Chapter 1 (a View of Life)

8/2/2019 Chapter 1 (a View of Life)

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Chapter one

A View ofLife

Bristlecone Pine


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Biology =The study of

living

organisms


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Many Branches..

Botony = study of plants

Zoology = study of animals

Ecology = study of organisms interactionswith environment & each other

Biochemistry = study of chemical reactions i

living things

Anatomy = study of body structure

Physiology = study of body function


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1665 Robert Hooke

observed cork - cell


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1668 Francesco Redi -disproved

spontaneous generation


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1673 = Van Leeuwenhoek

Microscope


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1865 Louis Pasteur

infections - bacteriaearly vaccines

the germs of microscopic organisms abound in

the surface of all objects, in the air and in

water."


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1929 Alexander Fleming

Penicillin


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1953 Watson & Crick

molecular structure of DNA


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1997 Ian Wilmut

clones first adult mammal


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Life?


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SEEDS?


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FIRE?


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5 Characteristics of Life

1. Organization

2. Acquisition of Materials & Energy3. Response

4. Reproduction & Development

5. Adaptation


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1. Organization

Levels of Organization

Each level more complex

Properties beyond preceding


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The Levels of Organization:

OrganismOrgan System

OrganTissue

CELL

Molecule

Atom

Life Begins

HERE!!!


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Organism

A single individual

Largest organism may bea fungus- 38 acres

Humungous Fungus


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Organ System

Different organs workingtogether to perform a life

process.

Example:

respiration

digestion


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Organ

Tissues functioning together for specific task


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TissueGroup of cells with a common structure &

function


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Cell

Basic Unit of Life

carry out

independent life

functions

Comprised of

nonliving


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Molecule

Smallest unit of a compound that still hasthe properties of that compound..

has 2 or more atoms


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Atom

Smallest unit of a molecule


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NOTE: single individual

could be:

cell = bacteria

tissue = tape worm

organ system = human


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Emergent Properties

the sum is more than its parts


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Characteristics of Life

2. Acquisition of

Materials & Energy
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Materials= FOOD .

Provides nutrients

(molecules used in metabolism)

Provides Energy

(capacity to do work)


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Some produce their own food:

AUTOTROPHS

PhotosynthesizeSolar energy + CO2 food

Auto = self, same

Troph = nurture, feed
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Energy is Required for:

METABOLISM = all the chemical

reactions that

occur in a cell


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Energy is Required for:

HOMEOSTASIS = The maintenance of

internal conditions

within certainlimitations

example: human blood pH = 7.35-7.45

human body temperature


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Homeostasis

Internal controlmechanisms

Behavior


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Organization

Acquisition of Materials & Energy

Response

Response:


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To stimuli (temp or light)

Results = movement, behavior & learning

Helps organisms to survive

Response:


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Organization


Response

Reproduction & Development ability tomake another organism like itself


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Bacteria & Protozoa:

simply split in two

Binary Fission


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Multicellular organisms

often unite sperm & eggresult = immature individual


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Instructions for development encoded in

GENES(made of DNA)

Genes passed from


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Genes passed from

generation to generation in

CHROMOSOMES


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Organization


Response Reproduction & Development

Adaptation modification that

makes an organism bettersuited


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Adaptation of populations

takes place by process of

Natural Selection

Nat ral Selection occ rs


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Natural Selection occursbecause..

Adapted individuals:

1. are more likely to produce survivingoffspring

2. which also possess the same beneficialcharacteristics.


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Natural Selection is

sometimes called...

Descent with Modification


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These adaptations

(modifications) lead to:

Diversity


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All living things are Diverse.

But all living things are unified:

1. basic organizational unit = cell

2. common genetic blueprint = DNA

3. common environment = earth


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Other levels of Biological Organization...Beyond the Individual

Individual..

Population: individuals of same species in

a given area.

Community: all the populations in a

particular area.

Ecosystem: the living community along withnonliving

Biosphere: anywhere on earth where living

things exist.


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Biotic = ALL the living things

organisms, vegetationmicroscopic life, etc

Abiotic = ALL the non livingwater, sunlight, air,

minerals,


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Ecosystems:

Tropical Rain Forests Deserts

Tundra

Grasslands

Aquatic

Etc.


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Ecosystems perform

a vital function

1. Energy flows through ecosystems

(eventually lost as heat)

2. Nutrients cycle within an ecosystem

(are recycled)


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Each ecosystem has:

1. unique mix

2. organisms play similar roles

Producers Consumers

Marine Plankton Fish

Forest Plants Herbivores

Li i Thi Cl ifi d


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Living Things are Classified

Classification = grouping things basedon some similarities.

Taxonomy = branch of Biology deals withidentifying and classifying livingorganisms according to certainrules.

Taxo = put in order nomy = law or

rule

Cl ifi ti


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Classification

Carl Linnaeus = Father of Taxonomy


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Phylogeny =the study of geneological

relationships of organisms.

How related are theygenetically


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8 Levels of Classification

Domain - most inclusive Kingdom

Phylum

Class Order

Family

Genus Speciesmost exclusive

8 L l f Cl ifi ti


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8 Levels of Classification

Domain

All living things are divided into 3 domains:

1. Archaea unicellular (bacteria) that can

survive in harsh environments.2. Bacteriatrue bacteria contains

most bacteria

3. Eukarya unicellular/multicellular


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Levels of Classification

DomainBacteria

ManyKingdoms

DomainArchaea

3 Kingdoms

DomainEucarya

KingdomProtista

KingdomFungi

KingdomPlantae

KingdomAnimalia


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DomainEucarya

KingdomProtista

KingdomFungi

KingdomPlantae

KingdomAnimalia

PhylumClassOrdetFamilyGenusSpecies

PhylumClassOrderFamilyGenusSpecies

PhylumClassOrderFamilyGenus

Species

PhylumClassOrderFamilyGenusSpecies

Hierarchical System of Classification


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DomainEucarya

KingdomProtista

Protozoans & Algae


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DomainEucarya

KingdomProtista

KingdomFungi

Mushrooms & Mold


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DomainEucarya

KingdomProtista

KingdomFungi

KingdomPlantae


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DomainEucarya

KingdomProtista

KingdomFungi

KingdomPlantae

KingdomAnimalia


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Classification of Humans

Domain = Eucarya

Kingdom = Animalia

Phylum = Chordata

Class = Mammalia

Order = Primates

Family = Hominidae

Genus = Homo

Species = Sapiens


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Living Things have

Scientific Names

Binomial Nomenclature


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Rules - Binomial Nomenclature

1. 2 part name:

1st word = genus

2nd word = species

2. 1st letter 1st word uppercase

3. 1st letter 2nd word lower case

4. Both words underlined or italicized

5. latinized


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Goal of science =

understand the

natural worldthrough

observations and testing

Science


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1. Is objective

2. Events can be explained by natural causes

3. Material universe

observable & can be collaborated

4. no moral or ethical decisions

5. Not mythical, philosophical or theological


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Scientific Method sets apart

natural sciences

from fields based on opinion,

faith, & tradition

(sociology, psychology, religion, history, etc.)


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Scientific Method

Step by Step approach for gathering info:

1. Identify Problem or Question

2. Form a Hypothesis (educated guess)3. Experimentation and Observation

(test the hypothesis/results in data)

4. Conclusion (is hypothesis supportedor not?)

2 Variables:


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2 Variables: Independent what is manipulated

by the scientist (experimental)

Dependent result or change due

to the independent variable(responding)

Control Group: does notexperience the Independent

Variable


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Scientific Method

Results must be able tobe reproduced by otherscientists.

S i ifi Th


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Scientific Theory =

Concept supported bybroad range ofobservations,

experiments & data.


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Unifying Theories of Biology

Cell Theory: all organisms are made of cells

Biogenesis: life comes from life.

Evolution: living organisms share acommon ancestor & are adapted to aparticular way of life.

Gene: organisms contain coded info thatdetermines their form, function, and to somedegree, behavior.

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Chapter 1 (a View of Life)