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CHAPTER
PURPOSEFUL, REFLECTIVEJUDGMENT
01
Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
Questions for Chapter 1
o What is critical thinking?o Why is it important to you and all of us?o How can critical thinking be “critical” but
not “critical”? (Important but not negative)o How is a mental skill different than a habit
of mind?o How can we use a rubric to evaluate
critical thinking holistically?
Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
Critical Thinking
oThe process of using reasoned judgment
oUsed to decide what to believe or do
Critical thinking is not about specifically what to believe or do
Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
Hindrances to Critical Thinking
o Pressure toward uniformity of beliefo Punishment for questioning authorityo Withholding of key informationo Fear about asking tough questionso Manipulation to manage or trick people
into believing lies
Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
In any interconnected system...
…a few errors in critical thinking can have large and catastrophic consequences
Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
Critical thinking is the process of purposeful, self-regulatory judgment.
Its purpose is to form a well-reasoned and fair-minded judgment regarding what to believe or what to do.
Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
Critical Thinking Is:
oAn essential tool of inquiryoA liberating force, freeing us from
mistaken beliefs oA powerful resource in life and work
Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
Thinking critically has consequences—as when it…
…causes us to question cherished beliefs…leads us to demand reasons and evidence…results in a reconsideration of a prior judgment or decision
Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
Critical thinking relies on mental skills that we can improve with practice.
But we also must be habitually disposed to use those skills.
Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
The “Holistic Critical Thinking Scoring Rubric” Asks Abouto Accurately interpreting evidence,
statements, graphics, questions, etc.o Identifying salient arguments (reasons
and claims) pro and cono Thoughtfully analyzing and evaluating
major alternative points of view
Continued
Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
A Holistic Rubric for Strong Critical ThinkingoDrawing warranted, judicious, non-
fallacious conclusionso Justifying key results and proceduresoExplaining assumptions and reasonsoFair-mindedly following where
evidence and reasons lead
Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
What Do You Think?Why are these statements mistakes?1. Critical thinking has no application in day-to-
day life.2. “Critical thinking” means making criticisms of
other people’s ideas.3. Democracies get along just fine even if people
do not think for themselves.4. Decisions about how I want to live my life do
not affect other people.
Continued
Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
Why are these statements false?5. Reflective decision making requires little or no
effort.6. Deciding what to believe or what to do is not
possible without critical thinking.7. If we disagree on something, then one of us is
not using critical thinking.8. Every time I make a judgment I am engaged in
critical thinking.
What Do You Think?Why are these statements mistakes?
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