Chapter 1 Amethyst

8/4/2019 Chapter 1 Amethyst

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WATER PURIFICATION THROUGH MALUNGGAY(Moringa oleifera Lin.) SEED EXTRACT AND SOLAR HEAT

A Research Proposal Presented to

The Science Department

Zamboanga del Norte National High School

In Partial Fulfillment

of the Requirements in Research I

(English for Science and Technology with Basic Statistics)

by

Maritoni Charity J. Gayapa and Alexa C. TiuSeptember, 2011


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Chapter 1

The Problem: Its Rationale and Background

Introduction

Water is the key to a person's survival because without water survival is

simply not an option. However, water has to be purified in order to drink

otherwise bacteria in the water can be harmful to your organs if drunk in normal

consumption. This is highlighted especially in third world countries such as

Ethiopia and Gambia where many people die due to impure water that contains

lots of bacteria that cause infection and illness. In all countries there is a point at

which water is considered pure and it must go through a thorough process in

which the water is processed in a treatment plant until it is determined pure

enough to drink (drinking water).

Thus there are many plants and other natural purifying things just lying

around and it wouldnt even cost you money. Heat such solar radiation can kill

bacteria in a period of time; it has been tested and proven to purify water in many

parts of the world. On the other hand Moringa oleifera, which is the miracle plant,

is very common to many parts of the tropics especially the Philippines, using the

seeds of this plant has been tested and also proven to purify and kill bacteria

living in water.


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Both of these ways are proven and tested by researchers but not using

these two as a combination. The researchers will conduct this study to determine

if Malunggay seed extracts and heat is effective in purifying water. This study

aims to determine whether Moringa seed extracts and Solar Heat can be used in

water purification.

Statement of the Problem

This study was aims to determine if Malunggay (Moringa oleifera Lin.)

Seed Extract and Solar Heat can be effective in water purification.

Specifically, this study sought to answer the following sub-problems:

1. What are the changes of the water in terms of color, pH and number

of the Coliform bacteria?

2. Which concentration of Malunggay seed extract (5%, 10% and 15%)

is most effective in water Purification

Hypotheses

This study is anchored on the following hypothesis:

H . Malunggay seed extracts and Heat are effective on water

purification.


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Significance of the Study

This study can be used in many purposes. First, it is very relevant in line

with peoples health. Using this type of purification can lessen the cause of

diarrhea and many other diseases caused by harmful bacteria in water. The

purification process is very easy to do that even small children can do it right and

it doesnt use sophisticated and costly gadgets.

Second, it can also be a big help in the economy of our poor families and

the nation, in general, because it doesnt use any expensive chemicals and

processes. It is only done by using a very common natural ingredient taken from

malunggay seeds. Malunggay is most commonly found in many parts of our

country and it could be easily grown in everyones backyard and last for a

number years.


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Conceptual Framework

Independent Variables Dependent Variables

Figure 1.1 The Schema of the Study.

Malunggay seed extract

5%

10%

15%

Solar heat

Quality of Water

Color of water

Ph

No. of coliform bacteria


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Scope and Delimitation of the Study

The study is going to be conducted at the Loods Residence, Turno,

Dipolog City from the Last week of September to the second week of October

2011. The water we will use is Well water which will be examined by the Agape

Laboratory, Dipolog City. The researchers will collect Malunggay seeds in the

neighboring barangays and municipalities of Dipolog City. The collection of the

Malunggay seed extract will be done using the crushing method. The extract will

be brought to Loods residence, for experimentation. This study was made

limited only to the use of the Malunggay extract and Heat for water purification.

Definition of Key Terms

1. Moringa oleifera - Malunggy in Filipino, is the most widely cultivated

species of the genus Moringa, which is the only genus in the family

Moringaceae. It is an exceptionally nutritious vegetable tree with a variety

of potential uses.

2. Etract- to obtain something from a source, usually by separating it out

from other material

3. Water purification is the process of removing undesirable chemicals,

materials, and biological contaminants from contaminated water. The

goal is to produce water fit for a specific purpose. Most water is purified


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for human consumption (drinking water) but water purification may also

be designed for a variety of other purposes, including meeting the

requirements of medical, pharmacology, chemical and industrial

applications.


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Chapter 2

Review of Literature and Studies

Legal Basis

A. Foreign

The Safe Drinking Water Act (SDWA) is the main federal law

that ensures the quality of Americans' drinking water. Under SDWA,

United States Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA) sets

standards for drinking water quality and oversees the states, localities,

and water suppliers who implement those standards. SDWA was

originally passed by Congress in 1974 to protect public health by

regulating the nation's public drinking water supply. The law was

amended in 1986 and 1996 and requires many actions to protect

drinking water and its sources: rivers, lakes, reservoirs, springs, and

ground water wells. This law contains requirements for ensuring the

safety of the nation's public drinking water supplies. This is the

principal federal law concerning drinking water. The SDWA authorized

the to promulgate regulations regarding water supply. The major

regulations are in title 40 of the Code of Federal Regulations

(40CFR141, 40CFR142, and 40CFR143). Parts 141, 142, and 143


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regulate primary contaminants, implementation by states, and

secondary contaminants. Primary contaminants are those with health

impacts. State implementation allows states to be the primary

regulators of the water supplies (rather than USEPA) provided they

meet certain requirements. Secondary contaminants generally cause

aesthetic problems and are not directly harmful. (Wikipedia.com)

B. Local

Philippine Standards for Drinking Water 1993 (PNSDW

1993) under the provision of Chapter II Section 9 of PD 856,

otherwise known as the Code on Sanitation of the Philippines is

designed to guide the Waterworks Officials, Developers and

Operators of Water Supply Systems both Government and Private

entities, health and sanitation authorities and the general public and

all other concerned by standards cover requirements for the

acceptable values of the determined parameters in measuring

water quality. These parameters include microbiological, physical,

chemical and radiological compositions of the water. The standard

also delineates values established in conforming with the medical

and health implication of the parameters as opposed to values

established purely to satisfy aesthetic requirements.( DENR

ADMINISTRATIVE ORDER NO. 26-A,Series 1994)


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Philippine Clean Water Act of 2004 states that the State shall

pursue a policy of economic growth in a manner consistent with the

protection, preservation and revival of the quality of our fresh, brackish

and marine waters. To achieve this end, the framework for sustainable

development shall be pursued. This includes the use of water for

domestic purposes like drinking and potable water and also water

treatment.

Related Studies

C. Foreign Studies

Within the pods are possibly the best part of the tree...the seeds!

Not only can they be pressed for a high grade oil, comparable to olive

oil, but the presscake remaining after oil extraction has been shown to

retain the active ingredients for coagulation, making it a marketable

commodity (Folkard and Sutherland, 1996).

According to Meitzner and Price (Amaranth to Zai Holes: Ideas for

Growing Food Under Difficult Conditions, ECHO, 1996), Moringa

oleifera has been compared to alum in its effectiveness at removing

suspended solids from turbid water, but with a major advantage.

Because it can be produced locally, "using moringa rather than alum


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would save foreign exchange and generate farm and employment

income." The potential for moringa to create a new market for a

community is there, and studies and projects are taking place

examining this potential.

At the Thyolo Water Treatment Works in Malawi, Africa, two

researchers, Drs. Geoff Folkard and John Sutherland from the

University of Leicester, England, have worked on substituting moringa

seeds for alum to remove solids in water for drinking. Not only were

the tests successful in removing as much solid material as alum, but

the seeds used were "purchased from enthusiastic villagers in Nsanje

Region in Malawi" (Folkard and Sutherland, 1996).

D. Local Studies

Sia (2008) reported that moringa seeds treat water on two

levels, acting both as a coagulant and an antimicrobial agent. Moringa

is generally accepted as a coagulant due to positively charged, water-

soluble proteins which bind with negatively charged particles (silt, clay,

bacteria, toxins, etc.) allowing the resulting flocs to settle to the

bottom or be removed by filtration. The antimicrobial aspects of

moringa continue to be researched. The process of treating the water

with moringa seeds would take at least one to two hours.


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As reported by Helen Flores from The Philippine Star, Reports

said moringa seeds, seed kernels or dried presscake can be stored for

long periods but moringa solutions for treating water should be

prepared fresh each time. In general, one seed kernel will treat one

liter of water. Solutions of moringa seeds for water treatment may be

prepared from seed kernels or from the solid residue left over after oil

extraction.

Related Literature

Moringa Oleifera. According to the study that was made by researchers

on http://www.miracletrees.org/moringa_water_purification.html , they say that

crushed Moringa seeds purify water to be used widely around a certain are and it

can lower the bacterial concentration in water so that it will be safe to drink. And

it can also be used as a quick and very simple method for cleaning dirty water in

rivers. This simple method does not only remove water pollution, but also

removes harmful bacteria. They also indicated on how it works, Moringa joins

with the solids in the water and then they both sink to the bottom. This kind of

treatment removes 90-99% of bacteria in water. They say that by using Moringa

seeds, people will no longer be depending on expensive means of purification.

Using this method of purification will replace the use of chemicals such as

aluminum sulphate, which they say are dangerous to people and especially the

environment, and mostly these chemicals are very expensive. Very different
http://www.miracletrees.org/moringa_water_purification.htmlhttp://www.miracletrees.org/moringa_water_purification.html


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water sources will need different amounts of Moringa seeds, because impurities

on such waters will not be the same. Using a jar for experimenting will be a bid

help in working out the correct amount needed.

Heat. According to SODIS (Solar Disinfection), clean drinking water is

lacking in many parts of the world and many persons die because of this. It is

estimated that two million people die every year because of water related

diseases. By using solar radiation to kill bacteria and microorganisms, it would

reduce the amount of people dead and prevent diseases in a very useful and

cheap way. This can be done with clear plastic bottles made of clear plastic, then

fill the plastic with water and fill with clear water and place above roofs. The

radiation will kill the microorganisms after 5-6 hours in the sun. The method will

be faster if the temperature is higher, it would be recommended to paint half of

the bottle black and the black part will face the ground or the surface of the roof.

This method only works in clear water not pond or river water

Microbes are destroyed through temperature and UVA radiation, provided

by the Sun. Water is placed in a transparent plastic bottle, which is oxygenated

by shaking, followed by topping-up. It is placed on tile or metal for six hours in full

sun, which raises the temperature and gives an extended dose of solar radiation,

killing any microbes that may be present. The combination of the two provides a

simple method of disinfection for tropical developing countries.

Water purification, or drinking water treatment, is the process of


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removing contaminants from surface water or groundwater to make it safe and

palatable for human consumption. A wide variety of technologies may be used,

depending on the raw water source, contaminants present, standards to be met,

and available finances. Sources of Drinking Water Water to be used in public or

private water supplies can be drawn from a variety of sources. Different sources

of raw water demand different treatment methods to render it ft for human

consumption. (microbiologyreader.com)

It is the process of removing undesirable chemicals, materials, and

biological contaminants from contaminated water. Its goal is to produce water fit

for a specific purpose. Most water is purified for human consumption (drinking

water) but water purification may also be designed for a variety of other

purposes, including meeting the requirements of medical, pharmacology,

chemical and industrial applications. In general the methods used include

physical processes such as filtration and sedimentation, biological processes

such as slow sand filters or activated sludge, chemical processes such as

flocculation and chlorination and the use of electromagnetic radiation such as

ultraviolet light. (Wikipedia.com)


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Chapter 3

METHODOLOGY

A. Collection and Preparation of Malunggay Seed Extract

The researchers will collect/purchase two (2) kilograms of fresh

malunggay seeds in pods. The shelling of the malunggay pods will be

done manually by the researchers. The extract will be obtained by

pounding the seeds on a Mortar and Pestle. Using a cheesecloth, the

pounded Malunggay seeds will be pressed to extract its juice. The extract

will be put in a sterilized glass jar and it is ready for use.

B. Collection and Preparation of Water

The researchers will collect water samples from three (3) different

wells found in separate locations, namely: Dipolog City, Dapitan City and

the municipality of Katipunan. The Researchers will get a one (1) Liter

sample from each well.

The researchers will prepare and use a total of twelve (12)

sterilized plastic bottles. There will be a set of four (4) bottles for each

sample and each bottle will contain 100mL. The set of four bottles will

contain the three (3) Treatments (T1, T2, and T3) and the Control.


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C. Preparations of Treatments

Each well water samples will have a set of four (4) corresponding

set- ups. The set-ups will have the three different Treatments plus the

Control.

The Treatments to be used are the different concentrations of

malunggay extracts mixed with 100 ml. samples in plastic bottles at the

Following rates: 0 % for the control, 5%, 10%, and 15%, respectively.

The set-ups with malunggay extracts will be equally exposed under the

Heat of the sun for 4 hours. The Control will be just be left unexposed to

the heat of the sun.

After four (4) hours of sun exposure, all the 12 bottles containing the water

samples will be brought to Agape Laboratory for analysis to find out their

pH, Color, and E.Coli presence. The Laboratory results will be the source

of data for interpretation and analysis.

D. Statistical Treatment


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TREATMENTS

VARIABLES Control T1 T2 T3

5% 10% 15%pH Colo

rE.Coli pH Colo

rE.Coli pH Colo

rE.Coli pH Colo

rE.Coli

1. Dipolog Sample

2. Dapitan Sample

3. Katipunan

Collect/Purchase two

(2) kilograms of fresh

malunggay seeds inpods

Pounded Malunggay

seeds will be pressed to

extract its juice using a

cheesecloth

One (1) Literwatersamples from three (3)

different wells foundDipolog City, DapitanCity and themunicipality ofKatipunan.

Manual shelling of the

malunggay

three (3) of the set ups

will have treatments T1,

T2, and T3 and a

Control with different

malunggay extractconcentration: T1= 5%,

T2= 10% and T3= 15%

Control= 0%

Each water sample will

have four (4) set-upseach containing 100mL

of its respective water.

The Control group is

going to be brought to

Agape Lab for analysis.

Pounding the seeds

using a Mortar and

Pestle

Preperation of twelve

(12) sterilized plastic

bottles.

All 12 bottles containing

the water samples will

be brought to Agape

Laboratory for analysis

to find out their pH,

Color, and E.Colipresence


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Bibliography

Low-cost water purifying system uses malunggay seedsBy Helen Flores (The Philippine Star) Updated November 12, 2009 12:00 AMhttp://208.184.76.175/Article.aspx?articleid=522456

four (4) hours of sun

exposure
http://208.184.76.175/ArticleListByAuthorName.aspx?AuthorName=By+Helen+Floreshttp://208.184.76.175/Article.aspx?articleid=522456http://208.184.76.175/ArticleListByAuthorName.aspx?AuthorName=By+Helen+Floreshttp://208.184.76.175/Article.aspx?articleid=522456


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APPENDIX- A

Sschedule of Activities


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APPENDIX-B

Proposed Budget


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Documents

Chapter 1 Amethyst