Chapter 1-7 paper

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CHAPTER 1

Forests Are Not Greenby Mac Margolis

Think of global warming and the usual set of apocalyptic images comes to

mind, from glaciers crashing into the sea to Biblical deluges. But what

does climate change sound like? "Usually when you walk through the rain

forest you hear a squishy sound from all the moist leaves and organic

debris on the forest floor," says ecologist aniel !epstad, a researcher at

the oods #ole $esearch %enter and longtime scholar of the &ma'on rain

forest. "!ow we increasingly get rustle and crunch. That(s the sound of a

dying forest."

)redictions of the collapse of the tropical rain forests have been around

for years. *et until recently the worst forecasts were almost e+clusively

linked to direct human predation, such as clearcutting and burning for

pastures or farms. -eft alone, it was assumed, the world(s rain forests

would not only flourish but might even rescue us from greater folly by

sopping up the e+cess carbon dio+ide and other planetwarming

greenhouse gases. !ow it turns out that may be wishful thinking. ome

scientists believe that the rise in carbon levels means that the &ma'on

and other rain forests in &sia and &frica may go from being assets in the

battle against rising temperatures to liabilities. &ma'on flora, for instance,

holds more than /00 billion metric tons of carbon, equal to /1 years of

tailpipe and smokestack emissions. 2f the collapse of the rain forests

speeds up dramatically, it could eventually release 3.1 billion to 1 billion

metric tons of carbon into the atmosphere each year4making forests the

leading source of greenhouse gases.

The issue casts a pall over the United !ations( climate talks in Bali this

week, where e+perts are discussing how to cut emissions after the 5yoto)rotocol winds down in 60/6. The evidence is worrisome. Uncommonly

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severe droughts brought on by global climate change have led to forest

eating wildfires from &ustralia to 2ndonesia, but nowhere more acutely

than in the &ma'on. ome e+perts say that the rain forest is already at

the brink of collapse. The direst predictions come from the Britishmeteorological office(s #adley %enter, where a team led by )eter %o+

forecast a massive "dieback" of plants, killing the rain forest by 6/00.

%ritics dismissed these claims as too pessimistic, but #adley(s scientists

went beyond the research norm by plotting not only temperature and

rainfall but how carbon from the forest4say from fires or rotting trees4

feeds back into the atmosphere.

Because the "carbon cycle" is ve+ing to plot, most meteorologists leave it

out of their computer models. *et e+treme weather and rogue

development are conspiring against the rain forest in ways that scientists

have never seen. Trees need more water as temperatures rise, but the

prolonged droughts have robbed them of moisture, making whole forests

easy marks for the pioneers( cocktail of chainsaws and kerosene. The

picture worsens with each round of 7l !i8o, the unusually warm currents

in the )acific 9cean that drive up temperatures and invariably presage

droughts and fires in the rain forest. $unaway fires pour even more

carbon into the air, which :acks up temperatures, starting the whole

vicious cycle all over again. Understanding the &ma'on now means

tracking the assault on the ground and from the air, and the view isn(t

pretty. "ith the synergy between climate change and deforestation, you

don(t have to invent any numbers to show that over half the &ma'on will

be cleared or crippled by 6030," !epstad says.

;ore than paradise lost, a perishing rain forest could trigger a domino

effect4sending winds and rains kilometers off course and loading the

skies with even greater levels of greenhouse gases4that will be felt far

beyond the &ma'on basin. 2n a sense, we are already getting a glimpse of

what(s to come. 7ach burning season in the &ma'on, fires deliberately set

by frontier settlers, ranchers and developers hurl up almost half a billion

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metric tons of carbon a year, placing Bra'il among the top five

contributors to greenhouse gases.

The prospect of collapse is forcing a profound change in environmental

thinking. !ot long ago, those who lobbied for the rain forests did so on the

earnest but limited argument that biodiversity was at risk. %onservation

groups raised funds to rescue imperiled species, like the :aguar or the

blue macaw, and pressured governments to stop ra'ing ecological "hot

spots." %limate change has widened the focus. The ecological hot spot

today is the biosphere. "The loss of biodiversity and the composition of

landscapes are important, but as symptoms, not determinants of life on

this planet," says !epstad. "2t(s the big cycles that are running the show,

and that(s where the rain forests come in."

!ot everyone believes the rain forests are fated to desiccate and die.

&mong the two do'en computer climate models, some say the &ma'on

will hold its own, and a few predict even more rainfall. &ri'ona tate

University ecologist cott aleska found that the &ma'on bounced back

impressively after the withering 6001 drought, "greening up" as intensesunlight penetrated through to the normally shadowy understory. But a

greener canopy is not the same thing as a flourishing forest. "


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The bestcase scenario for the &ma'on shows temperatures rising 3 to 1

degrees %elsius this century, well above world averages, with rainfall

dropping by as much as /1 percent, according to Bra'ilian climate e+pert

os? &ntonio ;arengo. That means even more blistering droughts, andwith every drought, the forest(s talent for pumping vapor into the air

grows feebler, opening the door to the ne+t drought.

The e+perts will surely continue to quibble over the details, but no one

doubts anymore that keeping the planet habitable will be a lot easier with

the rain forests than without them.

=rom @ [email protected]/6A0/Aforestsarenotgreen.html

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CHAPTER 2

D9%&BU--&$*

!

o

ords )art of speech ynonym

s

&ntony

ms

escripti

on

7+ample

/ rustle noun sound,

go, steal,

scrounge,

forage

make a

soft,

muffled

crackling

sound

like that

caused

by the

moveme

nt of dry

leaves or

paper

there was a rustle

in the undergrowth

behind her

6 worrisom

e

ad:ective distressin

g,

distressfu

l,

disturbin

g,

perturbin

g,

troubling,

worrying,

unreassur

ing,

heavy

reassuri

ng

causing

an+iety

or

concern

he sits on a

worrisomely flimsy

plastic chair

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3 brink noun verge a point at

which

somethin

g,

typically

somethin

g

unwelco

me, is

about to

happen

the country was on

the brink ofa

constitutional crisis

C ve+ing ad:ective e+aspera

ting,

infuriatin

g,

maddeni

ng

annoying,

botherso

me,

galling,

irritating,

nettleso

me,

pesky,

pestering

,

pestifero

us,

plaguy,

plaguey,

displeasi

ng Evs.

pleasing

F

disagree

able Evs.

agreeabl

eF

make

Esomeon

eF feel

annoyed,

frustrate

d, or

worried,

especiall

y with

trivial

matters

the memory of the

conversation still

vexed him

-the most vexing

questions for

policymakers

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teasing,

ve+atious

1 worsen Derb

aggravat

e

e+acerba

tee

make or

become

worse

arguing actually

worsens the

problem

G acks up !oun raise, lift,

elevate,

get up,

bring up

informal

a

dishonest

or

underhand way of

achieving

somethin

g

Dicious &d:ective 7vil,

wicked

vituous /.deliber

ately

cruel or

violent

6literary

immoral

3archaic

Eoflanguage

/. the dog was

vicious and likely to

bite

2.a vicious flu bug

3.every soul on

earth, virtuous or

vicious, shall perish

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or a line

of

reasonin

gF

imperfect

>

defective

H %rippled &d:ective halt,

halting,

lame,

gimpy,

game

unfit

disabled

fit /.Eof a

personF

unable to

walk or

move

properly>

disabled

6. Eof a

machineF

severely

damaged

/. a crippled old

man

2.the pilot

displayed skill and

nerve in landing the

crippled plane

I )erishing &d:ective 1.dated

used for

emphasis

or toe+press

annoyanc

e

6.

predic.!

e+tremely cold

/. " could murder

that perishing kid#

6, it$s perishing in

the tent

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/0 on

purpose

the fire was started

deliberately

/6 #url up

/3 =rontier !oun the

e+treme

limit of

understa

nding or

the success of

science in

extending the

frontiers of

knowledge

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achievem

ent in a

particular

area

/C olt Derb :ar

move

push or

shake

Esomeon

e or

somethin

gF

abruptly

and

roughly

a surge in the

crowd behind him

%olted him forwards

/1 Tend Derb be given,

lean,

incline,

runbe

regularly

or

frequentl

y behavein a

particular

way or

have a

certain

character

istic

written language

tends to be formal

her hair tended to

come loose

/G blistering &d:ective e+tremel

y fast,

forceful,

or

impressiv

e

&urke set a

blistering pace

the blistering heat

of the desert

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Eof heatF

intense

/ Juibble noun niggle,pettifog,

bicker,

squabble,

brabble

argue,

contend,

debate,

fence

argue orraise

ob:ection

s about a

trivial

matter

they are alwaysquibbling about the

amount they are

prepared to pay

/H habitable ad:ective liveable unliveab

le

suitable

or good

enough

to live in

the house should be

habitable by

'hristmas

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CHAPTER 3

7!T7!%7 &!&-*2

/. !ow it turns out that may be wishful thinking

6. ome scientists believe that the rise in carbon levels means that the &ma'on and other rain forests in &sia

and &frica may go from

being assets in the battle against rising temperatures to liabilities

3. 2f the collapse of the rain forests speeds up dramatically, it could eventually release 3.1 billion to 1 billion

metric tons of carbon

into the atmosphere each year4making forests the leading source of greenhouse gases

)age /6


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C. The issue casts a pall over the United !ations( climate talks in Bali this week, where e+perts are discussing

how to cut emissions

after the 5yoto )rotocol winds down in 60/6

1. ome e+perts say that the rain forest is already at the brink of collapse

G. Because the "carbon cycle" is ve+ing to plot, most meteorologists leave it out of their computer models.

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. The picture worsens with each round of 7l !i8o, the unusually warm currents in the )acific 9cean that drive

up temperatures

and invariably presage droughts and fires in the rain forest

H. !ot long ago, those who lobbied for the rain forests did so on the earnest but limited argument that

biodiversity was at risk

I. !ot everyone believes the rain forests are fated to desiccate and die

/0. &ri'ona tate University ecologist cott aleska found that the &ma'on bounced back impressively

after the withering 6001

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drought, "greening up" as intense sunlight penetrated through to the normally shadowy understory

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CHAPTER 4

)&$&


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5 @ carbon, fires, :acks up temperatures

)aragraph 1

;2 @ The effect of parishing rain forests

2 @ triger domino effect, resulting carbon forming green house

effect

5 @ perishing rain forest

)aragraph G

;2 @ 7ffort made to reserve rain forests

2 @ raising funds to rescue imperiled species

5 @ imperiled species, stop ra'ing ecological "hot spots",

biodiversity

)aragraph

;2 @ The prediction of the fluorishing of the rain forest2 @ the survive of ama'on forest

5 @ withering 6001 drought, greening up

)aragraph H

;2 @ The rure of carbon in parishing rain forest

2 @ The fluorishing rain forest, the off world necessary of trees

5 @ a double threat, leading to even drier forests

)aragraph I

;2 @ 7ffect of the degrees amount of ama'on rain forest

2 @ believe blistering drought and with every drought

5 @ blistering droughts, climate e+pert

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CHAPTER 5

T7KT 2%U29!

/. 7+plicit Juestion

hat is the function of the rainforest ?

The function of rainforest is even rescue us from greater folly by

sopping up the e+cess carbon dio+ide and other planetwarming

greenhouse gases

#ow much carbon that can be hold by ama'on flora ?&ma'on flora can holds more than /00 billion metric tons of carbon,

equal to /1 years of tailpipe and smokestack emissions.

hat was discussed by united nationsL climate talks in Bali ?

they were discusse about how to cut emissions after the 5yoto

)rotocol winds down in 60/6

ho have been predicting that rainforest will die in 6/00 ?

the British meteorological office(s #adley %enter

ho said that the forest cannot be e+panded forever ?

cott -ewis, a scientist at -eeds University

2. 2mplicit Juestion

hat the writerLs purpose write the te+t ?

To e+plain the depletion of forest

M!ow it turns out that may be wishful thinkingN, what the writer

mean MitN in that sentence ?

it means rainforest

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"!ow we increasingly get rustle and crunch. That(s the sound of a

dying forest.". hat the writerLs mean ?

The depletion of forest make a lot of died leaves or branch and it

make a sound

hat type of the te+t ?

news

hy the writer wrote this te+t ?

The writer wrote this te+t because he thing that the forest should be

kept, nurtured and cared

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CHAPTER 6


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areas of flooding and make the sea water to overflow the land area is

reduced.

& natural ecosystem is the world(s greatest assets to battle against toglobal warming and o+ygen supply. e as consumers, need to care for,

maintain and pay attention to the situation, not only consume it.

)eople often think that their needs are more important than the

environment. This is what makes people not think before they act

harming the environment EforestF. &ctions that should be done,

including@ replant denuded forests, making the preservation of nature,

selective logging techniques, and others.

2n this te+t has been discussed how the impact of forest depletion and

discussed how the e+perts to find ways to overcome the depletion of

forests. But no results are obtained by the e+perts, because the impact

and effects difficult to be solved in a short period of time. There is no

other way than kesadarab man to maintain and participate in

neighborhood greening program.


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CHAPTER

T$&!-&T29!

/. No! it t"rns o"t t#at $ay be !is#%"l t#in&ing

ekarang yang ada hanya harapan kosong

6. 'o$e scientists belie(e t#at t#e rise in carbon le(els $eans

t#at t#e A$a)on an* ot#er rain %orests in Asia an* A%rica

$ay go %ro$ being assets in t#e battle against rising

te$+erat"res to liabilities

Beberapa ilmuwan percaya bahwa kenaikan kadar karbon berartiama'on dan hutan hu:an di asia dan afrika mungkin beralih men:adi

aset dalam pertempuran melawan peningkatan suhu

3. ,% t#e colla+se o% t#e rain %orests s+ee*s "+ *ra$atically- it

co"l* e(ent"ally release 3.5 billion to 5 billion $etric tons o%

carbon into t#e at$os+#ere eac# year/$a&ing %orests t#e

lea*ing so"rce o% green#o"se gases

ika runtuhnya hutan hu:an mempercepat secara dramatis, akhirnya

bisa merilis 31000000001000000000 metrik ton karbon ke

atmosfer setiap tahun membuat hutan men:adi sumber utama gas

rumah kaca

C. T#e iss"e casts a +all o(er t#e 0nite* Nations cli$ate tal&s

in ali t#is !ee&- !#ere e+erts are *isc"ssing #o! to c"t

e$issions a%ter t#e yoto Protocol !in*s *o!n in 212

;asalah tersebut memuntahkan selubung di atas pembicaraan iklim

)BB di Bali pekan ini, di mana para ahli sedang mendiskusikan

bagaimana mengurangi emisi setelah )rotokol 5yoto angin turun di

60/6

)age 66


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1. 'o$e e+erts say t#at t#e rain %orest is alrea*y at t#e brin&

o% colla+se

Beberapa ahli mengatakan bahwa hutan hu:an sudah di ambang

kehancuran

G. eca"se t#e carbon cycle is (eing to +lot- $ost

$eteorologists lea(e it o"t o% t#eir co$+"ter $o*els.

5arena "siklus karbon" adalah hal yang membingungkan untuk

rencananya, sebagian besar ahli meteorologi meninggalkan model

komputer mereka

. T#e +ict"re !orsens !it# eac# ro"n* o% El Ni7o- t#e

"n"s"ally !ar$ c"rrents in t#e Paci%ic 8cean t#at *ri(e "+

te$+erat"res an* in(ariably +resage *ro"g#ts an* %ires in

t#e rain %orest


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mengering dan mati

/0. Ari)ona 'tate 0ni(ersity ecologist 'cott 'ales&a %o"n*

t#at t#e A$a)on bo"nce* bac& i$+ressi(ely a%ter t#e

!it#ering 25 *ro"g#t- greening "+ as intense s"nlig#t

+enetrate* t#ro"g# to t#e nor$ally s#a*o!y "n*erstory

&ri'ona tate University ekologi cott aleska mengemukakan

bahwa &ma'on bangkit kembali dengan impresif setelah kekeringan

ta:am 6001, menembus "penghi:auan" seperti sinar matahari yang

intensif hingga biasanya bayangan dibalik cerita

)age 6C


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Bibliography

2nternet acces. =ebruary th, 60/6.

[email protected]/6A0/Aforestsarenotgreen.html

2nternet acces =ebruary, 60/6

http@AA!!!.oxforddictionaries.com(

2nternet acces =ebruary, 60/6

[email protected]

)age 61


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Chapter 1-7 paper