Chapter 1: Electric Circuit Variables ©2001, John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Introduction To Electric Circuits, 5th Ed Chapter 1 Electric Circuit Variables

Chapter 1: Electric Circuit Variables

©2001, John Wiley & Sons, Inc.Introduction To Electric Circuits, 5th Ed

Chapter 1

Electric Circuit Variables



Figure 1.2-1 Title page of Robert Boyle’s book on electrical science, published in 1675. Courtesy of the Institution of Electrical Engineers, London.



Figure 1.2-2In his studies of attraction and gravitation, Guericke devised the first electrical generator. When a hand was held on a sulfur ball revolving in its frame, the ball attracted paper, feathers, chaff, and other light objects. Courtesy of Burndy Library.



Figure 1.2-3Illustration of Leyden jar for retaining electrical charges. The charges developed from the rotating glass globes (left) were transmitted through the central conductor and led down a wire to the bottle, which was partly filed with water. With the bottle held in one hand, the other hand completed the circuit—with a resulting shock. Courtesy of Burndy Library.



Figure 1.2-4A display of lightning. Courtesy of the National Severe Storms Laboratory.



Figure 1.2-5Benjamin Franklin and a section of the lightning rod erected in his Philadelphia home in September 1752. Divergence of the balls indicated a charged cloud overhead. With this apparatus Franklin discovered that most clouds were negatively charged and that “ ’tis the earth that strikes into the clouds, and not the clouds that strike into the earth.” Courtesy of Burndy Library.



Figure 1.2-6Title page of the book on electrical science by Joseph Priestley (1767). Courtesy of the Institution of Electrical Engineers, London.



Figure 1.2-7Luigi Galvani in 1786 noticed that a frog’s leg would twitch if touched by two dissimilar metals, copper and zinc. Courtesy of Burndy Library.



Figure 1.2-8Allesandro Volta. Courtesy of Burndy Library.



Figure 1.2-9The voltaic pile, which was a series of successions of three conducting substances—plate of silver, a plate of zinc, and a similar piece of spongy matter impregnated with a saline solution—repeated 30 or 40 times. Courtesy of Burndy Library.



Figure 1.2-10André-Marie Ampère. Courtesy of the Library of Congress.



Figure 1.2-11James Prescott Joule (1818-1889). Courtesy of the Smithsonian Institution.



Figure 1.2-12Maxwell in 1855 as a student at Cambridge University, England. Courtesy of Burndy Library.



Figure 1.3-1A simple circuit.



Figure 1.3-2A general two-terminal electrical element with terminals a and b.



Figure 1.3-3A circuit with five elements.



Figure 1.3-4Current in a circuit element.



Figure 1.3-5A direct current of Magnitude I.



Figure 1.3-6(a) A ramp with a slope M. (b) A sinusoid. (c) An exponential. I is a constant. The current i is zero for t 0.



Figure 1.3-7Current waveform for Example 1.3-3.



Figure 1.3-8Current waveform for Example 1.3-4.



Figure 1.3-9Sketch of q(t) for Example 1.3-4.



Figure 1.5-1Voltage across a circuit element.



Figure 1.6-1(a) The passive convention is used for element voltage and current. (b) The passive convention is not used.



Figure 1.6-2The element considered in Example 1.6-2.



Figure 1.6-3An element with the current flowing into the terminal with a negative voltage sign.



Figure 1.7-1(a) A direct-reading (analog) meter and (b) a digital meter.



Figure 1.7-2(a) Ideal ammeter and (b) ideal voltmeter.



Figure 1.8-1The problem-solving method.



Figure 1.8-2An element with a voltmeter and ammeter.



Figure 1.8-3The circuit from Figure 1.8-2 with the ammeter probes reversed.



Figure 1.9-1A circuit element with a measured current and voltage.



Figure 1.10-1The circuit to control a jet valve for a space rocket.

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Chapter 1: Electric Circuit Variables ©2001, John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Introduction To Electric Circuits, 5th Ed Chapter 1 Electric Circuit Variables