chapter 1

The Worldwide Graphic Language for DesignChapter 1

*Technical Drawing 13th EditionGiesecke, Mitchell, Spencer, Hill Dygdon, Novak, Lockhart 2009 Pearson Education, Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458.All Rights Reserved.

ObjectivesDescribe the role of drawings in the design processContrast concurrent versus traditional design processesList five professions that use technical drawings


Objectives (cont.)Describe four creativity techniquesExplain why standards are importantIdentify uses of the graphic language


Understanding the Role of Technical DrawingsDrawings and specifications control details of:Product manufactureAssemblyMaintenance Technical drawings require use of standards to communicate worldwide


Understanding the Role of Technical DrawingsTechnical drawings can take many forms including:Idea or concept sketchesComputation sketchesDesign sketchesLayout drawingsPart drawings


Understanding the Role of Technical DrawingsTechnical drawing forms (cont.)Working or construction drawingsElectrical drawingsInstallation drawingsAssembly drawings


Understanding the Role of Technical DrawingsTechnical drawings typically serve one of three purposes:VisualizationCommunicationDocumentation


Understanding the Role of Technical DrawingsA wide variety of professions use technical drawings to communicate and document designs including:Civil engineeringMechanical engineeringElectrical engineeringLandscape designLandscape architecture


Understanding the Role of Technical DrawingsProfessions that use technical drawings (cont.)Industrial designConstruction engineering and technologyPatternmakingProject managementFabrication and manufacturing


Artistic & Technical DrawingsGraphic representation has developed along two distinct lines:ArtisticTechnical


Artistic & Technical DrawingsBefore other communication methods developed, people informed themselves through visual means including picturesFrom earliest recorded history, drawings have been used to represent the design of objects to be built or constructed


Artistic & Technical DrawingsPersonal or cultural expression in design is often referred to as aesthetic designEnhancing product development is considered functional designAesthetics and function can work hand in hand to create appealing and functional products


The Design ProcessThe organized and orderly approach to solving problems is known as the design processThe engineering design process addresses societys needs, desires, and problems by applying scientific principles, experience and creativity


The Design ProcessDifferent types of technical drawings, from hand sketches to CAD models, have specific functions in the engineering design processThe procedure for designing products typically follows a process


The Design ProcessStages of the design process include:Problem identificationIdeationRefinement/analysisImplementation/documentation


The DesignProcess


The Design ProcessIdeally, the design moves through these stages but it may be necessary to return to a previous stage and repeat the process


Concurrent EngineeringTraditionally, design and manufacturing activities have taken place in sequential order Although this is a logical approach, in practice it can often be wastefulConcurrent engineering is a systematic approach that integrates the design and manufacture of products with the goal of optimizing the process


Concurrent Engineering


Concurrent EngineeringLife cycle design means that all aspects of a product are considered simultaneouslyThese aspects include:DesignDevelopmentProductionDistributionUseDisposal and recycling


Concurrent EngineeringThe basic goals of concurrent engineering are:Minimize product design and engineering changesReduce time and cost involved in taking a product from design concept to production then introduction to the marketplaceCommunication between disciplines is especially important in this process


Computer-Aided Design and Product DevelopmentProduct design often involves preparing analytical and physical models of the productThese models are used to study factors such as forces, stresses, deflections, and optimal part shape


Computer-Aided Design and Product DevelopmentThe process of constructing and studying analytical models can be simplified by using:Computer-aided design (CAD)Computer-aided engineering (CAE)Computer-aided manufacturing (CAM)


Designing Quality Into ProductsQuality may be designed into a product in any number of systematic ways including:DFSS Design for Six SigmaDMAIC Define Measure Analyze Improve ControlSix SigmaQFD Quality Function Deployment


The Digital DatabaseAll the information to manage, design, analyze, simulate, package, market and manufacture a product can be shared with users through a single complex digital database


The Digital DatabaseSystems that electronically store the various types of data associated with design and manufacturing include:PDM product data managementEDM enterprise data management


The Digital DatabaseEngineering change orders (ECOs), costs, and product revisions can be quickly analyzed, tracked, and implemented using PDM or EDM systems


Engineering Design StagesEngineering Design Stage 1Identify the customer and the problemEngineering Design Stage 2Generate concepts this is often called the ideation stageEngineering Design Stage 3Compromise solutions


Engineering Design StagesEngineering Design Stage 4Models and prototypesParametric, constraint-based, or feature-based models use dimensions and constraints that create intelligent modelsAs designs are modified, the model can be updated and new models do not have to be createdRapid prototypingAllows parts to be created quickly and directly from 3D models


Engineering Design StagesEngineering Design Stage 5Production or Working drawingsThe drawings show:Necessary viewsMaterialDimensionsRequired tolerancesNotesOther information to sufficiently describe a part for manufacture


Drafting StandardsStandards are necessary to support a uniform, effective, graphic language that can be used in industry, manufacturing, engineering, and science


Drafting StandardsGroups in the United States who provide standards include:ANSI the American National Standards InstituteASEE the American Society for Engineering EducationSAE the Society of Automotive EngineersASME the American Society of Mechanical Engineers


Drafting StandardsInternational standards are often defined by the following groups:ISO International Standards OrganizationASMEANSI


Creativity TechniquesExamine manufactured productsReverse engineeringFunctional decompositionStudy the natural worldWatch the WebResearch patent drawingsDesign groups


Product DefinitionProduct definition is the range of digital or hard copy documents that specify the physical function requirements for a productThis can range from a 3D CAD model that specifies manufacturing requirements within the CAD file to a dimensioned paper sketch


Product Definition

Documents

chapter 1