widened in recent years, there is no denying the fact that the demand for this key

material has outstripped the supply and the gap is winding as the days keep

elapsing.



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To bridge or at least narrow down this gap between these two factors of

“DEMAND AND SUPPLY” of this key material the state public-sector and the

private sector have setup/installed a number of cement plants in the state but still

the Picture remains almost the same. Huge quantities of cement are being

imported form out Side the state to fill in the gap between demand for and supply

of cement, but even then the shortage of cement is a discernible fact. The rate of

growth of the effective demand is geometric whereas that of the supply is

arithmetic so to say.

Cement is perhaps the only industry where the experiment in liberalization was

put into concrete practice even before the principle of economic liberalization

was adopted as a policy in mid 1991 from total control to partial control and

subsequently to total decontrol. The cement industry has passed through all

phases and today its track record both in capacity creation and utilization has

been quite remarkable.

The use of cement in the country increased rapidly during recent years and shot

up by more than four times in quarter of century from 13.60 million tons during

1969-70 to 60.90 million tons by 1995. Inspite of disturbed conditions in the state

of Jammu & Kashmir, the use of cement has picked up many fold and the statistics

provided by the government are witness to the growth in demand, as the volume

of cement imported from outside forms a very considerable part of the total

cement consumed every year in the state of Jammu and Kashmir. The information

thus received reveals the import of cement from outside the state over the last

three financial years has been increasing constantly.

The above factual information testifies to the fact that establishment of some

more cement factories is the need of the hour to augment the comparatively

meager quantity of cement being manufactured locally at present. The huge

quantity of cement consumed in the state is obviously far greater than the

amount of cement being manufactured locally in the state, which is why the state

has been importing such large quantities of cement particularly over the above

mentioned financial years just preceding the present financial year.

(Source-Detailed Project Report)



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1.4 SCOPE & COVERAGE OF THE REPORT

As per EIA Notification dated 14th Sep, 2006 and subsequent amendments,

Zaffron Enterprises Pvt. Ltd. has submitted application in Form -1, Pre-feasibility

report and proposed Terms of Reference at MoEF and the MoEF considered the

project and approved TOR issued vide letter No. J-11011/106/2016-IA.II (I), dated

19.5.2016 Copy enclosed as Annexure V.

1.4.1 Point-wise Compliances of the Approved TOR

Environmental Impact Assessment Studies have been carried out covering all

points prescribed in the approved TOR.

1.4.2 Structure of Environmental Impact Assessment Report

The report has been divided into ten chapters and presented as follows:

Chapter-1 - Introduction

The chapter provides the purpose of the report, background information of the

proposed project, and brief description of nature, size and location of project,

estimated project cost, scope and organization of the study. The methodology

adopted in preparation of this report has also been described in this chapter.

Chapter-2 - Project Description

The chapter deals with the need of the project, location, environmental setting of

the project, details of project, other technical and design details and sources of

pollution from the proposed activity and measures proposed to control pollution.

Chapter-3 –Baseline Environmental Status

The chapter presents the methodology and findings of field studies undertaken to

establish the environmental baseline conditions, which is also supplemented by

secondary published literature.

Chapter-4 – Anticipated Environmental Impacts and Mitigation Measures

The chapter details the inferences drawn from the environmental impact

assessment of the proposed project during various phases of project

advancement, such as design, location of project, construction, and regular



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operations. It also describes the overall impacts of the proposed project activities

and underscores the areas of concern, which need mitigation measures.

The chapter also provides recommendations/ Environment Management Plan

(EMP) including mitigation measures for minimizing the negative environmental

impacts of the project.

Chapter-5 – Analysis of Alternatives for Technology and Project Site

The technology and project site alternatives are discussed in the chapter.

Chapter-6 – Environmental Monitoring Program

Environmental monitoring requirements for effective implementation of

mediatory measures during operational phase have been delineated in this

chapter.

The chapter describes the institutional arrangements for environment protection

and conservation during the operational stage of the Project.

Chapter-7 – Additional Studies (Risk Assessment and Disaster Management Plan)

The chapter describes various risks associated during operational stage of the

project such as storage of furnace oil and coal. A disaster management plan to

minimize the risks or to combat the associated risks is also discussed. Public

hearing details are also incorporated in this chapter.

Chapter-8 – Project Benefits

The chapter describes various benefits of the project to the community in the

vicinity and as well as to the region on the whole.

Chapter -9 – Environmental Management Plan

Management of plan have been proposed to take care of the environment in respect of

air, water, noise, soil & the green cover of the project site & nearby villages.

Chapter-10 –Summary and Conclusion

The list of various experts involved in preparation of the present EIA/EMP report

is given along with brief introduction of the consultancy organization involved in

EIA report.

Environmental Clearance for Proposed Zaffron Enterprises Pvt. Ltd. A Cement Manufacturing Unit of Capacity 200

TPD at Village – Khonmoh, Tehsil & District- Srinagar, State-Jammu & Kashmir. EIA & EMP

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CHAPTER- 2 PROJECT DESCRIPTION

2.1 INTRODUCTION

Fast rising Government Expenditure on Infrastructure sector in India has resulted

a higher demand of cement in the country. In the same direction, participation of

larger companies in the sector has increased.

With the view of the increasing demand and supply of the Cement in the region

the promoters have proposed to set up a Cement Manufacturing Unit of Capacity

200 TPD at Village – Khonmoh, Tehsil & District - Srinagar, State-Jammu &

Kashmir. The total plot Area for the proposed project is 25084.00 sq.m.

The enterprise is a private limited Company formed by some law- abiding,

enterprising and experienced people who have been in the related business for

quite some time.

M/s Zaffron Enterprises Pvt. Ltd., Srinagar is a private Limited concern with

following Directors:-

1. Mr. Basharat Ganaie

2. Mr. Zahoor Ahmad Ganai

3. Mr. Ghulam Ahmad Ganai

4. Mr. Shahnawaz Ahmad Ganai

The main objectives of the company inter – alia cover to produce, manufacture,

trade, treat, process, refine, Import, Export, Purchase, sale. The total project cost

envisaged for the proposed Plant is Rs. 35.44 Corers. It includes land, site

development, building, all the plant Machinery installations and cost of

Environment Protection measures.

2.1.1 Type of Project

The proposed project is Cement Manufacturing Unit of Capacity 200 TPD at

Village– Khonmoh, Tehsil & District - Srinagar, State-Jammu & Kashmir.



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2.1.2 Need of the Project

As cement is a basic commodity for the development of all industrial, domestic,

public & commercial activities and its consumption marks prosperity of the region

as well as the country. The demand and production has been growing at a healthy

rate for the last few years and the forecast for the next decade and half is also

very promising.

2.2 LOCATION OF THE PROJECT

The project site falls on the India toposheet No. 43J/16 and study area covers

toposheet no. 43J/16, 43N/4, and 43 K/13, 43O/1. The geographical location of the

project is as under:

Latitude – 34 o 04’ 38.16” N

Longitude- 74o 59’ 01.00” E

Fig. 2.1 Google Image showing location of site

2.2.1 INFRASTRUCTURE & BENEFITS OF THE SITE

� The unit will have benefits such as communication, electricity and drinking

water supply.

� The place is well connected with an all season road.



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� Electricity is easily available from the nearest Grid either at Jammu & Kashmir.

� The nearest highway is NH-1 A, Connecting Jammu to Uri through Srinagar

which is 8.70 Km away towards SW from project site.

� Pampore Railway Station-Approx 11.84 km in SW direction from the plant site

& Srinagar Railway Station at a distance of 13.90 km in SW direction.

� The nearest town is Pampore located at an aerial distance of ~ 9.72 k.m. in

SSW direction from Plant site.

� Nearest major city & District Headquarter is Srinagar located at a distance of

~17.20 km towards West direction from plant site.

� Pollution control equipment will be installed in the proposed unit and the

proposed production line will have high efficiency bag houses, pulse, and

sprinkling of water for dust suppression, proper handling of raw material and

products etc. Hence, there will be insignificant impact on the surrounding

environment from the unit.

� The basic infrastructure and transportation routes are well developed; hence

there will be insignificant impact on traffic load.

� Water demand will be met through ground water.



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Fig. 2.2 LOCATION MAP OF THE PLANT SITE



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Figure-2.3 Toposheet showing the Project Location



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2.2.2 Nearest Highway

The nearest highway is NH-1 A, connecting Jammu to Uri through Srinagar which

is 8.70 Km away towards SW from project site.

2.2.3 Nearest Railway Station

Pampore Railway Station-Approx 11.84 km in SW direction from the plant site &

Srinagar Railway Station at a distance of 13.90 km in SW direction.

2.2.4 Nearest Airport

The nearest airport is Srinagar Airport, which is approx 22 km away towards SW

direction from the site.



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Fig. 2.4 SITE PHOTOGRAPHS OF THE PLANT SITE



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2.3 TECHNOLOGY AND PROCESS DESCRIPTION

The process includes basic raw material requirement, sizing of equipment, utilities

and services, infrastructure facilities and sources of waste generation, their

quantity, treatment and safe disposal of the waste.

Two products are envisaged:

A. Ordinary Portland Cement (OPC)

B. Portland Pozzolanic Cement (PPC)

2.3.1 RAW MATERIAL ANALYSIS FOR 200 TPD PRODUCTION

The unit will be manufacturing PPC (Portland Pozzolna Cement) as well as OPC

(Ordinary Portland Cement) cement to the tune of 200 TPD. The major raw

materials will be used in the manufacturing of the cement are clinker, iron,

petcoke, fly ash and gypsum.

Limestone since Limestone has Calcium Oxide (CaO) content ranging between 48-

53 %.it will quite suitable for making of cement.

These raw materials containing proportionate amount of oxides will ground to

the suitable fineness and burn to incipient fusion in a cement kiln, chemical

combination takes pace, in a solid state resulting in a product named as clinker.

The consumption ration of raw material to clinker comes to about 1.6. In other

words, we need 1.6 MT of raw material for one MT of clinker.

Also, considering that the unit produces:

OPC 60.00%

And PPC 40.00%

That shall translate into, OPC 120.00 Clinker MT

PPC 80.00 Clinker MT

Total 200.00

Table 2.1 Per Day Requirement Analysis. Clinker

requirement Gypsum Fly ash Total

OPC 95.00 % 5.00% 0.00% 100%

Quantity, MT 120.00 18.00 0.00 138.00

PPC 65.00% 5.00% 30.00% 100.00%

Quantity, MT 80.00 12.00 72.00 164.00

TOTAL 200 30.00 72.00 302.00



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Gypsum

5 % gypsum will be mixed to the clinker during the final grinding stage. For the

above clinker quantity the ratio of various raw materials is as under:

For 1 MT of clinker 1.5 to 1.6 MT of raw material is needed

Table 2.1 (A) For clinker manufacture.

Based on this we need raw material equal to: 320.00 MT

Lime stone 70.00% 224.00

Clay 16.00% 51.20

Iron ore 2.00% 6.40

Pet coke 12.00% 38.40

Total 100.00% 320.00

On the basis of 330 days per year:

Lime stone 73920.00 MT

Clay 16896.00 MT

Iron ore 2112.00 MT

Pet coke 38016.00 MT

Fly ash 12672.00 MT

Gypsum 3300 MT

2.3.2 MANUFACTURING PROCESS

The proposed unit will intend to initially Manufacturer Ordinary Portland Cement

of both varieties –i.e.; OPC as well as PPC to the tune of 200 TPD.

2.3.2.1 Brief Description of Manufacturing Process is as follows-:

1. Limestone Stacking and Reclaiming

Limestone will transported from quarry to the storage hopper and subsequently

fed to the jaw crusher. The crushed limestone will subsequently reclaim and

transported to the mill hoppers through belt conveyors. Dried clay, sand stone

and iron ore which will be stored separately will extract and transported through

the above belt conveyor to the respective mill hoppers.

It will be envisaged to use the above extraction and feeding belt conveyor to

transport the raw materials for the grinding plant.



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2. Raw Material Grinding (Close Circuit ball Mill)

Raw materials will be extracted from their respective hoppers in a pre-

determined proportion by weigh feeders and will be discharged on to a belt

conveyor for onward conveying to raw mill.

The raw mill shall be provided with high efficiency separators and bag house for

ground raw meal collection as well as to arrest the excessive dust emission. Kiln

waste gases will be utilized for the drying raw materials during grinding. A

provision of a hot generator is also kept for initial start up or when the kiln is not

in operation.

The raw meal collected by separator and bag house shall be conveyed to blending

silo C.F. by means of air slide and air lift.

3. C.F. Blending Silo

Continuous flow type blending and storage silo shall be used for homogenization

and storage of raw meal of capacity 1500 tonnes.

4. Kiln Feed Systems

Extraction control and metering of kiln feed will be done with dozing valves and

solid flow meter arrangement .The kiln feed shall be conveyed to kiln by air slides

and airlift.

5. Pet coke crushing and Grinding

Pet coke will fed to a dump hopper through a pay loader for crushing. Crushed Pet

coke will transported to coal hopper in coal mill building through belt conveyor

and bucket elevator.

An air swept ball mill will proposed to be use for Pet coke grinding utilization kiln

wastes for drying and collection of ground material will be done in a bag filter.

Fine pet coke shall be conveyed to a bin for firing into the kiln.

6. Pre heater, kiln, Cooler and Clinker Transport & Storage.

A 5- stage suspension pre heater shall be use. A pre calcinator will also be

incorporated in the circuit to increase the degree of calcination at the inklet of the

kiln leading to increased production .Waste gases from pre heaters will be utilized

for drying of raw materials in raw mill section and cooler hot gas in coal mill

section.



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The clinker shall be cooled in grate type cooler with controlled air flow

arrangement. Cooled clinker shall be transported to the clinker stockpile through

a set up of a new Deep Bucket Conveyors (DBC).

Subsequently clinker shall be stored in the covered shed through tripper belt

conveyor.

7. Gypsum Crusher

The new gypsum shall be installed to crush gypsum before it is fed to the cement

mill. Uncrushed gypsum is fed to a dump hopper by a pay loader for crushing.

Crushed Gypsum will transport to Gypsum hopper in cement mill house through a

belt conveyor.

8. Cement Grinding.

From the Clinker yard, clinker will reclaimed through the clinker belt conveyor and

transported to mill hoppers through the belt conveyors from the top of mill

hoppers, clinkers & gypsum shall be suitably diverted and conveyed to the mill

through weigh feeder from their respective hoppers. Fly ash will be unloaded in

the covered sheds and will be proportion with clinker.

However, in future, fly ash shall be brought in closed container and shall be

pumped pneumatically to the fly ash silos. It will be extracted through dosing

valve, solid flow meter arrangement and shall be feed the fly ash to the mill outlet

also. There shall also be a provision in the layout of a blender for mixing fly ash

with OPC to produce, PPC at a later date in future. Slag can also be considered in

future as a blending agent.

9. Cement Storage, Packing & Dispatch

Cement shall be transported through air slide and air lift to the cement silos.

Further, the bottom cone of the silo shall be suitably designed and cement shall

be transported to the packing plant through air slide & air lift.



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Figure 2.5 Process Flow Diagram for Manufacture of Clinker



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2.3.3 PLANT LAYOUT

M/s Zaffron Enterprises Pvt. Ltd. has executed lease agreement for 50 Kanals

(25084.00sq.m.) area for setting up of an industrial unit; out of this 8277.72 Sq.mt.

shall be used in plant area for the project. The land owner has Land Possession

Certificate issued by Office of Additional Deputy Commissioner, Sri Nagar, District,

Govt. of Jammu & Kashmir. The land use is presently fallow land. No displacement

will involve in this project

2.4 LAND REQUIREMENT

M/s Zaffron Enterprises Pvt. Ltd has proposed to set up a Cement Manufacturing

Unit of Capacity 200 TPD at Village – Khonmoh, Tehsil & District - Srinagar, State-

Jammu & Kashmir. The total plot Area for the proposed project is 25084.00 sq.m.

The land use breakup of the same is as under:-

TABLE 2.2

PROPOSED LAND USE OF PROPOSED PLANT

Proposed Land Use Area (Kanal) Area (Sq.m) % of total

Main plant and building 4.95 2508.00 10.0

Storages 2.97 1505.04 5.6

Non plant buildings 2.47 1254.2 4.6

Area occupied by/ under auxiliaries, etc 4.95 2508.00 10.0

Roads, ramp and miscellaneous paved areas

7.43 3762.6 15.3

Cars and trucks parking 2.97 1505.04 5.7

Green belt and landscaped areas 16.36 8277.72 33.3

Other unused and miscellaneous areas 4.46 2257.56 9.2

Logistics and truck drivers recreation and lodging areas

2.97 1505.04 6.3

Total Area 50 25084 100



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Figure 2.6 SITE PLAN



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2.5 WATER REQUIREMENT

2.5.1 Water Requirement and Source

No waste water will be generated from the industrial process. For the domestic

purpose 10 KLD domestic waste water will be generated .Domestic waste water

will be treated in the sewage treatment plant up to tertiary level. The treated

water 9.5 KLD will be reuse in plantation & landscaping within plant premises.

Sewage sludge generates from STP will be reuse as manure in horticulture /

plantation after proper digestion and can be used for gardening or green belt

development. The source of water shall be Ground water.

Water balance for the project is given in figure 2.7.

WATER BALANCE

Industrial

Process

85 KLD

Domestic Use

15 KLD

STP

10 KLD

Total Water Demand

100 KLD

Waste Water

10 KLD

Consumption

5 KLD

Treated Water

9.5 KLD

Green Belt

5 KLD

Loss

0.5 KLD

Pollution control measure

4.5 KLD



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2.6 POWER REQUIREMENT

The power requirement for the proposed cement plant of 200 TPD is about 1.5

MW, which shall be ascertained by the supplier based on the drive/ consumer list

as offered by them. Here at this stage the anticipated load has been envisaged at

1.5 MW. This may change during actual detailed engineering and design of the

plant based on the suppliers own design.

a) Supply

It is envisaged that the power requirement for the plant would be met from the

66/33 kV, nearest grid station of J&K power development department, which is

about 2-3 kms (pole to pole) from the plant site. But the tapping from the line is

expected to be allotted about 2-3 kms (Pole to Pole) away from the plant. The

project report covers this aspect also. But the actual expenditure and the length

there of shall be decided in detailed engineering after line survey along with PDD

people.

b) Receiving station and power distribution scheme

Receiving Station for main plant

A bay of 66/33 kV outdoor receiving station shall be constructed inside the plant

boundary subject to incidence /orientation of supply line, for incoming supply to

be available to this bay, it has to be connected through suitable sized conductors

from the tapping point allowed by PDD. For 66/33 kV outdoor receiving station to

be set up for the plant, 1 no. 5MVA or of required capacity, 33/6.9 kV, ONAN step

down transformer with on-load tap changer suitable for a voltage variation range

of 17-34/66 KV is to be considered.

c) Emergency power

There will be requirement for 2 DG Sets in which one DG set is used of rating as

required shall supply emergency power for emergency loads of kiln auxiliary drive,

cooler drive, cooler fan & water pump and other one is for lighting and security

only.

The project proposes two DG sets for the plant. One of 100KVA for emergency

lighting during power shut downs in the night.



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The second DG set shall be used for keeping the essential plant/ production areas

in operation during such power shut downs which shall be for more than two

hours. This is expected only during winter season due to various electricity related

problems. This DG set will be of 150 KVA capacities.

The electrical system of the cement plant shall be designed to achieve overall

economy on the following basic principles:

� Energy efficiency

� Technical soundness

� Modern concept

� System reliability

� Easy of maintenance

� Safety of personnel and equipment

� Remote operation

� Centralized control

� Variable speed convertors drive for wide ranges of

Redial system of power distribution shall be followed.

d) Load centers/ Indoor Sub- stations

There shall be a main receiving substation inside the cement plant. The power

from this substation i.e. 66/33/6.9 KV switchyard shall be received on 6.6 kV

switchboard and shall be distributed to 3.3 or 6.6 kV motors & 415 V motors

through distribution transformers, LT switchboard and respective MCCs.

Electrical equipment for power distribution viz. 3.3 or 6.6 kV switchboards,

distribution transformer, LT switch board, MCCs, capacitor banks etc. shall be

housed in respective load center substations as detailed below:

Main Station: 6633/6.9 kV switchyard and 3.3 or 6.6 KV switchboard.

Load center1: raw material grinding, blending silo.

Load center 2 (CCR, LT Board): kiln feed, preheater, kiln, cooler, clinker, transport

and coal mill.

Load Center 3: Cement grinding, Gypsum grinding, packing and dispatch.

Load Center 4: Crushers, workshop, pumps etc.



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Location of these load centers shall be taken up during detailed engineering on

the electrical installation.

e) Frequency and voltage Levels

The frequency of the power supply for the whole plant and its infrastructure has

been envisaged at 50 Hz.

The different voltage levels shall be as given below:

01. Receiving voltage: 66/33 kV, 3 Ph. 50 Hz.

02. Network supply voltage :

a. High voltage - 3.3 or 6.6 kV , 3 Ph. 50 Hz

b. Low voltage - 415 V, 3 Ph. 50 Hz

c. Voltage variation- + 15% (in summer )& (-45% in winter)

d. Frequency variation- +3 % & -6%

03. Motor terminal voltage:

a. A.C. Motors:

Above 400 KW- 6.6 kV, 3 Ph., 50 Hz.

200 KW and below- 415 V, 3 Ph., 50 Hz.

Up to 600 KW VVVF drives- 415 V or voltage as required, 3 Ph., 50 Hz.

b. DC Motors:

Above 300 KW- 750 V rectified DC from 3 Ph. Full wave fully controlled

thyristor convertors.

1.5 KW & above but

Less than 300 KW- 440 V rectified DC from 3 ph. Full wave fully controlled

thyristor converters.

Below 1.5 KW 300 V rectified DC from single phase full wave half/ full controlled

thyristor convertors.

c. Solenoids:

220 V AC (24 V DC should be derived from 220 V AC)

d. Analog signals

4-20 mA (2- wire) DC isolated

04. Control Supply:

a. AC control circuit: 220V, 1 Ph. 50 Hz., from 415/220V control transformer.

b. DC control circuit: 110 V DC from battery with float-cum-boost charger.



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05. Welding set and heaters: 230 V, 1 Ph, 50 Hz

06. Plant and township Lighting: 230 V, 1 Ph, 50 Hz

f) 3.3 or 6.6 kV Switchboard

All 3.3 or 6.6 kV switchgears shall be high speed, SF6/type circuit breaker. Each

feeder shall be equipped with necessary metering and protection. Motor feeder

shall include surge protection on account of operation of VCBs. One number of

such 3.3 or 6.6 kV switch board with 8 nos. of panels has been considered.

g) 3.3 or 6.6 kV/ 433V Distribution Transformer

Unitized design step-down transformer for indoor sub-station shall be considered.

This transformer shall be natural air cooled and shall have off load tap ghanger (7

steps with each step of 2.5%).

The transformer capacity has been worked out on the basis of connected loads.

About 20 % spare capacities have been provided in the transformer.

h) 415 V Main LT distribution Boards

The LT board considered shall be with fully draw out type motor operated air

circuit breakers with necessary safety switches to facilitate safe operation and

easy maintenance. One such board shall be considered. This shall be located at

CCR cum load center-2 and shall receive 415 V power through bus duct from

distribution transformer.

i) Motor control Centers (MCCs)

Functional MCCs i.e. MCCs controlling a group of interconnected and

simultaneously operated loads shall be considered. All the MCCs to be considered

shall be double front fully draw-out type. 10 nos. of such MCCs have been

considered for different section.

j) Drive Selection

The type of motors to be considered shall be based on the following requirement:

Load characteristics

� Starting torque requirement of driven machines.

� Operating characteristics i.e. high power factor and efficiency at operating

point.



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� Accuracy and range of speed control required for variable speed control

application.

� Minimum power loss in variable speed application with the use of efficient

method of speed control.

Keeping in view the above essential requirements, following types of drive

motors shall be considered for the plant. AC drives shall be preferred over DC

drives.

k) AC Motors

Above 400 KW:

6.6 kV, class F insulated slip ring induction motor with motor operated liquid rotor

starter. VVVF drives for soft starting and speed control for energy saving shall be

provided for fan application.

l) 400 KW and below

415 V, class F insulated squirrel cage induction motor with contractor type DOL

starter shall be used. However, wherever application demands slipring induction

motors, same with motor operated liquids rotor starter shall be used.

Up to 600 KW:

415 V or voltage as required, class F insulated , squirrel cage induction motor with

VVVF drives for soft starting and speed control of motors for energy saving.

m) DC Motors

Class- F insulated, force ventilated compound wound, separately excited thyristor

fed.

n) Power Factor Improvement

In order to maintain a high overall plant power factor to reduce the demand

charges, static power factor improving capacitors of suitable KVAR rating and

voltage grade to be considered. In the scheme envisaged, suitable size capacitors

to be considered for direct connection across stator terminals of 3.3 or 6.6kV

motors. Further, for compensation of LT loads, multi-step automatic controlled

capacitor banks to be considered for connection to main LT board. The capacitor

banks to be sized to maintain the overall power factor to be about 0.95 lag.



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o) Earthing

66/33/6.6/3.3 kV system shall be solidly earthed through neutrals of power

transformer. LT system shall also be solidly earthed through neutrals of the

respective distribution transformer.

Electrical power distribution system shall be effectively earthed with the help of

GI earth continuity conductor of suitable cross section. Earth pit with GI pipe

electrode shall be provided around all the load centers and process building for

earthing of load center equipment and various drives in the plant in order to keep

earth resistance below one ohm.

Separate earthing pits for distribution transformer, ESPs, lighting arrestors and

other electrical equipments to be considered and all the earthing pits shall be

interconnected.

p) Lighting

A very efficient illumination scheme for plant buildings and roads inside the plant

area to be considered with the following aims in view:

o To boost up productivity.

o To minimize accidents.

o To facilitate maintenance round the clock.

o To provide daylight feeling to the operating personnel.

o To minimize pilferage.

q) Cables

The following type of cables shall be provided:

6.6 kV power Cables XLPE insulated armored aluminum.

415 V power Cables PVC alternatively XLPE insulated, armored aluminum.

Control cables stranded copper conductor, PVC insulated armored, with Cross section of 1.5 sq. mm.

Signal cables Stranded copper conductor, PVC insulated and armored, with aluminum Mylar tape screening with drain wire of 1.0 sq. mm cross-section.

r) Battery & Battery Charger

110 V, 150 AH lead acid batteries with standard accessories to be considered one

for the main sub-station and one for 415 main LT Distribution Board in load-2.The

battery charger shall be thruster type with automatic and manual float- cum-



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boost charging facility. The emergency lighting load of the substation building

shall be connected on the batteries.



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CHAPTER- 3

DESCRIPTION OF ENVIRONMENT 3.1 GENERAL

The anthropogenic activities specifically related to industrial sector are expected

to cause impacts on environmental quality in and around the project location.

However, the intensity of environmental impacts from a specific project depends

on several factors such as type of process Physical, chemical, fuel combustion etc.

involved in the project, processing capacity (scale/size of the project), type and

extent of pollution control measures, project location surrounding

geomorphology etc.

To assess environmental impacts from proposed project at a specific location, it is

essential to monitor the environmental quality prevailing in the surrounding area

prior to implementation of the proposed project. The environmental status within

the study zone is used for identification of significant environmental issues to be

addressed in the impact assessment study. The impacts from an existing industrial

project on its surrounding environment are mainly regulated by the nature of

pollutants, their quantities discharged to the environment, existing environmental

quality, assimilative capacity of the surrounding environment and topography and

terrain of the project site (its location) as well as the surrounding area.

To assess the impact from the unit and its management, it is important to know

the background environment of the area. The aspects considered are topography,

physiographic, water environment, air environment, meteorology, biological

environment, noise, soil, land use and socio-economic environment.

This section contains the description of baseline studies of the 10 km radius of the

study area. The data collected has been used to define the existing environment

scenario around the proposed project against which the potential impacts of the

project has been assessed.

3.2 ABOUT KHONMOH VILLAGE

Khonmoh is situated in Srinagar (north) tehsil and located in Srinagar district of

Jammu & kashmir. It is one of 9 villages in srinagar (north) Block along with

villages like Gagarzoo and Abdullah Pora .



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3.2.1 DISTRICT AT GLANCE- SRINAGAR

Srinagar is the most pivotal center of economy of the Kashmir Valley and the city

of Srinagar has remained a center of tourist attraction for centuries. It is situated

on the bank of Jhelum River. District Baramulla forms the Northern and Western

boundary whereas Badgam district forms the western and south – Western limits.

In the south, Srinagar district is bounded by Pulwama district. The district lies

between 34o01’00” to 34o29’10” North latitudes and 74o33’30” to 75o30’00” East

longitudes. (Plate-I).

Srinagar District was bifirquated in to Srinagar & Ganderbal Districts in the year

2006. As the data for these separate districts was not available with the state

administration, this reports has taken into consideration older Srinagar District as

a whole including newly created Srinagar & Ganderbal Districts.

Table: 3.1 SRINAGAR DISTRICT AT A GLANCE

1 GENERAL INFORMATION

i Geographical area (sq.km.) 2,228 (old Srinagar district )

ii Administrative Divisions

No. of Tehsils 3

No. of CD Blocks 4

No. of Panchayats 70

No. of Villages 175

iii Population(as per 2001 census) 12,02,447

iv Average annual rainfall(mm) 680

2 GEOMORPHOLOGY

i Major physiographical units i. High Hill ranges ii. Valleys & Terraces

ii Important Lakes Dal, Anchar

iii Important Hill ranges Zabarvan Mountains, Hari Parbat

iv Altitude 1730 m amsl

v Major Drainages

• Basin

• Sub Basin

Indus Jhelum

vi Rivers Jelum, Kankanag, Sindh

3 LAND USE (hec.)

i Forest area 1,688

ii Net area sown 21,893

4 MAJOR SOIL TYPES

i. Hapludalfs ii. Ochraqualfs



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5 IRRIGATION BY DIFFERENT SOURCES (MI census 2005-06) (hac)

• Net Area Irrigated

• Gross Area Irrigated

• Canals

• Wells

• Other Sources

16,652 21,520 16,091 112 449

6 NUMBER OF GROUND WATER MONITORING WELLS OF CGWB

i No. of dug wells 3

ii No. of piezometers Nil

7 PREDOMINANT GEOLOGICAL FORMATIONS

Quaternary Alluvium • Tertiary (Karewas) • Paleozoic Sedimentary & Volcanic rocks

8 HYDROGEOLOGY

Major Water Bearing Formations

i Consolidated sediments / Hard Rocks (Fractured and jointed)

Covering major part (50%)

Yield prospects • GW structures

Moderate (1-3.0 lps) Springs/Percolation Wells / Handpumps /Tubewells

2 Semi consolidated sediments (Karewas) Covering (25%)

Yield prospects • GW structures

Low (5-20 lps) Springs/ Handpumps/Dugwells

3 Unconsolidated porous sediments (Alluvium)

Valley area (25%)

• Yield prospects • GW structures

Moderate (10-40 lps) Tube wells/ Handpumps/Dugwells

Depth to water level (m bgl) • Pre-monsoon • Post - monsoon

2.00-3.00 1.50-2.50

Source: Ground water brochure, Srinagar district, Srinagar-CGWA



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Source: Ground water brochure, Srinagar district, Srinagar-CGWA

Fig. 3.1 Administrative Map of Srinagar District

3.3 STUDY AREA

The environmental impact assessment was conducted considering likely potential

impacts on physical, biological, social/economic and cultural resources within an

area of 10 km radius around the proposed site. The study area of 10 km radius of

plant site falls in Survey of India Toposheet No. 43 J/16 and study area covers

Toposheet no. 43 J/16, 43 N/4, 43 K/13, 43 O/1 (1:25000 scale) and is spread over

Khonmoh Village, Tehsil & Dist- Srinagar.

An area of 10 KM radius surrounding the proposed site has been studied. In which

collection of secondary data on village wise population, sex ratio, literacy,

occupational structure, number of households and percentage of main workers

and non-workers. Collection of primary information on social amenities and

infrastructure facilities in the study area were carried out for assessment of the

impact on socioeconomic environment. Major villages within the study area with

their respective distances and directions from the proposed site are given in Table

3.2.



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Table 3.2 Villages in the study Area

S. No. Name Distance (in km) Direction

1. Khanmoh 3.95 SW

2. Wuyan 5.88 SSW

3. Leyiar 6.5 NNE

4. Zantrang 1.04 NE

5. Bathan 3.53 ESE

6. Maij 6.83 S

7. Bathon 5.47 SE

8. Zanterag 1.04 NE

9. Androsa 7.51 S

10. Khanibal 8.72 S

11. Loli Pora 8.09 SW

12. Kranchoo 9.44 SSW

13. Khrew 6.43 SSE

14. Gundbal 9.27 S

15. Ledhu 8.82 SSE

16. Dara 9.89 NNW

17. Pampore 9.61 SSW

18. Balhama 6.07 SW

19. Dachhigan 2.95 NNW

20. Naupur 5.00 WNW

21. Naugam 7.50 WSW

22. Manganwaj 8.00 SW

23. Pohar 9.01 SSW

24. Wogur 9.05 SSW

25. Wanpur 8.50 NW

26. Laro 8.81 SSE

27. Khanagund 9.00 ESE

28. Sombar 9.00 S

29. Letapor 9.00 S

30. Tengan 6.02 SSW

31. Zawarah 6.31 SW

32. Achnambal 7.91 SW

33. Nagander 6.63 SE

34. Bagh anayat ullah 7.00 SSW

35. Drangah Bal Befnoo 7.90 SSW

3.4 BASELINE ENVIRONMENT

The baseline environmental quality represents the background scenario of various

environmental components in the study area.



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The main objective of this section is to provide a baseline status of the study area

covering 10-km radius around the proposed plant site so that temporal changes

due to the industrial activities on the surroundings can be assessed in future.

As a part of Environmental Impact Assessment study, baseline environmental

monitoring was carried out during April, May and June of 2016.

This section deals with the description of existing environmental settings in study

area. The baseline data collection was carried out to cover the following aspects:

• Land Environment

• Soil quality

• Ambient Air quality

• Water quality

• Ambient Noise quality

• Biological Environment

• Socio economic status

To achieve these objectives, our team monitored the environmental parameters

within the core zone and buffer zone (10 km. radial distance) from the plant site

in accordance with the Guidelines for EIA issued by the Ministry of Environment &

Forests, Govt. of India. Base map showing monitoring locations is enclosed as

Annexure II. Analysis report from the NABL approved lab M/s. Environment

Testing Lab is enclosed as Annexure III.

3.5 GEOGRAPHY OF THE PROJECT

The study area of 10 km radius of plant site falls in Survey of India Toposheet No.

43 J/16 and study area covers Toposheet no. 43 J/16, 43 N/4, 43 K/13, 43 O/1

(1:25000 scale) and is spread over Khonmoh Village, Tehsil & Dist Srinagar.

3.6 LAND ENVIRONMENT

Studies on land use aspects of eco-system play an imperative role in identifying

susceptible issues and to take appropriate action to uphold Ecological equilibrium

in the region.

3.6.1 Study of Land Use / Land Cover around the proposed project Site Activity Using

Satellite Remote Sensing Data:



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The study area (10 kms radius coverage from the site) falls in States J&K. The land

use pattern of the study area is mainly Human settlements, agriculture and open

& degraded vegetation.

The present Land use / Land cover map of study area is prepared by current

vintage of satellite image and by conducting field visit. That has enabled

assessment of the impact on land use pattern.

3.6.2 METHODOLOGY

Land use / Land cover map preparation, Base map creation; and Geometric

correction of satellite image has been processed using ERDAS Imagine 9.2

Software.

Figure 3.2 Contour Map of the study area



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Geo-referencing of Satellite Image

Survey of India Toposheet has registered in Geographic lat/long. Satellite image

has been geo-referenced by using registered SOI toposheet as a reference map

taking suitable Ground Control Points (GCP) points like intersection point of

railway, Road network, landmarks and permanent feature. Finally Images have re-

projected in UTM projection and their respective zone.

Base Map Layer Creation

Base map has been prepared using Survey of India Toposheet as a reference map

on 1:50,000 scale. In base layer linear and point feature like road, rail, canal, village

location and plant site have been created in vector data format. Base map layer

information has been used for analysis of surrounding feature like road, rail, and

village location near Plant site activity through superimposed on thematic map for

data integration.

Interpretation of Satellite Image

Hybrid technique has been used i.e. visual interpretation and digital image

processing for identification of different land use and vegetation cover classes

based on spectral signature of geographic feature. Spectral signature represents

various land use class. Image interpretation keys are developed based on image

characteristics like color, tone, size, shape, texture, pattern, shadow, association

etc, which enables interpretation of satellite images for ground feature.

3.6.3 CONCLUSION

All vector layer superimposed on land use land cover map for final map

composition. Statistical data observations and results obtained from satellite

image are given below:-

3.7 SOIL CHARACTERISTICS

The district in general shows the conspicuous physiographic variations comprising

moderately high hills, mountain ranges and alluvial tract. Nearly 50% of the area is

covered by high hills characterized by hilly rugged and undulating topography.

The district forms a part of hilly terrain of the Great-Himalayas and consists of

parallel hill ranges. Flat alluvial terrain/Karewa table lands of late Pliocene to

Pleistocene - Recent sediments occur in the flood plains of rivers and major nalas



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of the district. The alluvial tract occupies the lower elevations and is located at a

height of about 1600 meters above mean sea level. (Plate-II) The general

topographic slope in the northern part is towards the south, in the southern part

is towards north while in the central part the master slope is towards west. The

district is bounded by the Great Himalayas on the South Eastern, Northern, &

North Western side, Jhelum River in the South & it extends and form the

contiguous portion of the Kashmir Valley in the West. The highest peak is 5148 m

above mean sea level. There are many hill tops in the eastern part of the district

with an average height of 3,000 to 4,500 m amsl. Alluvial fans are predominant

feature occurring at foothills. In the Valley portion typical Karewa table lands are

noticed. These table lands are flat at the top with a very gentle slope towards the

valley in the periphery portion the Karewas about against the mountains.

a) SOILS

The soils of the Kashmir Valley are broadly divided into two types viz, Hapludalfs &

Ochraqualfs and the same is true for the Srinagar district also. These soils are

described below:-

i) Hapludalfs

These soils are found on Karewa tops & uplands with a slope variation of 1-3%,

these are very deep soils, well drained with moderate permeability. These soils are

severely eroded resulted in the formation of gullies and ravines. These are

medium to fine textural soils and the surface texture varies from clay loam to silty

clay loam. The colour of the soils varies from Yellowish Brown to dark Brown.

These soils are mostly used for cultivation of Wheat, Maize & pulses.

ii) Ochraqualfs

These soils are found in plain to mid upland topography. These soils are

moderately fine textured with clay loam as the predominant surface texture. The

extent of erosion on such soils is much less. These are dark brown to dark

yellowish Brown in colour. These soils are mostly used because of their low

permeability for the cultivation of Paddy, Mustard & at places Wheat.



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b) GEOLOGY

The main geological formations in the district are Karewas & Paleozoic

Sedimentaries and Volcanics. These formations are overlain by a thin mantle of

recent alluvium. The Karewas are overlying the folded Zeewan formation & Panjal

volcanics. In the northern extremity of the valley portion Karewa formations rests

over the Cambrio-Silurians. The general geological successions of the area is given

in Table 3.4

Table 3.4 Geology of study area

Group/Formation Lithology Age

Seree Material/Alluvium Heterogenous Clastic

sediments comprising of

sand, Silt,Clay

Sub Recent to Recent

Upper Karewas

Naugam Formation

Loams, Silts& Silty brown-

grey Clayas unstraified,

laminated to marls,sand,silts

and plastic clays.Glacier

Boulder bed II, Glacier stage.

Lower to middle

Pleistocene to lower

Pliocene Lower Karewas, Hirpur

Formation

Plastic Bluish grey clays,

sandy clays and sand with

lignite at places.Glacier

boulder bed I,Glacial Stage.

UNCONFORMITY(Not Exposed)

Limestone Triassic Limestone

Zeewan Beds Lime stone & shale Middle to late Permian

Panjal Traps Andesitic flows Permian

Agglomreatic Slate Series Slates,quartztite Late Carboniferous to early

permian

Muth Quartztite Slates, Quartzite, Siltsstones,

Dolomitic Limestone

Late Selurian to early

devonian

Shale,Siltstone,Quartz,Arenit

e

Cambrio-Silurian

To Study the impact of the proposed project on the soil of the area it is important

to know the existing condition of the study area.

The present study on the soil quality establishes the baseline characteristics and

identifies the incremental concentrations if any, due to the proposed project.



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The objective of the sampling is:

• To determine the baseline soil characteristics of the study area;

• To determine the impact of proposed activity on soil characteristics.

The samples drawn from three different depths was homogenized, packed in a

polythene plastic bag and then was analyzed.

3.7.1 Topography

The general topography of the area is undulated. Slope of the land surface is

towards north and elevation varies from 1576-4072 meter above msl as shown in

terrain map in figure 3.5. The area is characterized by isolated hillocks in the

northern part, vast plain occupied by alluvium and windblown sand in central part

and low lying flat topped hills in southern part of the area the main physiographic

units.

3.7.2 Baseline Soil Status

The details of the monitoring locations are given in Table -3.5 & Figure - 3.6. The

soil analysis results are presented in Table-3.6

Table 3.5 Soil Monitoring Locations

Table 3.6 Soil Sample Analysis Report

S. No. Parameters Proposed site Village Sangri Village Khanmoh

1. Texture Sandy Clay Loam Sandy clay Sandy clay

2. pH 7.43 7.51 7.46

3. Elect. Conductivity 279.4 228.3 546.6

4. Potassium 24.10 30.12 37.96

5. Sodium 15.44 17.06 19.88

6. Calcium (as Ca) 212.68 213.42 296.30

7. Magnesium (as Mg) (mg/g)

42.29 45.20 68.16

8. Organic carbon 0.79 0.98 1.6

9. Water Holding Capacity

30.4 36.0 32.2

10. Chloride 11.76 21.74 18.15

11. Available Phosphorus 19.11 15.5 21.68

Station Sampling Location Direction from Project site

Distance from the Project Site (Km)

S1 Project Site -- -- S2 Village- Khonmoh WSW 3.62 Km S3 Village- Sangri NW 9.50 Km



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12. Available Nitrogen 73.81 87.2 98.64

13. Zinc 19.42 319.74 27.18

14. Chromium Not detectable Not detectable Not detectable

15. Manganese Not detectable Not detectable Not detectable

16. Lead Not detectable Not detectable Not detectable

17. Cadmium Not detectable Not detectable Not detectable

18. Copper Not detectable Not detectable Not detectable

19. Bulk density 1.28 1.26 1.26

TABLE No. : 3.7

STANDARD SOIL CLASSIFICATION

S. No. Parameters Classification

1. pH <4.5 extremely acidic

4.51 – 5.0 very strong acidic

5.01 – 5.5 strongly acidic

5.51-6.0 moderately acidic

6.1 – 6.5 slightly acidic

6.51-7.3 Neutral

7.31-7.8 slightly alkaline

7.81-8.5 moderately alkaline

8.51 – 9.0 strongly alkaline

>9.0 Very strongly alkaline

2. Salinity Electrical Conductivity

(mho/cm)

1 mho/cm = 640 ppm

Up to 1.0 average

1-2 harmful to germination

2-3 harmful to crops

3. Nitrogen (kg/ha) Up to 50 very less

51-100 less

110-150 good

151-300 better

>300 sufficient

4. Phosphorus (kg/ha) Up to 15 very less

15 – 30 less

31-50 medium

51-65 on average sufficient

66-80 sufficient

>80 more than sufficient

5. Potassium (kg/ha) 0-120 very less

120-180 less



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180-240 medium

241-300 average

301-360 better

>360 more than sufficient

Source: Soil Analysis

3.7.3 RESULT INTERPRETATION

Various statistical parameters pH, EC, Moisture, Zinc, Iron, Copper, Lead,

Nitrogen, Phosphate, Potassium, Chromium, Sodium and Oil & Grease have been

computed from the observed raw data for all the Soil monitoring stations.

The analysis results for soil shows that soil is slightly basic in nature as pH value

ranges from 7.43 to 7.51 & is Sandy Clay. The concentration of Nitrogen available is

varies from 73.81 (%w/w) to 98.64 (%w/w). Phosphate varies from 15.5 to 21.68

(%w/w) & Potassium 24.10 (%w/w) to 37.96 (%w/w) in the soil samples.

3.8 AIR ENVIRONMENT

3.8.1 Meteorology

The purpose of EIA is to determine whether average concentrations are likely to

encounter at fixed locations (Know as the receptor), due to the given sources

(locations and rates of emission known), under idealized atmospheric conditions.

It is imperative that one should work with idealized condition and all analysis

pertaining to air turbulence and ambient air or noise pollution should be done

with meteorological conditions, which can at best be expected to occur.

Meteorological data has been collected from the IMD Srinagar.

3.8.2 Methodology

The methodology adopted for monitoring surface observations is as per the

standard norms laid down by Bureau of Indian Standards (IS: 8829) and India

Meteorological Department (IMD).

3.8.3 Meteorological data

Percentage frequencies of wind in 16 directions have been computed from the

recorded data during the study period April, May & June 2016 (Pre Monsoon). The

pictorial represents the summary of the wind pattern is given below in figure 3.7.



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Table 3.8 Showing the Micrometeorological data

Month Temp

(°C)

Humidity

(%)

Rainfall

(in mm)

Prominent

wind

Direction

Average

wind speed

Max. Min. Max. Min

April’ 2016 25 11 94 14 26.00 SW 2 Km/hr

May’ 2016 31 9 95 11 10.00 SW 2 Km/hr

June 2016 34 12 90 16 16.00 SW 2 Km/hr

3.8.4 Wind Rose

A wind rose is a graphic tool used by meteorologist to give a succinct view of how

wind speed and direction are typically distributed at a particular location. Wind

velocity is a measure of wind speed and direction. It is one the most important

meteorological parameters and governs dispersion, diffusion and transportation

of pollutants to the atmosphere.

Wind rose is the diagrammatic representation of wind speed in a specified

direction with its arms representing sixteen direction, each arms give a clear

frequency distribution of wind speed in a particular direction for a given period of

time as shown in figure 3.7

FIGURE NO 3.3: WINDROSE DIAGRAM OF THE PROJECT SITE



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Interpretation

The overall predominant wind direction on 24 hourly bases was observed to be

blowing from SW to NE, and N to S.

3.8.5 Ambient Air Quality (AAQ)

Prevailing air environment i.e. base line conditions in an area is primarily governed

by the different activities going on in that area including industrial, agricultural,

domestic and commercial activities. The pollutant concentrations in the

atmosphere is also governed by the meteorology, topography, natural settings in

terms of plantation, forest cover, vegetation etc. as these factors in combination

with each other are responsible for dispersion, diffusion, transportation and

assimilation of pollutants in the local air shed. The pollutants selected for ambient

air quality status are PM10, PM2.5, SO2, NOx, and CO.

Reconnaissance survey

The prime objective of the AAQ survey within the study area around the proposed

cement plant was to establish the existing background levels for various air

pollutants e.g. PM10, PM 2.5, SO2, NOx, and CO.

In order to establish existing status of atmospheric conditions of study area in

terms of relevant pollutants namely particulate matter (PM10, PM2.5), sulphur

dioxide, nitrogen oxides. AAQ monitoring was carried out for April, May and June

of 2016.

A network of five numbers of AAQ stations were set up to establish the base line

conditions of air environment in the study area. The AAQ stations locations were

selected keeping in mind the findings of the reconnaissance survey, major

settlements, micrometeorology and topography of the study area. The PM10,

PM2.5, machine along with gaseous sampler methods prescribed by CPCB/SPCB

were used for carrying out air quality monitoring.

The data on pollutants concentrations were processed for different statistical

parameters like arithmetic mean, minimum and maximum concentration and

various percentile values.

The existing baseline levels with respect to (PM10, PM2.5); SO2 and nitrogen oxides

are given in Table 3.9.



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3.8.6 Methodology adopted for air quality monitoring

� Selection of sampling locations

The baseline status of the air quality in the study area was assessed though a

scientifically designed ambient air quality monitoring network. The selection of

monitoring network was based on the following aspects:

� Topography / terrain of the study area

� Populated area within the study area

� Residential and sensitive areas within the study area.

� Magnitude of the surrounding industries.

� Representation of regional background levels.

� Representation of cross sectional distribution in downward direction.

Based on the above factors, a network of 5 AAQ monitoring stations has been identified

in the study region during the study period of April, May and June of 2016 as given in

Table – 3.9. TABLE No. : 3.9

LOCATIONS OF AAQ MONITORING STATIONS

Station Sampling Location Direction from

Project site

Distance from the

Project Site (Km)

S1 PROJECT SITE -- --

S2 Village- Athwajan Near NH-1A West 10.63 km

S3 Village- Sangri NW 9.50 km

S4 Village- Wuyan SW 5.71 km

S5 Village- Khanmoh WSW 3.62 Km



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FIGURE NO 3.4: SHOWING THE SAMPLING LOCATIONS

Table 3.10

NATIONAL AMBIENT AIR QUALITY STANDARDS

Pollutant Time Weighted Average

Concentration in Ambient Air

Method of measurement

Industrial, Residential

Rural & Other Areas

Ecologically Sensitive

Area

Sulphur Dioxide

(SO2), µg/m3

Annual* 24 hours **

50 80

20 80

-Improved West and Gaeke method. -Ultraviolet fluorescence

Oxides of Nitrogen

as NO2, µg/m3

Annual* 24 hours **

40 80

30 80

-Jacob & Hochheiser (Na-Arsenite) -Chemiluminescence

Particulate Matter (Size less than 10

µm)or PM10 µg/m3

Annual* 24 hours **

60 100

60 100

-Gravimetric -TOEM -Beta attenuation

Particulate Matter (Size less than 2.5

µm)or PM2.5 µg/m3

Annual* 24 hours **

40 60

40 60

-Gravimetric -TOEM -Beta attenuation



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Ozone (O3), µg/m3 8 hours** 1 hour**

100 180

100 180

-UV photometric - Chemiluminescence -Chemical Method

Lead (Pb), µg/m3 Annual* 24 hours **

0.50 1.0

0.50 1.0

-AAS/ICP Method after sampling on EPM 2000 or equivalent filter paper. -ED-XRF using Teflon filter

Carbon Monoxide (CO), mg/m3

8 Hours** 1 Hours

02 04

02 04

-Non Depressive Infrared Spectroscopy (NDIR)

Ammonia (NH3),

µg/m3

Annual* 24 hours **

100 400

100 400

- Chemiluminescence - Indophenol blue method

Benzene (C6H6),

µg/m3

Annual* 05 05 -Gas Chromatography based continuous analyser -Adsorption and Desorption followed by GC analysis

Benzo(a)Pyrene (BaP)-particulate phase only, ng/m3

Annual* 01 01 -Solvent extraction followed by HPLC/GC analysis

Arsenic (As), ng/m3 Annual* 06 06 -AAS/ ICP method after sampling on EPM 2000 or equivalent filter paper

Nickel (Ni), ng/m3 Annual* 20 20 -AAS/ ICP method after sampling on EPM 2000 or equivalent filter paper

Source: NAAQS

* Annual Arithmetic mean of minimum 104 measurements in a year taken twice a week

24 hourly at uniform intervals.

** 24 hourly or 8 hourly or 01 hourly monitored values, as applicable, should be complied

with 98% of the time in a year. However 2% of the time, it may exceed but not on two

consecutive days of monitoring.

� Presentation of Results

Various statistical parameters like average, maximum and minimum values have

been computed from the observed raw data for all the AAQ monitoring stations.

The summary of these results for all the locations is presented in Table 3.11. These

are compared with the standards prescribed by Central Pollution Control Board

(CPCB) for rural and residential zone.

Environmental Clearance for Proposed Zaffron Ent

TPD at Village – Khonmoh, Tehsil & District- Srinagar


AMBIENT AIR QUALITY MONITORING

Station Code

Monitoring Location

PM

Max.

S1 Project Site 42.8

S2 Village- Athwajan Near NH-1A

44.9

S3 Village- Sangri 44.8

S4 Village- Wuyan 44.9

S5 Village- Khonmoh 56.2

Source: Ambient Air Quality Monitoring Analysis Results

GRAPHS SHOWING THE RESULTS OF AMBIENT AIR QUALITY

3.5 A)Graph Showing the Results of Ambient Air Quality in

Zaffron Enterprises Pvt. Ltd. A Cement Manufacturing Unit of Capacity

Srinagar, State-Jammu & Kashmir.

51


TABLE No. : 3.11

AMBIENT AIR QUALITY MONITORING

PM 10

PM 2.5

NO2 SO

2

Max. Min. Max. Min Max. Min. Max. Min.

35.3 25.6 15.6 19.9 12.4 10.9 6.1

44.9 31.2 22.7 15.5 21.5 12.5 12.5 6.5

44.8 33.1 25.9 16.4 19.6 12.5 10.9 6.2

44.9 34.5 25.1 15.6 20.8 11.9 10.9 5.5

35.3 25.6 17.5 19.9 11.5 10.7 6.2

Air Quality Monitoring Analysis Results

GRAPHS SHOWING THE RESULTS OF AMBIENT AIR QUALITY

A)Graph Showing the Results of Ambient Air Quality in Summer Season

Ltd. A Cement Manufacturing Unit of Capacity 200 EIA & EMP

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E.C Engineers.

CO

Min. Max. Min.

6.1 0.98 0.62

6.5 1.59 0.62

6.2 0.97 0.42

5.5 0.98 0.62

6.2 0.97 0.56

Summer Season – PM10




3.5 (B)Graph Showing the Results of Ambient Air Quality in

3.5 (C)Graph Showing the Results of Ambient Air Quality in



52


(B)Graph Showing the Results of Ambient Air Quality in Summer Season

(C)Graph Showing the Results of Ambient Air Quality in Summer Season


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Summer Season – PM2.5

Summer Season – SO2




3.5(D)Graph Showing the Results of Ambient Air Quality in

3.8.6.1 Result and Discussion

The concentration of PM

15.5 – 25.9 µg/m3 and 31.20

from 5.5 –12.5 µg/m3 and the concentration of NO

during summer season. Thus all the parameters for Ambient Air Quality are within

the prescribed limits.

3.9 WATER ENVIRONMENT

3.9.1 Hydrogeology aspects

The hydro geological conditions of the district are dependent on the lithology,

structure and geomorphic set up. Groundwater in the area occurs both under

water table and confined conditions in Soft Rock Aquifers, Groundwater in the

alluvial sediments consisting of valley fills & Karewas occurs in the pore spaces of

the individual grains under water table and confine conditions and a form a

prolific aquifer in the district where are hard rock’s lack primary porosity & ground

water is confined mainly to the



53


D)Graph Showing the Results of Ambient Air Quality in Summer Season

The concentration of PM2.5 and PM10 for all the AAQM stations ranges between

31.20 – 56.20 µg/m3, respectively. Concentration of SO

and the concentration of NO2 varies from 11.5

season. Thus all the parameters for Ambient Air Quality are within




isting of valley fills & Karewas occurs in the pore spaces of



water is confined mainly to the fractured & jointed formations. From the ground


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E.C Engineers.

Summer Season – NO2

for all the AAQM stations ranges between

respectively. Concentration of SO2 varies

11.5– 21.5 µg/m3

season. Thus all the parameters for Ambient Air Quality are within




isting of valley fills & Karewas occurs in the pore spaces of



fractured & jointed formations. From the ground



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E.C Engineers.

water point of view, these rocks are grouped into Panjal Traps & Triassic

limestone. The overburden generally consisting of boulders of hard rock’s & clay

at places also form good aquifers with moderate yields ranging upto 5.0 lps.

Panjal traps located along the Jhelum rivers are highly jointed & fractured with a

good/potentials aquifer. Two exploratory wells drilled by CGWB, for the first time

with DTH rigs in the Valley, has yielded 12.0 (Upper Athwajan) & 33.0 lps (Sofi

Mohalla) of water.

3.9.2 Depth to Water Level

Based on the data of water levels of permanent hydrograph network stations, it is

observed that the depth to water table varies widely in different hydro

geomorphic depending upon rainfall, the draft and the topography of the area.

There were five National Hydrograph Network Stations monitored up to the year

1989 by the Central Ground Water Board in the district and the same are shown in

Plate-III. All the five hydrograph stations falls in Valley fills/ Karewas. At present

only three National Hydrograph Network Stations are being monitored from the

year 2007 As there is no monsoon rainfall in the valley and precipitation is received

in the form of snow in the winter (December-March) & rain fall in the early

summer(April-May) is only due to western disturbances, the terms Pre-monsoon

& Post-monsoon as used in the other parts of the country are not relevant in the

Kashmir Valley & Summer and Winter water levels are used in lieu of these terms

respectively. The depth to Summer water levels in the ranges from 1.5 to 4.00 m

bgl (Plate-IV) while Winter water levels varies from 1.75 to 6.00 m bgl. It is

important to mention here that water level behavior in the Kashmir Valley is

entirely different from the other parts of the country. This is mainly because of

the fact that about 60 to 70% of the precipitation is received in the form of snow

during December to February while March and April is the months of heavy

rainfall. May to September is relatively dry months. Hence recharge to the ground

water takes place in the valley in the months of April to June with the melting of

snow and with the onset of rainfall. Therefore water level shows trends of rising

from April onwards and falling from August onwards.



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Ground Water Resources

The dynamic ground water resources of Srinagar district have been estimated for

valley areas only. Total area has been taken as unit for final computation Ground

water resources have been computed as per GEC 1997 methodology & are

summarized in table 3.12

Table 3.12

1. Area considered for GW Assessment (valley area) 500 sq km

2. Annual Replenishable GW Resource during monsoon & non-monsoon period

10,201 ham

3. Net Annual Ground Water Availability 9,181 ham

4. Annual Ground Water Draft 4198 ham

5. Ground Water Availability for Future Irrigation 2192 ham

6. Stage of Ground Water Development 46 %

Fig. 3.6 Average Depth of Water level



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3.9.3 Water Quality

Methodology

Ground water sources covering 10-km radial distance were examined for physico

chemical parameters in order to assess the effect of industrial and other activities

on the hydrosphere resources. The samples were collected and analyzed as per

the procedures specified in ‘Standard Methods for the Examination of Water and

wastewater.

Sampling Locations

Four groundwater samples were collected as grab samples and were analyzed for

various parameters. The analyzed results were compared with the standards for

drinking water as per IS: 10500. Monitoring locations were finalized on the basis

of the following aspects:-

• Drainage pattern

• Tube wells (utilized for drinking water purposes)

• Surface water (if any) in study area; and

The assessment of water quality in the study area was examined for Physico-

chemical parameters. The samples were collected and analyzed as per the

procedures specified in CPCB / BIS guidelines.

TABLE No. : 3.13

LOCATIONS OF WATER QUALITY MONITORING STATIONS

Station Sampling Location Direction from Project

site

Distance from the

Project Site (Km)

S1 On Project Site -- --

S2 Village Sangri NW 9.5 km

S3 Village Wuyan SW 5.71 km

S4 Village Khanmoh WSW 3.62 km



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TABLE No. : 3.14

WATER ANALYSIS RESULTS

Sl. No.

Parameters

Values Found Requirement as per IS : 10500

On Project Site

Village Sangri

Village Wuyan

Village Khanmoh

Desirable Limits Permissible Limits in the

absence of alternate source

1. Colour <5.0 <5.0 <5.0 <5.0 5 15

2. Odour Agreeable Agreeable Agreeable Agreeable Agreeable Agreeable

3. Taste Agreeable Agreeable Agreeable Agreeable Agreeable Agreeable

4. Turbidity <1.0 <1.0 <1.0 <1.0 1 5

5. pH 7.27 7.11 6.98 7.18 6.5 8.5

6. Total Hardness (as CaCO3) 182 148.0 128.0 168 200 600

7. Iron (as Fe) <0.05 <0.05 <0.05 <0.05 0.3 No Relaxation

8. Chloride (as Cl) 41.74 58.08 50.82 50.82 250 1000

9. Fluoride (as F) 0.27 0.19 0.17 0.21 1 1.5

10. TDS 310.0 259.0 243.0 282.0 500 2000

11. Calcium (as Ca) 51.20 44.8 41.6 48.0 75 200

12. Magnesium (as Mg) 13.12 8.75 5.83 11.66 30 100

13. Copper (as Cu) <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 0.05 1.5

14. Manganese (as Mn) <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 0.1 0.3

15. Sulphate (as SO4) 15.5 12.95 6.4 10.07 200 400

16. Nitrate (as NO3) 1.93 1.61 0.83 1.5 45 No Relaxation

17. Phenolic Compound <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 0.001 0.002

18. Mercury (as Hg) <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 0.001 No Relaxation



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19. Cadmium (as Cd) <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 0.003 No Relaxation

20. Selenium (as Se) <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 0.01 No Relaxation

21. Arsenic (as As) <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 0.01 0.05

22. Cyanide (as Cn) <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 0.05 No Relaxation

23. Lead (as Pb) <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 0.01 No Relaxation

24. Zinc (as Zn) <0.1 <0.1 <0.1 <0.1 5 15

25. Anionic Detergent <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 0.2 1

26. Chromium (as Cr+6) <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 0.05 No Relaxation

27. Alkalinity (as CaCO3) 32.0 24.0 48.0 24.0 200 600

28. Aluminum (as Al) <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 0.03 0.2

29. Residual Chlorine <0.1 <0.1 <0.1 <0.1 0.2 No Relaxation

Microbiological Parameters

1 Total Coliform Not detected Not

detected

Not

detected

Not

detected

Shall not be detectable

2 E.Coli Absent Absent Absent Absent Shall not be detectable

Source: Water Analysis Report



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3.9.4 Results and Discussion

As shown above in Table No.-3.14 the ground water quality in the area in pre-monsoon

season has been analyzed for the certain parameters. The interpretation of the analysis

results are as under:

The analysis shows that pH varies from 6.98 to 7.27. Total hardness varies from

128 mg/l to 182 mg/l. Total dissolved solids are in the range of 243.0mg/l to 310

mg/l in water samples.

3.9.5 Surface Water Analysis Results

S. No. Parameters Values found

Dal Lake Jhelam River

1. pH 7.25 7.39

2. Temperature 27 29

3. Dissolved Oxygen 6.7 6.8

4. turbidity 2.1 1.6

5. Biological Oxygen Demand (3 days at 270 C)

<5.0 <5.0

6. Total Suspended Solid 12.0 8.0

7. Chemical Oxygen Demand 12.8 9.6

8. Conductivity 504.7 346.8

MICROBIOLOGICAL PARAMETER

1. Faecal Coliform Absent Absent

3.10 NOISE ENVIRONMENT

The physical description of sound concerns its loudness as a function of

frequency. Noise in general is sound, which is composed of many frequency

components of various types of loudness distributed over the audible frequency

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