Chapter 1 - Introductionsite.iugaza.edu.ps/wp-content/uploads/07 BioEnergy.pdf · 17 Biomass Energy Production Sector/Source 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004P Total 2,907 2,640 2,648 2,740

1

Biomass Energy

Assistant Professor Mazen AbualtayefEnvironmental Engineering Department

Islamic University of Gaza, Palestine

2

Adapted from a presentation by

Professor S.R. LawrenceLeeds School of Business, Environmental Studies

University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, USA

3

Biomass Agenda

• Bioenergy Overview

• Biomass Resources

• Creating Energy from Biomass

• Biomass Economics

• Biomass Environmental Issues

• Promise of Bioenergy

• Ethanol Production

4

BioEnergy Overview

5

Global Energy Sources

2002

Boyle, Renewable Energy, Oxford University Press (2004)

6

Renewable Energy Use

– 2001


7

Bioenergy Cycle

http://www.repp.org/bioenergy/bioenergy-cycle-med2.jpg

8

Bioenergy Cycle


9

Carbon Cycle


10

Commercial

Carbon Cycle

11

US Energy Cropland

http://www.cbsnews.com/htdocs/energy/renewable/map_bioenergy_image.html

12

US Biomass Resources

13

Biomass

Resource Potential

http://www.eia.doe.gov/cneaf/solar.renewables/page/biomass/biomass.gif

14

Biomass Basic Data


15

Solar Energy Conversion


1 hectare = ~2.5 acres

16

Boiling 1l of Water


17

Biomass Energy

Production

Sector/Source 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004P

Total 2,907 2,640 2,648 2,740 2,845

Wood Energy Total 2,257 1,980 1,899 1,929 1,989

Residential 433 370 313 359 332

Commercial 53 40 39 40 41

Industrial 1,636 1,443 1,396 1,363 1,448

Electric Powera 134 126 150 167 168

Waste Energy Total 511 514 576 571 560

MSW/Landfill Gas 400 419 467 440 443


Industrial 64 74 87 85 88


Other Biomassb 111 95 108 131 117


Industrial 81 76 81 85 84


Alcohol Fuelsc 139 147 174 239 296

Transportation 139 147 174 239 296

http://www.eia.doe.gov/cneaf/solar.renewables/page/biomass/biomass.html

18

Bioenergy Technologies


19

Biomass Resources

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Types of Biomass

21

Biomass Resources

• Energy Crops

– Woody crops

– Agricultural crops

• Waste Products

– Wood residues

– Temperate crop wastes

– Tropical crop wastes

– Animal wastes

– Municipal Solid Waste (MSW)

– Commercial and industrial wasteshttp://www.eere.energy.gov/RE/bio_resources.html

22

Corn

http://www.geo.msu.edu/geo333/corn.html

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Soybeans

http://agproducts.unl.edu/

24

Sorghum

http://www.okfarmbureau.org/press_pass/galleries/grainSorghum/

25

Sugar Cane Bagasse

http://www.nrel.gov/biomass/photos.html

26

Switchgrass


27

Hybrid Poplar


28

Corn Stover


29

Wood Chips & Sawdust

http://www.nrel.gov/biomass/photos.html http://www.energytrust.org/RR/bio/

30

Tracy Biomass Plant

Truck unloading wood chips that will fuel

the Tracy Biomass Plant, Tracy, California.

http://www.eia.doe.gov/cneaf/solar.renewables/page/biomass/biomass.html

31

Municipal Solid Waste

http://www.eeingeorgia.org/eic/images/landfill.jpg

32

Creating Energy

from Biomass

33

Bioenergy Conversion


34

Biomass Direct

Combustion


35

Heat Energy Content


36

MSW Power Plant


37

Composition of MSW


38

Integrated Waste Plant


39

EU MSW Incineration


40

Landfill Gasses


41

Biorefinery

http://www.nrel.gov/biomass/biorefinery.html

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Sugar Platform

1. Convert biomass to sugar or other fermentation feedstock

2. Ferment biomass intermediates using biocatalysts

• Microorganisms including yeast and bacteria;

3. Process fermentation product

• Yield fuel-grade ethanol and other fuels, chemicals, heat and/or electricity

http://www.nrel.gov/biomass/proj_biochemical_conversion.html

43

Thermochemical

Platform

• Direct Combustion

• Gasification

• Pyrolysis

http://www1.eere.energy.gov/biomass/thermochemical_platform.html

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Gasification

• Biomass heated with no oxygen

• Gasifies to mixture of CO and H2

– Called “Syngas” for synthetic gas

• Mixes easily with oxygen

• Burned in turbines to generate electricity

– Like natural gas

• Can easily be converted to other fuels,

chemicals, and valuable materials

45

Biomass Gasifier

• 200 tons of wood

chips daily

• Forest thinnings;

wood pallets

• Converted to gas at

~1850 ºF

• Combined cycle gas

turbine

• 8MW power outputMcNeil Generating Station

biomass gasifier – 8MW


46

Pyrolysis

• Heat bio-material under pressure

– 500-1300 ºC (900-2400 ºF)

– 50-150 atmospheres

– Carefully controlled air supply

• Up to 75% of biomass converted to liquid

• Tested for use in engines, turbines, boilers

• Currently experimental

http://www1.eere.energy.gov/biomass/pyrolysis.html

47

Pyrolysis Schmatic

http://www1.eere.energy.gov/biomass/pyrolysis.html

48

Anaerobic Digestion

• Decompose biomass with microorganisms

– Closed tanks known as anaerobic digesters

– Produces methane (natural gas) and CO2

• Methane-rich biogas can be used as fuel

or as a base chemical for biobased

products.

• Used in animal feedlots, and elsewhere

http://www1.eere.energy.gov/biomass/other_platforms.html

49

Carbon Rich Platform

• Natural plant oils such as soybean, corn, palm,

and canola oils

– In wide use today for food and chemical applications

• Transesterification of vegetable oil or animal fat

produces fatty acid methyl ester

– Commonly known as biodiesel.

• Biodiesel an important commercial air-emission

reducing additive / substitute for diesel fuel

– could be platform chemical for biorefineries.


50

BioFuels

• Ethanol

– Created by fermentation of starches/sugars

– US capacity of 1.8 billion gals/yr (2005)

– Active research on cellulosic fermentation

• Biodiesel

– Organic oils combined with alcohols

– Creates ethyl or methyl esters

• SynGas Biofuels

– Syngas (H2 & CO) converted to methanol, or liquid fuel similar to diesel

http://www.eere.energy.gov/RE/bio_fuels.html

51

Biodiesel Bus


52

Plant Products Platform

• Selective breeding and genetic engineering

• Develop plant strains that produce greater amounts of desirable feedstocks or chemicals

• Even compounds that the plant does not naturally produce

• Get the biorefining done in the biological plant rather than the industrial plant.


53

Biomass

Economics

54

Economic Issues

• Sustainable Development

– Move toward sustainable energy production

• Energy Security

– Reduce dependence on imported oil

• Rural Economic Growth

– Provide new crops/markets for rural business

• Land Use

– Better balance of land use

http://www.eere.energy.gov/RE/bio_integrated.html

55

Landfill Gas Costs


56

Switchgrass Econ

Tons Per

Acre

Total

Variable

Cost Per

Acre

Total Fixed

Cost Per

Acre

Total Cost

Per Acre

Ethanol Min

Price per

Gallon

2 $131.00 $66.50 $197.50 $2.47

3 $87.33 $44.33 $131.67 $1.65

4 $65.50 $33.25 $98.75 $1.23

5 $52.40 $26.60 $79.00 $0.99

6 $43.67 $22.17 $65.83 $0.82

7 $37.43 $19.00 $56.43 $0.71

8 $32.75 $16.63 $49.38 $0.62

9 $29.11 $14.78 $43.89 $0.55

10 $26.20 $13.30 $39.50 $0.49

http://www.agecon.uga.edu/~caed/Pubs/switchgrass.html

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Energy Crop Potential

Michael Totten, Conservation International, January 27, 2006

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Environmental

Impacts

59

Environmental Issues

• Air Quality

– Reduce NOx and SO2 emissions

• Global Climate Change

– Low/no net increase in CO2

• Soil Conservation

– Soil erosion control, nutrient retention, carbon sequestration, and stabilization of riverbanks.

• Water Conservation

– Better retention of water in watersheds

• Biodiversity and Habitat

– Positive and negative changeshttp://www.eere.energy.gov/RE/bio_integrated.html

60

Heat and CO2

Content


61

Net Life Cycle Emissions


62

Crop Erosion Rates


SRWC = Short Rotation Woody Crops

63

Biocide Requirements


Short Rotation

Woody Crops

64

Promise of

Bioenergy

65

Biomass Infrastructure

• Biomass Production Improvements

– Genetics, breeding, remote sensing, GIS,

analytic and evaluation techniques

• Biomass Material Handling

– Storage, handling, conveying, size reduction,

cleaning, drying, feeding systems, systems

• Biomass Logistics and Infrastructure

– Harvesting, collecting, storing, transporting,

other biomass supply chain elements

http://www.eere.energy.gov/RE/bio_resources.html

66

Multiple benefits would accrue:

www.bioproducts-bioenergy.gov/pdfs/NRDC-Growing-Energy-Final.3.pdf.

Benefits of Bioenergy

• Rural American farmers producing these fuel crops would see $5 billion of increased profits per year.

• Consumers would see future pump savings of $20 billion per year on fuel costs.

• Society would see CO2 emissions reduced by 6.2 billion tons per year, equal to 80% of U.S. transportation-related CO2 emissions in 2002.

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Nathaniel Greene et al., Growing Energy, www.bioproducts-bioenergy.gov/pdfs/NRDC-Growing-Energy-Final.3.pdf.

Growing US Energy

• 2004 assessment by the National Energy Commission concluded that a vigorous effort in the USA to develop cellulosic biofuels between now and 2015 could:

– Produce the first billion gallons at costs approaching those of gasoline and diesel.

– Establish the capacity to produce biofuels at very competitive pump prices equivalent to roughly 8 million barrels of oil per day (122 billion gallons per year) by 2025.

68

TODAY & BUSINESS AS USUAL30 million hectares soy

NEXT DECADE & FUTURE30 million hectares switchgrass

Switchgrass 1 to 3x protein productivity +

5 to 10 x mass productivity of soybeans

animal

protein

feed

oils animal

protein

feed

Cellulose

hydrolyzed into

30 billion

gallons ethanol

oils

http://thayer.dartmouth.edu/thayer/rbaef/.

US Grows its Gas

69

Fuel Efficiency vs. Land

70

Bioenergy Forecasts


71

One Scenario


Semi-Efficient, Ambitious Renewable Energy Scenario

72

Ethanol Production

73

Ethanol Yields


74

Ethanol Production Plant


75

76

Ethanol Production

• Corn kernels are ground in a hammermill to expose the starch

• The ground grain is mixed with water, cooked briefly and enzymes are added to convert the starch to sugar using a chemical reaction called hydrolysis.

• Yeast is added to ferment the sugars to ethanol.

• The ethanol is separated from the mixture by distillation and the water is removed from the mixture using dehydration

77

Ethanol Production

• Energy content about 2/3 of gasoline

– So E10 (10% ethanol, 90% gasoline) will

cause your gas mileage to decrease 3-4%

• Takes energy to create ethanol from

starchy sugars

– Positive net energy balance

– Energy output/input = 1.67

78

In comparison, US consumed

an 140,000 million gallons of

gasoline in 2004

79

US Ethanol Facilities

80

Ethanol by State

81

Ethanol Fuel Use 2003

82

Federal Reformulated Gasoline

Required year round in high pollution metro areas

e.g. L.A., San Diego, Dallas, Houston, Washington, D.C.

Federal Winter Oxygenated Fuels

Required during winter in selected high pollution metro areas

e.g. Denver, Phoenix, Las Vegas

Ethanol Use by Market

83

MTBE

• MTBE (methyl tertiary-butyl ether)

– A chemical compound that is manufactured by the

chemical reaction of methanol and isobutylene

– Used almost exclusively a fuel additive in gasoline

– It is one of a group of chemicals commonly known as

"oxygenates" because they raise the oxygen content

of gasoline.

– At room temperature, MTBE is a volatile, flammable

and colorless liquid that dissolves rather easily in

water.

Source: EPA (http://www.epa.gov/mtbe/gas.htm)

http://www.epa.gov/otaq/consumer/fuels/oxypanel/r99021tb.htm

84

MTBE

• Oxygen helps gasoline burn more completely, reducing tailpipe emissions from motor vehicles

• Oxygen dilutes or displaces gasoline components such as aromatics (e.g., benzene) and sulfur

• Oxygen optimizes the oxidation during combustion.

• Most refiners have chosen to use MTBE over other oxygenates primarily for its blending characteristics and for economic reasons


85

MTBE and

The Clean Air Act

• The Clean Air Act Amendments of 1990 (CAA) require the use of oxygenated gasoline in areas with unhealthy levels of air pollution

– The CAA does not specifically require MTBE. Refiners may choose to use other oxygenates, such as ethanol

– Winter Oxyfuel Program: Originally implemented in 1992, the CAA requires oxygenated fuel during the cold months in cities that have elevated levels of carbon monoxide

– Year-round Reformulated Gasoline Program: Since 1995, the CAA requires reformulated gasoline (RFG) year-round in cities with the worst ground-level ozone (smog).


http://www.epa.gov/otaq/fuels.htm

http://www.epa.gov/otaq/rfg.htm



86

MTBE and

Groundwater Pollution

• MTBE has the potential to occur in high concentrations in groundwater

• Some MTBE has appeared in drinking water wells throughout the U.S

• Highly water soluble– Not easily absorbed into soil

– Resists biodegradation

• Travels far from leak sources, – Hazard on a regional scale.

• Some states are banning MTBE

Source: Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory (http://www.llnl.gov/str/Happel.html)

87

State MTBE Bans

88

Corn Use for Ethanol

89

Corn Use by Segment

90

Sorghum Use by Segment

91

Energy Policy Act of 2005

• Small Producer Biodiesel and Ethanol Credit– 10 cent per gallon tax credit

– Up to 15 million gallons annually per producer

– Expires year end 2008

• Fueling stations – 30% credit for cost of installing clean-fuel vehicle

refueling equipment

– $30,000 maximum

– e.g. E85• 85% Ethanol, 15% gasoline

• GM pushing their E85 vehicles as an alternative to hybrids

• Seven SUV/Trucks, two sedans

92


• The Renewable Fuel Standard – Requires use of 7.5 billion gallons of biofuels by 2012

• includes ethanol and biodiesel

– Up from 3.4 billion gallons in 2004

• All refiners required to abide by targets– Credit trading mechanism in place

• For example, refiners in states with little or no ethanol production may buy credits from refiners in states with excess production

• Increased costs across the nation

• Decrease oil imports by 2.1%

93

Cellulosic Ethanol

• Ethanol produced from agricultural

residues, woody biomass, fibers,

municipal solid waste, switchgrass

• Process converts lignocellulosic feedstock

(LCF) into component sugars, which are

then fermented to ethanol

Source: American Coalition for Ethanol (http://www.ethanol.org/documents/ACERFSSummary.pdf)

94

Cellulosic Ethanol


• Minimum 250 million gallons/year by 2012

• Incentive grants for facility construction

– 2006: $500 million

– 2007: $800 million

– 2008: $400 million

• Other research grants/production

incentives

– 2006 – 2010: $485 million


95

Ethanol


• President Bush

– Reduce our “addition to oil”

• Replace 75% of U.S. oil imports from the

Middle East by 2025

– But that’s just 4.3 million barrels/day

– Total consumption of 26.1 million barrels/day


96

U.S. Petroleum Supply

2004

8.6

1.86.2

3.3

2.6

Domestic Oil

Domestic Ethanol

Western Hemisphere

Europe/Africa

Persian Gulf

2025

5.1

5.3

6.7

3.2

5.8

Domestic Oil

Domestic Ethanol

Western Hemisphere

Europe/Africa

Persian Gulf

MMBPD

Source: Department of Energy/Energy Information Agency

97

Ethanol


• Brazil produces ethanol at $25/oil equivalent barrel– Adjusted price taking into account energy differences

between ethanol and oil

– Compare $25/barrel to current oil price of $60+/barrel

• Largest commercial application of biomass energy in the world– Sugar cane used a feedstock

• Domestic automakers building flex-fuel vehicles

Source: Federal University of Rio de Janeiro

98

Promoting Bioenergy

• Why not import ethanol from Brazil?

• The U.S. imposes a $22/barrel import tariff on Brazilian ethanol

• So, are the ethanol subsidies in the EPAct05 just a payoff to the agricultural lobby?

• Or, are we attempting to build a domestic ethanol industry by subsidizing its early efforts?

• How best to promote bioenergy?


99

Extra Slides

100

BioPower Electricity

• Direct Combustion

– Burn biomass to create steam

• Co-Firing

– Mix biomass with coal in coal plants

– Economically attractive

• Gasification

• Pyrolysis

• Anaerobic Digestion

http://www.eere.energy.gov/RE/bio_biopower.html

101

Biomass Resources

• Herbaceous Energy Crops

• Woody Energy Crops

• Industrial Crops

• Agricultural Crops

• Aquatic Crops

• Agricultural Crop Residues

• Forestry Residues

• Municipal Waste

• Animal Waste

http://www.eere.energy.gov/RE/bio_resources.html

http://search.nrel.gov/query.html?col=eren&qc=eren&style=eere&qm=1&si=0&ht=2136309927&ct=66517379

102

Sugar Platform

• Most plant material consists of cellulose

– Not starch and starch and sugar

• Need to break cellulose into its sugars

– Research underway to make economical

http://www1.eere.energy.gov/biomass/sugar_platform.html

103

Biorefinery Platforms

http://www1.eere.energy.gov/biomass/

104


105

Average UK Fuel Prices


106

Energy Crop Yields


107

Biodiversity friendly Bioenergy?

Perennial prairie grasses

108

109

Other Platforms

• Biogas Platform

• Carbon-Rich Chains Platform

• Plant Products Platform

– Selective breeding and genetic engineering

– develop plant strains that produce greater amounts of

desirable feedstocks or chemicals

– even compounds that the plant does not naturally

produce

– getting the biorefining done in the biological plant

rather than the industrial plant.


110

Simple vs. CCGT Plant


111

Carbon/Solar Cycle

Documents

Chapter 1 - Introductionsite.iugaza.edu.ps/wp-content/uploads/07 BioEnergy.pdf · 17 Biomass Energy Production Sector/Source 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004P Total 2,907 2,640 2,648 2,740