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Chapter 1: Colonizing America
Section 3: Founding the Thirteen Colonies
Summary
England was late to establish colonies in the Americas. Joint-stock companies established the first English colonies with the intention of making profits. Many settlers, however, went to the Americas to escape religious persecution.
Key Questions
1. How did religious and economic factors influence English migration?
2. What defining characteristics describe the Chesapeake region?
Social and Economic
England
What were some of these changes?
Huge catastrophesGreat FamineBlack DeathHundred Years War
What would the effects of this be?
Stability Eventually Returns
Populations roseCities grewTrade increasedGovernments grew and took more control
(collected more taxes)
Renaissance and Reformation
RenaissanceReformationPeople began to question the role of the
Church in societyWhy?
It was corrupt!What happened?
The church divided into the Catholics and Protestants
English people rebelled against the Catholic Church
Religious Persecution
Protestant Reformation-in several countries in Europe, people begin to leave the Catholic church and faith and form a new branch of the Christian religion called the Protestant religion.
In England, the new Protestant church was established by King Henry VIII. This church was called the Anglican church.
Many people felt the Anglican church wasn’t “pure” enough. These Puritans were persecuted and fled England for America.
Martin Luther
Henry VIII Puritans
Economic Changes
English nobles rented land to farmers
Realized they could make more money from raising sheep
Result??
At the same time the population was rising
Also, wool merchants form joint-stock companies and these companies fund the new colonies.
Remember…
Protestant Catholic
THE FIRST ENGLISH COLONIES
English government wanted in on Spain’s wealth
Few job opportunities at homeUnaware of dangers in AmericaSir Walter Raleigh was given permission
by Queen Elizabeth I to sponsor the first colony
1585 on Roanoke Island- named Virginia
ROANOKE
Troubles with local tribes and lack of food forced colonists to return to England
Tried again in 1587No one knows what happened…
Some believe they were killed. Others believe they joined a local tribe of
Native Americans
JAMESTOWNNamed in honor of King James IFirst permanent English settlement in North America1607- 100 colonistsTroubled first years
Became ill from diseases Promise of gold- settlers searched for treasure instead
of working Climate
By January 1608, only 38 colonists remained alive
JOHN SMITH
“He that will not work shall not eat.”
JAMESTOWN
John Smith took control of JamestownMore focus on farmingRelations with Native Americans were
tense
JAMESTOWN AND TOBACCO
No gold, so… looked to tobacco to bring wealth
Settlers began to own land and work hard to be successful
Virginia Company wanted to attract more settlers Offered Headright and Indentured Servitude
Africans arrived in 1619
3 Causes of English Settlement
Religious Persecution
Economic Changes Rivalry with Spain
LORD BALTIMORE FOUNDS MARYLAND
1634- Chesapeake Bay2nd Chesapeake colonyFree from religious
conflictsEconomy focused on
Tobacco Indentured Servants and
Slaves
THE ACT OF TOLERATION
1649Forbade
religious persecution
RELIGIOUS CONFLICT IN MARYLAND
Protestants outnumbered Catholics1645 Puritans tried to take over1654 Puritans got rid of the governor and
the Act of TolerationEventually it was restored, but there was
much conflict
Key Questions
1. What defining characteristics describe the New England region?
2. Why is Massachusetts called a “seed colony”?
THE VOYAGE OF THE MAYFLOWER
England broke away from Catholic Church Formed Church of England Many disagreed: called Dissenters
One group called the SeparatistsWhat word do you see here?
What does the ending “ist” tell us?
So what is a Separatist?King James persecuted themSeparatists had to flee the country
WHAT HAPPENED TO THE SEPARATISTS?
Approached Virginia Company to settle in America
Why? Wanted to gain
religious freedom Became known as the
Pilgrims
THE PILGRIMS FOUND PLYMOUTH
November 1620 Mayflower Arrive off of Cape Cod,
Massachusetts Was blown off course Called it Plymouth Had to create their own laws Created own agreement
MAYFLOWER COMPACT
Established self-government and majority rule
Half the group died in the first winter Starvation time like the other
colonies
Saved by Native Americans who learned English
Squanto taught Pilgrims to plant native crops
THE FIRST THANKSGIVINGWhat do you see in this picture?
THE FIRST THANKSGIVING
Fall of 16213 day FeastRepresented the peace that existed
between Native Americans and Pilgrims at that time
THE PURITANS COME TO MASSACHUSETTS BAY Late 1620s- England was troubled by
religious and political conflict Many dissenters were speaking against
Church and the kingThe Puritans
Did not want to break away like Separatists, wanted to reform or “purify”
Faced much persecution so decided to set up a Puritan society in America
THE GREAT MIGRATION
1630- Massachusetts Bay CompanyColony could govern itself11 ships- 1,000 passengersFounded Boston- most important town in
New EnglandBetween 1630 and 1640 about 20,000
more came
THE NEW ENGLAND WAY
Small communities governed by congregations
Each congregation chose its minister and set up the town
Values helped to organize societyHard workEducationRepresentative Government
MASSACHUSETTS BAY “SEEDS” NEW ENGLAND
Dissenters challenged Puritan leadersDisagreements caused many to leave the
colony and found other coloniesMassachusetts became a “seed colony”
out of which other colonies grew
RHODE ISLAND WELCOMES DISSENTERS
Salem, Massachusetts Roger Williams insisted that
Colonists had no rights to Native American lands No one should be forced to attend church Puritans should not force their religion on others Church and state should be kept separate
For these beliefs, Williams was banished1636 he founded Rhode Island
Guaranteed religious tolerance and separation of church and state
Established the first Baptist Church in America
RHODE ISLAND WELCOMES DISSENTERS
Anne Hutchinson- another dissenterDisagreed with many clergyChallenged church authorityBanished from Massachusetts1638 fled to Rhode Island
THE FIGHT FOR TOLERANCE
The Puritans came to America for religious freedom but… Would not offer it to others Especially to the Quakers
Beliefs and practices of the Quakers threatened the New England Way Women’s equality with men Sermons and ministers
CREATING A NEW ENGLAND
Lived in townsMost were dissenters in EnglandMiddle ClassHighly skilled and educatedCame to the Americas as families, friends,
and neighbors
SETTLING THE MIDDLE COLONIES
New York, New Jersey, Pennsylvania, and Delaware Hudson and Delaware
riversEncouraged shipping and
commerce Rich soil and mild winters
Good for farming Diverse population
NEW NETHERLANDBuilt by DutchAlong Hudson River in New
YorkGovernor: Peter StuyvesantHad slaves
Had harsh lives but… Enjoyed some rights of
movement and property ownership
A TOLERANT SOCIETY
Welcomed dissenters from Puritan New England
Quakers, German Lutherans, French Protestants, and Jewish all settled there
THE ENGLISH TAKE CONTROL
English thought Dutch were a threatKing Charles sent his brother, the Duke of
York, to drive the Dutch outDutch surrendered and colony renamed
New York
NEW JERSEY, PENNSYLVANIA, AND DELAWARE
Duke of York gave land (New Jersey) to friends, Sir George Carteret and Lord John Berkeley
Promised land grants, freedom of religion, and a representative assembly to attract settlers
William Penn was given land by King Charles Pennsylvania means “Penn’s Woods” Penn granted lower counties their own
assembly (Delaware) Penn was a Quaker and provided a place to
practice beliefs free of persecution
PENNSYLVANIA AND THE QUAKERS
Quakers welcomed different religions and ethnic groups
“[All persons] shall, in no ways, be molested or prejudiced for their religious persuasion, or practice, in matters of faith and worship, nor shall they be compelled at any time, to frequent or maintain any religious worship.”- from the Frames of Government of Pennsylvania 1682
PENNSYLVANIAReligious freedom and equality for allMany settlers from many European countries
came seeking religious freedom and a better lifePhiladelphia- capital meaning “city of brotherly
love”Quakers valued hard work and thriftHelped poor immigrants become richPennsylvania became one of the wealthiest
American colonies
THE CAROLINAS
Offered religious toleration, large land grants, and political representation
Charles TownRefuge for
Huguenots
TRIPLE THREATReligious Freedom
Representative Government
Land Grants
RICE AND SLAVERY
1690s- colonists began exporting riceNeeded a large labor forceSo… Imported many enslaved Africans“Our Staple Commodity for some years has been
Rice, and Tilling, planting, Hoeing, Reaping, Threshing, Pounding have all been done merely by poor slaves here” Letter from a South Carolina doctor
GEORGIA1732- James OglethorpeMeant for debtors and poor to make a fresh startWould protect colonies against Spanish Florida
and French LouisianaVery diverse population
English German Swiss Scottish But Catholics were banned
OGLETHORPE’S POLICIESStrict rulesOpposed large plantations
and slaveryWas fearful against slave
revoltsColonists were unhappyWanted riches and slave
laborLegalized slavery similar to
South Carolina
THE REGION OF THE SOUTHClimate and cultureSoil and climate was good for tobacco,
rice, and indigoRequired large labor forceGreatest population of enslaved Africans
and Native AmericansGreat religious diversityEvery Southern Colony was allowed an
elected representative assembly