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Chapter 1
Anatomical Terminology
Anatomical Position
• The human body is standing erect with the face forward and with the upper limbs at the side with the palms forward
Relative Position
• Terms that are used to describe the location of one body part with respect to another body part
Relative Position
• Superior– The part is above the other part (closer to the
head)
Relative Position
• Inferior– The part is below the other part (closer to the
feet)
Relative Position
• Anterior (or ventral)– The part is toward the front
Relative Position
• Posterior (or dorsal)– The part is towards the back
Relative Position
• Medial– The part is closer to the mid-line of the body than
the other part
Relative Position
• Lateral– The part is closer to the sides (away from the
midline) than the other part
• Ipsilateral– The parts are on the same side
• Contralateral– The parts are on the opposite sides
Relative Position
• Proximal– The part is closer to the trunk of the body or
closer to a specified point of reference than the other part
Relative Position
• Distal– The part is farther from the trunk or point of
reference than the other part
Relative Position
• Superficial (or peripheral)– The part is near the surface
Relative Position
• Deep– The part is more internal
Body Sections
• Sections of body “cut” along various planes
Body Sections
• Sagittal– Cut lengthwise so as to divide the body into right
and left portions
– Median (midsagittal)• Cut passes along the midline and divides the body into
equal parts
– Parasaggital• Cut passes lateral to the midline
Body Sections
• Transverse (or horizontal)– Cut divides the body into superior and inferior
portions
Body Sections
• Coronal– Cut divides the body into anterior and posterior
sections
Body Sections• If a cylindrical organ is sectioned…
• Cross section– Cut across the structure
• Oblique section– Cut is angular
• Longitudinal section– Cut is lengthwise
Body Regions• Terms for division of the abdominal area:– Epigastric region
• Upper middle portion– Left and right hypochondriac regions
• On the left and right side of the epigastric region– Umbilical region
• Central portion– Hypogastric region
• Lower middle portion– Left and right iliac (or inguinal) regions
• On the left and right side of the hypogastric region
Body Regions
• Terms for division of the abdominal area:– Right upper quadrant– Right lower quadrant– Left upper quadrant– Left lower quadrant
Body Regions
• Common Terms:– Abdominal• Region between the thorax and pelvis
– Acromial • Point of the shoulder
– Antebrachial• Forearm
– Antecubital• Space in front of the elbow
– Axillary• Armpit
Body Regions
• Common Terms:– Brachial• Arm
– Buccal• Cheek
– Carpal• Wrist
– Celiac• Abdomen
– Cephalic• head
Body Regions
• Common Terms– Cervical• Neck
– Costal• Ribs
– Coxal• Hip
– Crural• Leg
– Cubital• Elbow
Body Regions• Common Terms– Digital
• Finger or toe– Dorsum
• Back– Femoral
• Thigh– Frontal
• Forehead– Genital
• Reproductive organs– Gluteal
• buttocks
Body Regions
• Common Terms:– Inguinal
• Depressed area of the abdominal wall near the thigh (groin)
– Lumbar• Region of the lower back between the ribs and the pelvis
– Mammary• Breast
– Mental• Chin
– Nasal• nose
Body Regions
• Common Terms:– Occipital• Lower posterior region of the head
– Oral• Mouth
– Orbital• Eye cavity
– Otic• Ear
Body Regions• Common Terms:– Palmar
• Palm of the hand– Patellar
• Front of the knee– Pectoral
• Chest– Pedal
• Foot– Pelvic
• Pelvis– Perineal
• Region between the anus and the external reproductive organs (perineum)
Body Regions
• Common Terms– Plantar• Sole of the foot
– Popliteal• Area behind the knee
– Sacral• Posterior region between the hipbones
– Sternal• Middle of the thorax, anteriorly
– Sural • Calf
Body Regions
• Common Terms– Tarsal• Instep of the foot
– Umbilical• Navel
– Vertebral• Spinal column