Chapter 09

Ground Ladders 281

INTRODUCTIONFire service ladders are essential in the per-

formance of many fireground and rescue scenefunctions. From both the tactical and safety stand-points, it is crucial that firefighters be knowl-edgeable of the characteristics and proper uses ofground ladders. Fire service ladders are similarto any other ladder in shape and design; how-ever, they tend to be built more rigidly and arecapable of withstanding heavier loads than com-mercial ladders. Their use under adverse condi-tions requires that they provide a margin ofsafety not usually expected of commercial lad-ders. NFPA 1931, Standard on Design of andDesign Verification Tests for Fire DepartmentGround Ladders, contains the requirements forthe design and manufacturer’s testing of groundladders.

This chapter first introduces the reader tobasic ladder parts and terms that are common tomost ladders. Then, the various types of laddersin use by the fire service are reviewed. Thechapter also details the proper care, carrying,deployment, and use of fire service ground lad-ders. For more information on the subjects cov-ered in this chapter, see IFSTA’s Fire ServiceGround Ladders manual.

BASIC PARTS OF A LADDER[NFPA 1001: 3-3.5 (a)]

In order to successfully continue this discus-sion of fire service ladders, the firefighter musthave a basic understanding of the various partsof the ladder. Many of these terms apply to alltypes of ladders; others may be specific to acertain type of ladder.

Chapter 9

Ground Ladders

Figure 9.1 A ladder beam.

Figure 9.2 The bed section is thewidest section of an extensionladder.

• Beam — Main structural member of a lad-der supporting the rungs or rung blocks(Figure 9.1)

• Bed section (base section) — Lowest orwidest section of an extension ladder; thissection always maintains contact with theground or other supporting surface (Figure9.2)

282 ESSENTIALS

• Butt (also called heel) — Bottom end ofthe ladder; the end that is placed on theground or other supporting surface whenthe ladder is raised (Figure 9.3)

• Butt spurs — Metal safety plates or spikesattached to the butt end of ground ladderbeams to prevent slippage (Figure 9.4)

• Dogs — See pawls bullet

Figure 9.3 Thebottom of theladder is knownas the butt.

Figure 9.5 Fly sections of extension and combination ladders.

Figure 9.4 The buttspur helps keep theladder anchored onsoft surfaces.

• Fly — Upper section(s) of extension or somecombination ladders (Figure 9.5)

• Footpads — Rubber or neoprene foot plates,usually of the swivel type, attached to thebutt of the ladder (Figure 9.6)

• Guides — Wood or metal strips, sometimesin the form of slots or channels, on anextension ladder that guide the fly sectionwhile being raised

Ground Ladders 283

• Halyard — Rope or cable used forhoisting and lowering the fly sec-tions of an extension ladder; alsocalled fly rope (Figure 9.7)

• Heat sensor label — Label affixedto the inside of each beam of eachladder section; a color change indi-cates that the ladder has been ex-posed to a sufficient degree of heatthat it should be tested before fur-ther use (Figure 9.8)

• Hooks — Curved metal devices in-stalled on the tip end of roof laddersto secure the ladder to the highestpoint on the roof of a building (Figure9.9)

• Locks — See pawls bullet

• Pawls (also called dogs or ladderlocks)—Devices attached to the in-side of the beams on fly sections usedto hold the fly section in place after ithas been extended (Figure 9.10)

• Protection plates — Strips of metalattached to ladders at chafing points,such as the tip, or at areas where itcomes in contact with the apparatusmounting brackets (Figure 9.11)

• Pulley — Small, grooved wheelthrough which the halyard is drawnon an extension ladder (Figure 9.12)

Figure 9.6 Some footpads may have steel toes that may be used on asoft surface.

Figure 9.7 Halyardrope and cable on athree-section exten-sion ladder.

Figure 9.8 A heat sensor labelincludes directions on how toread it.

Figure 9.10 One typeof ladder pawl.

Figure 9.9 A roof ladder with hooksopen.

Figure 9.11 Protectionplates are used on thetip ends of the beams toprevent scuff damage.

Figure 9.12 A standardhalyard pulley arrange-ment.

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• Rails — The two lengthwise members ofa trussed ladder beam that are separatedby truss or separation blocks (Figure 9.13)

• Rungs — Cross members that providethe foothold for climbing; the rungs ex-tend from one beam to the other except ona pompier ladder the rungs pierce thesingle beam (Figure 9.14)

• Stops — Wood or metal pieces that pre-vent the fly section from being extendedtoo far (Figure 9.15)

• Tie rods — Metal rods running from onebeam to the other (Figure 9.16)

• Tip (top) — Extreme top of a ladder(Figure 9.17)

• Truss block — Separation pieces betweenthe rails of a trussed ladder; sometimesused to support rungs (Figure 9.18)

Figure 9.15 Common types of stops used for extension and pole ladders.

Figure 9.13 The rails of a trussedladder beam.

Figure 9.14 Regular and pompierladder rungs.

Figure 9.16 Steel tie rods are used tohelp hold wood ladders together.

Figure 9.17 The top of the ladder is knownas the tip.

Figure 9.18 A typical truss block.

Ground Ladders 285

LADDER TYPES[NFPA 1001: 3-3.5]

All of the various types of fire service laddershave a purpose. Many of them, however, are moreadaptable to a specific function than they are togeneral use. Their identifying name is oftensignificant regarding their use, and firefightersfrequently make reference to them by association.The descriptions in the following sections moreclearly identify fire service ladders.

Single (Wall) LaddersA single ladder is nonadjustable in length and

consists of only one section (Figure 9.19). Its size isdesignated by the overall length of the beams. Thesingle ladder is used for quick access to windowsand roofs on one- and two-story buildings. Singleladders must be constructed to have maximumstrength and minimum weight. These ladders maybe of the trussed type in order to reduce theirweight. Lengths vary from 6 to 32 feet (2 m to 10 m)with the more common lengths ranging from 12 to20 feet (4 m to 6 m).

Roof LaddersRoof ladders are single ladders equipped at the

tip with folding hooks that provide a means ofanchoring the ladder over the roof ridge or otherroof part (Figure 9.20). Roof ladders are generallyrequired to lie flat on the roof surface so that afirefighter may stand on the ladder for roof work.The ladder distributes the firefighter’s weight andhelps prevent slipping. Roof ladders may also beused as single wall ladders. Their lengths rangefrom 12 to 24 feet (4 m to 8 m). Figure 9.19 Single ladders.

Figure 9.20 Roof ladder: hooks open and hooks nested.

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Folding LaddersFolding ladders are single ladders that have

hinged rungs allowing them to be folded so that onebeam rests against the other (Figures 9.21 a and b).This allows them to be carried in narrow passage-ways and used in attic scuttle holes and smallrooms or closets. Folding ladders are commonlyfound in lengths from 8 to 16 feet (2.5 m to 5 m) withthe most common being 10 feet (3 m). NFPA 1931requires folding ladders to have footpads attachedto the butt to prevent slipping on floor surfaces.

Figure 9.21a In the closed position,a folding ladder is slim and easy tocarry.

Figure 9.21b The folding ladder isopened when its position isreached.

Extension LaddersAn extension ladder is adjustable in length. It

consists of a base or bed section and one or more flysections that travel in guides or brackets to permitlength adjustment (Figure 9.22). Its size is desig-nated by the length of the sections and measuredalong the beams when fully extended. An exten-sion ladder provides access to windows and roofswithin the limits of its length. Extension ladders

are heavier than single ladders,and more personnel are neededto safely handle them. Exten-sion ladders generally range inlength from 12 to 39 feet (4 m to11.5 m).

Pole ladders (Bangor lad-ders) are extension ladders thathave staypoles for added lever-age and stability when raisingthe ladder (Figure 9.23). NFPA1931 requires all extension lad-ders that are 40 feet (12 m) orlonger to be equipped withstaypoles. Pole ladders aremanufactured with two to foursections. Most pole ladders donot exceed 50 feet (15 m).

Figure 9.22 Two- and three-section extension ladders.

Figure 9.23 Pole ladders have staypoles thatassist in raising and steadying the ladder.

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Combination LaddersCombination ladders are designed so that they

may be used as a self-supported stepladder (A-frame) and as a single or extension ladder (Figures9.24 a and b). Lengths range from 8 to 14 feet (2.5m to 4.3 m) with the most popular being the 10-foot(3 m) model. The ladder must be equipped withpositive locking devices to hold the ladder in theopen position.

Figure 9.24a A combination extension/A-frame ladder. Figure 9.24b A combination single/A-frame ladder.

Pompier LaddersThe pompier ladder, some-

times referred to as a scalingladder, is a single-beam ladderwith rungs projecting from bothsides. It has a large metal “goose-neck” projecting at the top forinserting into windows or otheropenings (Figure 9.25). It is usedto climb from floor to floor, viaexterior windows, on a multi-story building. Lengths varyfrom 10 to 16 feet (3 m to 5 m).

Figure 9.25 Pompier ladders are seldom usedin today’s fire service.

LADDER INSPECTION AND MAINTENANCE[NFPA 1001: 3-5.3; 3-5.3(a); 3-5.3(b)]

Fire service ladders must be able to take con-siderable abuse such as sudden overloading, expo-sure to temperature extremes, and falling debris.Regardless of what materials or designs are usedfor ladders, they must conform to NFPA 1931. Allladders meeting NFPA 1931 are required to have acertification label affixed to the ladder by the manu-facturer indicating that the ladder meets the stan-dard.

MaintenanceBefore discussing ladder maintenance, it is

important to understand the difference betweenmaintenance and repair. Maintenance means keep-ing ladders in a state of usefulness or readiness.

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Repair means to either restore or replace thatwhich has become inoperable. All firefighters shouldbe capable of performing routine maintenance func-tions on ground ladders. Any ladders in need ofrepair require the service of a trained ladder repairtechnician.

NFPA 1932, Standard on Use, Maintenance,and Service Testing of Fire Department GroundLadders, lists the following general maintenanceitems that apply to all types of ground ladders:

• Keep ground ladders free of moisture.

• Do not store or rest ladders in a positionwhere they are subjected to exhaust orengine heat (Figure 9.26).

• Do not store ladders in an area where theyare exposed to the elements.

• Do not paint ladders except for the top andbottom 12 inches (300 mm) of the beams forpurposes of identification or visibility.

Figure 9.26 Never lean the ladder near the apparatus exhaust pipe.

Cleaning LaddersRegular and proper cleaning of ladders is more

than a matter of appearance. Unremoved dirt ordebris from a fire may collect and harden to thepoint where ladder sections are no longer operable.Therefore, it is recommended that ladders becleaned after every use.

A soft-bristle brush and running water are themost effective tools for cleaning ladders (Figure9.27). Tar, oil, or greasy residues should be re-

Figure 9.27 The ladder should be cleaned of fire-scene and road grime.

moved with safety solvents. After the ladder isrinsed or anytime a ladder is wet, it should bewiped dry. During each cleaning period, firefightersshould look for defects. Any defects should behandled through local fire department procedures.Occasional lubrication where recommended by themanufacturer will maintain smooth operation ofthe ladder.

Inspecting and Service Testing LaddersNFPA 1932 requires ladders to be inspected

after each use and on a monthly basis. Because fireservice ladders are subject to harsh conditions andphysical abuse, it is important that they be servicetested to ensure they are fit for use. NFPA 1932should serve as the guideline for ground ladderservice testing. This standard recommends thatonly the tests specified be conducted either by thefire department or an approved testing organiza-tion. NFPA 1932 further recommends that cautionbe used when performing service tests on groundladders to prevent damage to the ladder or injuryto personnel.

When inspecting ground ladders, some of thethings that should be checked on all types of lad-ders include the following:

• Heat sensor labels on metal and fiberglassladders for a color change indicating heat

Ground Ladders 289

exposure (NOTE: Ladders without a heatsensor label may also show signs of heatexposure such as bubbled or blackened var-nish on wood ladders, discoloration offiberglass ladders, or heavy soot deposits orbubbled paint on the tips of any ladder.)

WARNINGMetal ladders that have been exposed to heat

shall be placed out of service until tested.Any metal ladder subjected to direct flamecontact or heat high enough to cause water

contacting it to sizzle or turn to steam orwhose heat sensor label has changed colorshould be removed from service and tested.

• Rungs for snugness and tightness (Figure9.28)

• Bolts and rivets fortightness (NOTE:Bolts on wood lad-ders should not beso tight that theycrush the wood.)

• Welds for any cracksor apparent defects

• Beams and rungs forcracks, splintering,breaks, gouges, checks, wavy conditions, ordeformation

In addition to these general things, there aresome other items that need to be checked, depend-ing on the specific type of ladder being inspected.The following sections highlight some of theseitems.

WOOD LADDERS/LADDERS WITH WOOD COMPONENTS

The following things must be examined on woodladders or ladders with wood components:

• Look for areas where the varnish finish hasbeen chafed or scraped.

• Check for darkening of the varnish (indicat-ing exposure to heat).

• Check for dark streaks in the wood (indicat-ing deterioration of the wood).

Figure 9.28 Check the rungsto make sure they are tight.

CAUTION: Any indication of deterioration ofthe wood is cause for the ladder to be removedfrom service until it can be service tested.

ROOF LADDERS

Make sure thatthe roof hook assem-blies operate withrelative ease (Figure9.29). In addition, theassembly should notshow signs of rust, thehooks should not bedeformed, and partsshould be firmly at-tached with no sign oflooseness. (NOTE: Se-rious problems foundshould result in re-moval of the ladderfrom service pendingservice testing.)

EXTENSION LADDERS

The following must be checked on extensionladders:

• Make sure the pawl assemblies work prop-erly. The hook and finger should move inand out freely.

• Look for fraying or kinking of the halyard(Figure 9.30). If this condition is found, thehalyard should be replaced.

• Check the snug-ness of the halyardcable when theladder is in thebedded position.This check en-sures proper syn-chronization ofthe upper sectionsduring operation.

• Make sure the pul-leys turn freely.

• Check the condi-tion of the ladder guides and for free move-ment of the fly sections.

Figure 9.29 The roof hooks shouldfully open with ease.

Figure 9.30 Check the halyardfor frays or cuts.

290 ESSENTIALS

• Check for free operation of the pole ladderstaypole toggles and check their condition.Detachable staypoles are provided with alatching mechanism at the toggle. Thismechanism should be checked to be surethat it is latching properly.

If any of the conditions described are found, theladder should be removed from service until it canbe repaired and tested. Ladders that cannot besafely repaired have to be destroyed or scrapped forparts.

WARNINGFailure to remove a defective ladder fromservice can result in a catastrophic ladder

failure that injures or kills firefighters.

HANDLING LADDERS[NFPA 1001: 3-3.5; 3-3.5(a); 3-3.5(b); 3-3.10(b); 3-3.11(b)]

NFPA 1901, Standard for Automotive Fire Ap-paratus, sets the minimum lengths and types ofladders to be carried on all pumper or enginecompanies. Each pumper must carry the followingladders:

• One 10-foot (3 m) folding ladder

• One 14-foot (4.3 m) roof ladder

• One 24-foot (8 m) or larger extension ladder

Ladder SafetyA firefighter’s safety and well-being while on a

ladder depend on common sense precautions.Firefighters should check important items at everyopportunity. Points to ensure safe ladder operationinclude the following:

• Always wear protective gear, includinggloves, when working with ladders.

• Choose the proper ladder for the job.

• Use leg muscles, not back or arm muscles,when lifting ladders below the waist.

• Use the proper number of firefighters foreach raise.

• Make sure that ladders are not raised intoelectrical wires.

• Check the ladder for the proper angle (Fig-ure 9.31).

• Check the pawls to be sure that they areseated over the rungs (Figure 9.32).

• Make sure that the ladder is secure at thetop or the bottom (preferably both) beforeclimbing.

• Climb smoothly and rhythmically.

• Do not overload the ladder (Figure 9.33).

Figure 9.31 This label shows inwhich direction the fly should befacing and helps firefighters assurethat the ladder is at a properclimbing angle.

Figure 9.32 An automatic pawllatched onto a rung.

Figure 9.33 Ladders can bedamaged by having too manypeople on them at the same time.

Ground Ladders 291

TABLE 9.1Ladder Selection Guide

Working Locationof Ladder Ladder Length

First story roof 16 to 20 feet (4.9 m to 6.0 m)

Second story window 20 to 28 feet (6.0 m to 8.5 m)

Second story roof 28 to 35 feet (8.5 m to 10.7 m)

Third story windowor roof 40 to 50 feet (12.2 m to 15.2 m)

Fourth story roof over 50 feet (15.2 m)

• Always tie in to ground ladders with a leglock or ladder belt when working from theladder. (See Working on a Ladder section.)

• Inspect ladders for damage and wear aftereach use.

WARNINGExtreme caution is necessary whenevermetal ladders are used near electricalpower sources. Contact with power

sources may result in electrocution ofanyone in contact with the ladder.

Selecting the Proper Ladder for the JobBefore raising ground ladders, the firefighter(s)

must first select the proper ladder for the given joband then carry it to its location for use. It isimportant that these tasks be accomplished in asafe and efficient manner that will not damageeither the ladder or other property. Movementsneed to be smooth and instinctive because speed isessential in many instances. Because more thanone firefighter is frequently required, developmentof teamwork is another important factor. There-fore, proficiency in handling ladders is realizedonly with repeated practical training.

Selecting a ladder to do a specific job requiresthat a firefighter be a good judge of distance. Aresidential story averages 8 to 10 feet (2.5 m to 3m), and the distance from the floor to the window-sill averages about 3 feet (1 m). A commercial storyaverages 12 feet (4 m) from floor to floor, with a 4-foot (1.2 m) distance from the floor to windowsill.Table 9.1 is a general guide that can be used inselecting ladders for specific locations.

Working rules for ladder length include thefollowing:

• The ladder should extend a few feet (meters)(preferably five rungs) beyond the roof edgeto provide both a footing and a handhold forpersons stepping on or off the ladder (Fig-ure 9.34).

• When used for access from the side of awindow or for ventilation, the tip of theladder should be placed even with the top ofthe window (Figure 9.35).

Figure 9.34 A ladderraised to the roof shouldhave at least five rungsabove the roof level.

Figure 9.35 A ladderplaced for access fromthe side of a window orfor ventilation.

• When rescue from a window opening is to beperformed, the tip of the ladder should beplaced just below the windowsill (Figure9.36).

The next step is to determine how far variousladders will reach. Knowledge of the designatedlength of a ladder can be used to answer thisquestion. Remember that the designated length(normally displayed on the ladder) is a measure-ment of the maximum extended length

292 ESSENTIALS

(Figure 9.37). This is NOT THE LADDER’SREACH, because ladders are set at angles of ap-proximately 75 degrees. Reach will therefore beLESS than the designated length. One more thingneeds to be considered: Single, roof, and foldingladders meeting NFPA 1931 are required to have ameasured length equal to the designated length.However, the maximum extended length of exten-sion ladders may be as much as 6 inches (150 mm)LESS than the designated length.

Figure 9.36 A ladder used for windowrescue should have the tip placed justbelow the sill.

Figure 9.37 The ladder length ismarked on the outside of both beamsat the butt.

Table 9.2 provides information on the reach ofvarious ground ladders when placed at the properclimbing angle. However, the following should benoted when considering the information containedin Table 9.2.

• For lengths of 35 feet (10.7 m) or less, reachis approximately 1 foot (300 mm) less thanthe designated length.

• For lengths over 35 feet (10.7 m), reach isapproximately 2 feet (600 mm) less than thedesignated length.

Methods of Mounting Ground Ladders onApparatus

The method used to mount ground ladders onfire apparatus varies depending on departmentalrequirements, type of apparatus and body design,type of ladder, type of mounting bracket or rackingused, and manufacturer’s policies (Figures 9.38 a–c). There are no established standards for thelocation and mounting of ground ladders on fireapparatus. These differences make it necessary foreach fire department to develop and administer itsown training procedures for removing and usingground ladders.

Designated Length Maximumof Ladder Reach

10 foot (3.0 m) 9 feet (2.7 m)

14 foot (4.3 m) 13 feet (4.0 m)

16 foot (4.9 m) 15 feet (4.6 m)

20 foot (6.1 m) 19 feet (5.8 m)

24 foot (7.3 m) 23 feet (7.0 m)

28 foot (8.5 m) 27 feet (8.2 m)

35 foot (10.7 m) 34 feet (10.4 m)

40 foot (12.2 m) 38 feet (11.6 m)

45 foot (13.7 m) 43 feet (13.1 m)

50 foot (15.2 m) 48 feet (14.6 m)

TABLE 9.2Maximum Working Heights for Ladders

Set at Proper Climbing Angle

Figure 9.38b These laddersare loaded in a flat positionfrom the rear of the apparatus.

Figure 9.38a Mostpumpers carry theirladders mounted onthe right side of theapparatus.

Figure 9.38c Some laddersthat are mounted verticallyon the side of the apparatusmust be loaded/unloadedfrom the rear.

Removing Ladders From ApparatusBefore firefighters are drilled in removing

ground ladders from apparatus, each firefightershould be able to answer the following questions:

• What ladders (types and lengths) are car-ried and where are they carried on theapparatus?

Ground Ladders 293

• Are the ladders racked with the butt towardthe front or toward the rear of the appara-tus?

• Where ladders are nested together, can oneladder be removed leaving the other(s) se-curely in place? (In particular, can the roofladder be removed from the side of thepumper and leave the extension ladder se-curely in place?)

• In what order do the ladders that nesttogether rack? (Extension ladder goes onfirst, roof ladder second, or vice versa?)

• Is the top fly of the extension ladder on theinside or on the outside when the ladder isracked on the side of the apparatus?

• How are the ladders secured?

• Which rungs go in or near the bracketswhen ladders are mounted vertically on theside of apparatus? (Many departments findit a good practice to mark ladders to indi-cate when rungs go in or near the bracketsas shown in Figure 9.39).

Figure 9.39 Most ladders have marks on them to denote where theyshould be placed on the mounting brackets.

Proper Lifting and Lowering MethodsMany firefighters are injured from using im-

proper lifting and lowering techniques. Often, theseinjuries are preventable. The following proceduresare recommended:

• Have adequate personnel for the task.

• Bend the knees, keeping back as straight aspossible, and lift with the legs, NOT WITHTHE BACK OR ARMS (Figure 9.40).

• Lifting should be done on the command of afirefighter at the rear who can see the whole

Figure 9.40 Always lift with your legs not your back.

operation when two or more firefighters arelifting a ladder (Figure 9.41). If anyfirefighter is not ready, that person shouldmake it known immediately so that theoperation will be halted. Lifting should bedone in unison.

• Reverse the procedure for lifting when it isnecessary to place a ladder on the groundbefore raising it. Lower the ladder with theleg muscles. Also, be sure to keep the bodyand feet parallel to the ladder so that whenthe ladder is placed it does not injure thetoes (Figure 9.42).

Figure 9.41 The firefighter at thebutt gives the command to lift.

Figure 9.42 Keep your body andtoes parallel to the ladder as it islowered.

LADDER CARRIES[NFPA 1001: 3-3.5; 3-3.5(b); 3-3.11(b)]

Once the ladder has been removed from itsmounting, there are numerous ways it can betransported to its point of use. The procedures for

294 ESSENTIALS

initiating ladder carries for ladders on the grounddiffer from those for ladders that are carried onapparatus. Different storage methods require dif-ferent procedures that must be adapted to theindividual situation. Since there are many differ-ent types of apparatus and means of mountingladders, all carries in this section are demon-strated from the ground.

One-Firefighter Low-Shoulder CarrySingle or roof ladders may be safely carried

by one firefighter. The low-shoulder carry in-volves resting theladder’s upper beamon the firefighter’sshoulder, while thefirefighter’s armgoes between tworungs (Figure 9.43).Skill Sheet 9-1shows the steps forperforming the one-firefighter low-shoulder carry from flat on the ground.

WARNINGCarry the forward end of the ladder slightly

lowered. Lowering the forward portionprovides better balance when carrying,

improves visibility by allowing thefirefighter to view the way ahead, and if the

ladder should strike another person, thebutt spurs will make contact with the body

area instead of the head.

Two-Firefighter Low-Shoulder CarryAlthough the two-firefighter low-shoulder carry

may be used with single or roof ladders, it is mostcommonly used for 24-, 28- and 35-foot (8 m, 8.5 m,and 10.7 m) extension ladders. The two-firefighterlow-shoulder carry gives firefighters excellent con-trol of the ladder (Figure 9.44). The forwardfirefighter places his free hand over the upper buttspur. This is done to prevent injury in case there isa collision with someone while the ladder is beingcarried. Skill Sheet 9-2 describes the two-firefighterlow-shoulder carry from flat on the ground.

Figure 9.43 A completed one-firefighterlow-shoulder carry.

Figure 9.44 A completed two-firefighter low-shoulder carry.

Three-Firefighter Flat-Shoulder CarryThe three-firefighter flat-shoulder carry is typi-

cally used on extension ladders up to 35 feet (10.7m). This method has two firefighters, one at eachend on one side of the ladder, and one firefighter onthe other side in the middle (Figure 9.45). SkillSheet 9-3 shows the procedure for carrying theladder from the ground using the three-firefighterflat-shoulder carry.

Figure 9.45 A completed three-firefighter flat-shoulder carry.

Four-Firefighter Flat-Shoulder CarryThe same flat-shoulder method used by three

firefighters for carrying ladders is used by fourfirefighters except that there is a change in thepositioning of the firefighters to accommodate thefourth firefighter. When four firefighters use theflat-shoulder carry, two are positioned at each endof the ladder, opposite each other (Figure 9.46).

Ground Ladders 295

Figure 9.46 A completed four-firefighter flat-shoulder carry.

Two-Firefighter Arm’s Length On-Edge CarryThe two-firefighter arm’s length on-edge carry

is best performed with lightweight ladders (Figure9.47). The two-firefighter arm’s length on-edgecarry described in Skill Sheet 9-4 is based on thefact that the firefighters are positioned on the bedsection (widest) side of the ladder when it is in thevertical position.

Figure 9.47 A completed two-firefighter arm’s length on-edge carry.

Special Procedures for Carrying Roof LaddersThe procedures previously described are for

carrying ladders butt forward. In some cases, afirefighter will carry a roof ladder with the inten-tion of climbing another ground ladder and placingthe roof ladder with hooks deployed on a slopedroof. In this situation, the firefighter should use thelow-shoulder method and have the tip (hooks)forward (Figure 9.48). Skill Sheet 9-5 describes theprocedure for carrying a roof ladder.

Normally, the roof ladder is carried with thehooks closed to the foot of the second ladder. Asecond firefighter opens the hooks while the firstfirefighter maintains the carry (Figure 9.49). Whenno second firefighter is present, the firefighter setsthe ladder down, moves to the tip, picks up the tip,opens the hooks, lays the tip down, returns to themidpoint, picks up the ladder, and resumes thecarry.

There may be occasions when there is no secondfirefighter to open the hooks, time is critical, andthere is no crowd of people through which theladder must be carried. In this case, the hooks maybe opened at the apparatus before the carry isbegun; they are turned outward in relation to thefirefighter carrying the ladder (Figure 9.50).

Figure 9.48 The roof ladder may be carried with the tip forward.

Figure 9.50 Carry the ladder withthe hooks open facing outward.

Figure 9.49 A second firefightermay open the roof hooks.

POSITIONING (PLACEMENT) OF GROUNDLADDERS[NFPA 1001: 3-3.5; 3-3.5(a); 3-3.5(b); 3-3.8(b); 3-3.11(b)]

Proper positioning, or placement, of groundladders is important because it affects the safetyand efficiency of operations. The following sectionscontain some of the basic considerations and re-quirements for ground ladder placement.

296 ESSENTIALS

Responsibility for PositioningNormally, an officer designates the general

location where the ladder is to be positioned and/orthe task is to be performed. However, personnelcarrying the ladder frequently decide on the exactspot where the butt is to be placed. The firefighternearest the butt is the logical person to make thisdecision because this end is placed on the ground toinitiate raising the ladder. When there are twofirefighters at the butt, the one on the right side isusually the one responsible for placement (Figure9.51). However, this designation is an option as faras each department’s policy is concerned.

Figure 9.51 The firefighter on the right side of the butt gives thecommands.

Factors Affecting Ground Ladder PlacementWhen placing ladders, there are two objectives

to be met: first, to place the ladder properly for itsintended use and second, to place the butt theproper distance from the building for safe and easyclimbing. There are numerous factors that dictatethe exact place to position the ladder.

If a ladder is to be used to provide a vantage pointfrom which a firefighter can break a window forventilation, it should be placed alongside the windowto the windward (upwind) side. The tip should beabout even with the top of the window (Figure9.52). The same position can be used when fire-fighters desire to climb in or out narrow windows.

If a ladder is to be used for entry or rescue froma window, usually the ladder tip is placed slightlybelow the sill (Figure 9.53). If the sill projects outfrom the wall, the tip of the ladder can be wedgedunder the sill for additional stability (Figure 9.54).If the window opening is wide enough to permit theladder tip to project into it and still allow roombeside it to facilitate entry and rescue, the laddershould be placed so that two or three rungs extendabove the sill (Figure 9.55).

Figure 9.52 Place the tip adjacentto the top of the window opening.

Figure 9.53 For rescue, place thetip just below the lower sill.

Figure 9.55 In wide windows the ladder may be extended into one sideof the opening.

Figure 9.54 Wedging the tip under the sill makes for a more stableplacement.

Ground Ladders 297

When a ladder is usedas a vantage point fromwhich to direct a hosestream into a windowopening and no entry ismade, it is raised directlyin front of the windowwith the tip on the wallabove the window open-ing (Figure 9.56). Caremust be taken to keepflames from engulfing thetip of the ladder. If thissituation cannot beavoided, the ladder is raised just to the sill.

Other placement guidelines include the follow-ing:

• Ladder at least two points on different sidesof the building (Figure 9.57).

• Avoid placing ladders over openings such aswindows and doors.

• Take advantage of strong points in buildingconstruction when placing ladders.

• Raise the ladder directly in front of thewindow when a ladder is to be used as asupport for a smoke fan. Place the ladder tipon the wall above the window opening.

• Avoid placing ladders where they may comeinto contact with overhead obstructions suchas wires, tree limbs, or signs (Figure 9.58).

Figure 9.56 Place the ladderdirectly over the opening so thata hose stream may be dischargedinto the window.

Figure 9.57 The roof or any portions of the building should be ladderedfrom at least two points. Here the upper story is laddered from two points.Courtesy of Bill Tompkins.

Figure 9.58 Watch for trees or other overhead obstructions. Courtesyof Bill Tompkins.

• Avoid placing ladders on uneven terrain oron soft spots.

• Avoid placing ladders on main paths oftravel that firefighters or evacuees will needto use (Figure 9.59).

• Avoid placing ladders where they may con-tact either burning surfaces or openingswith flames present.

• Avoid placing ladders on top of sidewalkelevator trapdoors or sidewalk deadlights.These areas may give way under the weightof both the ladder and firefighters (Figure9.60).

• Do not place ladders against unstable wallsor surfaces.

Figure 9.59 Do not placeladders in front of doors.

Figure 9.60 Avoid placing ladders on trapdoors,grates, and utility covers.

298 ESSENTIALS

When the ladder has been raised and loweredinto place, the desired angle of inclination is ap-proximately 75 degrees (Figure 9.61). This angle

provides good sta-bility and placesstresses on theladder properly. Italso provides foreasy climbing be-cause it permitsthe climber tostand perpen-dicular to theground, at arm’slength from therungs. The dis-tance of the buttend from thebuilding estab-lishes the angleformed by theladder and theground. If thebutt is placedtoo close to the

building, its stability is reduced because climbingtends to cause the tip to pull away from the building.

If the butt of the ladder is placed too far awayfrom the building, the load-carrying capacity of theladder is reduced, and it has more of a tendency toslip. Placement at such a poor angle may some-times be necessary, so either tie the bottom of theladder off or heel (steady) it at all times. (SeeSecuring the Ladder section for tying off and heel-ing instructions.)

An easy way to determine the proper distancebetween the heel of the ladder and the building isto divide the used length of the ladder by 4. Forexample, if 20 feet (6 m) of ladder is needed toreach a window, the butt end should be placed 5feet (1.5 m) from the building (20 feet divided by 4[6 m divided by 4]) (Figure 9.62). Exact measure-ments are unnecessary on the fire scene.Firefighters develop the experience to visually judgethe proper positioning for the ladder. The properangle can also be checked by standing on thebottom rung and reaching out for the rung in front.A firefighter should be able to grab the rung while

Figure 9.61 Ladders should be placed at a75-degree angle. Figure 9.62 A ladder that is raised 20 feet (6 m) should have the base

5 feet (1.5 m) from the building.

standing straight up, with arms extended straightout (Figure 9.63). Newer ladders are equipped withan inclination marking on the outside of the beamwhose lines become perfectly vertical and horizon-tal when the ladder is properly set (Figure 9.64).

Figure 9.64 Newer ladders havelabels that help firefighters achievea proper climbing angle.

Figure 9.63 Check for a properangle by standing on the bottomrung and reaching for the rungdirectly at shoulder level.

Ground Ladders 299

GENERAL PROCEDURES FOR RAISING ANDCLIMBING LADDERS[NFPA 1001: 3-3.5; 3-3.5(a); 3-3.5(b)]

A well-positioned ladder becomes a means bywhich important fire fighting operations can beperformed. If speed and accuracy are to be devel-oped, teamwork, smoothness, and rhythm are nec-essary when raising and lowering fire departmentladders. However, before learning the technique ofraising ladders, firefighters should be aware ofcertain general procedures that affect the raisingof ladders.

Transition From Carry to RaiseThe methods and precautions for raising single

and extension ladders are much the same. With theexception of pole ladders, it is not necessary toplace the ladder flat on the ground prior to raising;only the butt needs to be placed on the ground(Figure 9.65).

The transition fromcarry to raise can andshould be smooth andcontinuous.

This section con-tains step-by-step in-formation only for rais-ing ladders. In everycase, the procedure forlowering the ladder isto reverse the listedsteps in the order given.Before raising a ladder,there are a number of things firefighters need toconsider and precautions they must take. Some ofthe more important ones are contained in thesections that follow.

Electrical HazardsA major concern when raising ladders is pos-

sible contact with live electrical wires or equip-ment, either by the ladder or by the persons whohave to climb it. The danger with metal ladders hasbeen stressed previously. However, manyfirefighters do not realize that WET wood orfiberglass ladders present the same hazard. Toavoid this hazard, care must be taken BEFOREBEGINNING A RAISE (Figure 9.66).

Figure 9.65 With the exception ofpole ladders, it is not necessary toplace the ladder flat on the groundprior to raising.

Firefighters need to look overhead for electricalwires or equipment before making the final selec-

tion on where to place a ladder orwhat method to use for raisingit. IFSTA recommends that allladders maintain a distance ofat least 10 feet (3 m) from allenergized electrical lines orequipment. This distance mustbe maintained at all times, in-cluding during the raise itself.In some cases, the ladder willcome to rest a safe distance fromthe electrical equipment; how-ever, it will come too close to thisequipment during the actualraise (Figure 9.67). In these

cases, an alternate method for raising the ladder,such as raising parallel to the building as opposedto perpendicular, may be required (Figure 9.68).

Figure 9.67 If this ladder is raised perpendicular to the building, it maycome in contact with the power lines.

Figure 9.66 Alwayscheck for electricalhazards before raisinga ladder.

Figure 9.68 By using a parallel raise, the overhead wires are avoided.

300 ESSENTIALS

Position of the Fly Section on ExtensionLadders

The question of whether the fly on an extensionladder should be in (next to the building) or out(away from the building) must be settled beforestarting the discussion on raises. This question hasbeen a matter of controversy in the fire service formany years.

Each ladder manufacturer specifies whetherthe ladder should be placed with the fly in or out.This recommendation is based on the design of theladder and the fly position at which manufacturer’stests show it to be strongest. Failure to follow thisrecommendation could void the warranty of theladder should a failure or damage occur.

In general, all modern metal and fiberglassladders are designed to be used with the FLY OUT(away from the building) (Figure 9.69). Wood lad-ders that are designed with the rungs mounted inthe top truss rail (the only type of wood ladder stillmanufactured today) are intended to be deployedwith the FLY IN (Figure 9.70). Again, consultdepartment SOPs or the manufacturer of the lad-ders to find out for certain the correct fly position.

Figure 9.69 Metal extension ladders aredeployed with the fly out (away from thebuilding).

Figure 9.70 Wood laddersare deployed with the fly in(toward the building).

Some departments have ladders that are in-tended to be used with the fly out but prefer thatthe firefighter extending the halyard be on theoutside of the ladder. In this case, firefighters willneed to pivot the ladder 180 degrees (discussedlater) after it has been extended.

Tying the HalyardOnce an extension ladder is resting against a

building and before it isclimbed, the excess halyardshould be tied to the ladderwith a clove hitch (Figure9.71). This prevents the flyfrom slipping and preventsanyone from tripping overthe rope. The same tie canbe used for either a closed-or open-ended halyard.Skill Sheet 9-6 describesthe procedure for tying thehalyard.

LADDER RAISES[NFPA 1001: 3-3.5; 3-3.5(b); 3-3.11(b)]

There are numerous ways to safely raise groundladders. These methods vary depending on thetype and size of the ladder, number of personnelavailable to help with the raise, and weather andtopography considerations. The raises discussedhere represent only some of the more commonlyused methods; there are many more.

One-Firefighter RaisesOne firefighter may safely raise single ladders

and small extension ladders. The following proce-dures should be used to accomplish these raises.

ONE-FIREFIGHTER SINGLE LADDER RAISES

Single and roof ladders of 14 feet (4.3 m) or lessare light enough that one firefighter can usuallyplace the butt end at the point where it will belocated for climbing without heeling (steadying) itagainst the building or another object before rais-ing (Figure 9.72). The steps described in SkillSheet 9-7 should be used to perform the one-firefighter raise for single ladders under 14 feet(4.3 m). On single ladders longer than 14 feet (4.3m), use the procedures in Skill Sheet 9-8.

Figure 9.71 An overhandsafety knot should be tied tosecure the clove hitch.

Ground Ladders 301

Figure 9.72 Place the butt on the ground at an appropriate distance fromthe building.

ONE-FIREFIGHTER EXTENSION LADDER RAISE

One method of raising extension ladders withone firefighter is from the low-shoulder carry. Whenusing the one-firefighter raise from the low-shoul-der carry, the placement of the butt is important.In this instance, a building is used to heel theladder to prevent the ladder butt from slippingwhile the ladder is brought to the vertical position(Figure 9.73). Skill Sheet 9-9 describes the proce-dure for raising the ladder from the low-shouldercarry.

Figure 9.73 One firefighter can raise an extension ladder.

Two-Firefighter RaisesSpace permitting, it makes little difference if a

ladder is raised parallel with or perpendicular to abuilding. If raised parallel with the building, theladder can always be pivoted after it is in thevertical position. Whenever two or more firefightersare involved in raising a ladder, the firefighter atthe butt end, the heeler, is responsible for placingit at the desired distance from the building and

determining whether the ladder will be raisedparallel with or perpendicular to the building.There are two basic ways for two firefighters toraise a ladder: the flat raise and the beam raise.Skill Sheet 9-10 describes the procedure for thetwo-firefighter flat raise. Skill Sheet 9-11 showsthe procedure for the two-firefighter beam raise.

Three-Firefighter Flat RaiseAs the length of the ladder increases, the weight

also increases. This requires more personnel forraising the larger extension ladders (Figure 9.74).

Typically, laddersof 35 feet (10.7 m)or longer should beraised by at leastthree firefighters.Skill Sheet 9-12 de-scribes the proce-dure for flat-rais-ing ladders withthree fire-fighters.

To raise a lad-der using the beammethod with threefirefighters, followthe same proce-dures for thet w o - fi r e fi g h t e rflat raise. The only

difference is that the third firefighter is positionedalong the beam (Figure 9.75). Once the ladder hasbeen raised to a vertical position, follow theprocedures described for the flat raise.

Figure 9.75 A three-firefighter beam raise.

Figure 9.74 More personnel are requiredfor longer extension ladders.

302 ESSENTIALS

Four-Firefighter Flat RaiseWhen personnel are available, four firefighters

can be used to better handle the larger and heavierextension ladders (Figure 9.76). A flat raise is

normally used, andthe procedures forraising the ladderare similar to thethree-firefighterraise except for theplacement of per-sonnel. A firefighterat the butt is respon-sible for placing thebutt at the desireddistance from thebuilding and deter-mining whether theladder will be raisedparallel with or per-

pendicular to the building. Skill Sheet 9-13 de-scribes the procedure for raising ladders with fourfirefighters.

Placing a Roof LadderThere are a number of ways to get a roof ladder

in place on a sloped roof. Once a firefighter hascarried the roof ladder to the location, it can beplaced by either one or two firefighters. Skill Sheet9-14 shows the procedure for one firefighter toplace a roof ladder in position.

It is, however, much easier to climb anotherladder and place the roof ladder using twofirefighters (Figure 9.77). There are two methods ofaccomplishing this task, both named for the waythe ladder is carried from the apparatus: hooks-first method and butt-first method. Thehooks-first method isdescribed in SkillSheet 9-15. When aroof ladder has beencarried to the scenebutt first, there is noneed to waste valuabletime turning it around.The butt-first methoddescribed in SkillSheet 9-16 can be used.

Figure 9.76 A four-firefighter flat raise isused for larger extension ladders.

Figure 9.77 Two firefightersdeploying a roof ladder.

SPECIAL PROCEDURES FOR MOVINGGROUND LADDERS[NFPA 1001: 3-3.5; 3-3.5(a)]

Sometimes the basic ladder raising proceduresdescribed are not sufficient to get the ladder into itsfinal position for use. In many cases it will benecessary to move the ladder slightly after it hasbeen extended.

Pivoting Ladders With Two FirefightersOccasionally, a ladder is raised with the fly in

the incorrect position for deployment. When thishappens, it is necessary to pivot the ladder. Anyladder flat-raised parallel to the building also re-quires pivoting to align it with the wall upon whichit will rest. The beam closest to the building shouldbe used for the pivot. Whenever possible, the lad-der should be pivoted before it is extended.

The two-firefighter pivot may be used on anyground ladder that twofirefighters can raise(Figure 9.78). The proce-dure described in SkillSheet 9-17 is for a ladderthat must be turned 180degrees to get the fly sec-tion in the proper posi-tion. The same procedureis used for positioning aladder that was flat-raised parallel to thebuilding. In this case, thebeam nearest the build-ing is used to pivot theladder.

Shifting Raised Ground LaddersOccasionally, circumstances require that

ground ladders be moved while vertical. Shifting aladder that is in a vertical position should belimited to short distances such as aligning laddersto a building or to an adjacent window.

One firefighter can safely shift a single ladderthat is 20 feet (6 m) long or less. The procedure forthe one-firefighter shift is described in Skill Sheet9-18. Because of their weight, extension laddersrequire two firefighters for the shifting maneuverdescribed in Skill Sheet 9-19.

Figure 9.78 Two firefighterspivoting a ladder.

Ground Ladders 303

SECURING THE LADDER[NFPA 1001: 3-3.5; 3-3.5(a); 3-3.5(b); 3-3.11(b)]

Ground ladders should be secured wheneverfirefighters are climbing or working from them.Two methods discussed in this section are heelingand tying in.

HeelingOne way of prevent-

ing movement of a lad-der is to properly heel,or foot, it. There are sev-eral methods of properlyheeling a ladder. Onemethod is for a fire-fighter to stand under-neath the ladder withfeet about shoulder-width apart (or one footslightly ahead of theother). The firefighterthen grasps the ladderbeams at about eye level,and pulls backward topress the ladder against the building (Figure 9.79).When using this method, the firefighter must wearhead and eye protection and not look up when thereis someone climbing the ladder. The firefightermust be sure to grasp the beams and not the rungs.

Another method of heeling a ladder is for afirefighter to stand on the outside of the ladder andchock the butt end with his feet (Figures 9.80 a and b).

Figure 9.79 The ladder may beheeled from behind.

Figure 9.80a The ladder may beheld with a foot on the beam at theground.

Figure 9.80b The ladder may beheeled with one foot on the rung.

With this method, either the firefighter’s toes areplaced against the butt spur or one foot is placed onthe bottom rung. The firefighter grasps the beams,and the ladder is pressed against the building. Afirefighter must stay alert for descendingfirefighters when heeling the ladder in this way.

Tying InWhenever possible, a ladder should be tied

securely to a fixed object. Tying in a ladder issimple, can be done quickly, and is strongly recom-mended to prevent the ladder from slipping orpulling away from the building. Tying in also freespersonnel who would otherwise be holding theladder in place. A rope hose tool or safety strap canbe used between the ladder and a fixed object(Figures 9.81 a and b).

The process of securing a ground ladder mayinclude any or all of the following:

• Make sure the ladder locks are locked (ex-tension ladders only). This should have al-ready been accomplished before the ladderwas placed against the structure.

• Tie the halyard (extension ladder only).

• Prevent movement of the ladder away fromthe building by heeling and/or tying in.

Figure 9.81a The ladder may be tied off near the bottom.

Figure 9.81b . . . or near the top.

304 ESSENTIALS

CLIMBING LADDERS[NFPA 1001: 3-3.5; 3-3.11(b)]

Ladder climbing should be done smoothly andrhythmically. The climber should ascend the lad-der so that there is the least possible amount ofbounce and sway. This smoothness is accomplishedif the climber’s knee is bent to ease the weight oneach rung. Balance on the ladder will come natu-rally if the ladder is properly spaced from thebuilding because the body will be perpendicular tothe ground.

The climb may be started after the climbingangle has been checked and the ladder is properlysecured. The climber’s eyes should be focused for-ward, with an occasional glance at the tip of theladder. The climber’s arms should be kept straightduring the climb; this action keeps the body awayfrom the ladder and permits free knee movementduring the climb (Figure 9.82). When there is noequipment being carried, the hands can be put onthe beams or the rungs. When using the rungs, thehands should grasp the rungs with the palms downand the thumbs beneath the rung. Some peoplefind it natural to grasp every rung with alternatehands while climbing; others prefer to grasp alter-nate rungs (Figure 9.83). An option for hand place-ment when climbing ground ladders is to climbwhile sliding both hands up behind the beams tomaintain constant contact (Figure 9.84).

Figure 9.82 Proper ladder-climbing techniques includekeeping both the back and armsstraight as the climb is made.

Figure 9.83 Some firefighters findthat there is less bounce to theclimb if the foot and hand on thesame side are raised together.

If the feet should slip during any of theseoptions, the arms and hands are in a position tostop the fall. All upward progress should be per-formed by the leg muscles, not the arm muscles.The arms and hands should not reach upwardduring the climb, because reaching upward willbring the body too close to the ladder.

Practice climbing should be done slowly todevelop form rather than speed. Speed develops asthe proper technique is mastered. Too much speedresults in lack of body control, and quick move-ments cause the ladder to bounce and sway.

A firefighter is often required to carry equip-ment up and down a ladder during fire fighting.This procedure interrupts the natural climb eitherbecause of the added weight on the shoulder or thenecessity of using one hand to hold a tool. If a toolis carried in one hand, it is desirable to slide thefree hand under the beam while making the climb(Figure 9.85). This method permits constant con-tact with the ladder. Whenever possible, a utilityrope should be used to hoist tools and equipmentrather than carrying them up a ladder.

Figure 9.84 The hands may slideup the underside of the beam.

Figure 9.85 Slide one hand upthe underside of the beam andcarry the tool in the other hand.

WORKING ON A LADDER[NFPA 1001: 3-3.5; 3-3.11(b)]

Firefighters must sometimes work while stand-ing on a ground ladder, and both hands must befree. Either a Class I life safety harness (ladderbelt) or a leg lock can be used to safely secure thefirefighter to a ladder while work is being per-formed. If a firefighter chooses to apply a leg lock ona ground ladder, the procedure in Skill Sheet 9-20should be used.

Ground Ladders 305

WARNINGExercise caution to ensure that the ratedcapacity of the ladder is not exceeded. To

avoid overloading the ladder, only oneperson should be allowed on each section

of the ladder at the same time.

A life safety harness must be strapped tightlyaround the waist during use. The hook may be

moved to one side,out of the way,while a firefighteris climbing a lad-der. However, afterreaching the de-sired height, thefirefighter returnsthe hook to the cen-ter and attaches itto a rung (Figure9.86). All life safetyharnesses shouldmeet the require-ments set forth inNFPA 1983, Stan-dard on Fire Ser-

vice Life Safety Rope and System Components.

ASSISTING A VICTIM DOWN A LADDER[NFPA 1001: 3-3.5, 3-3.8(a); 3-3.8(b)]

When it is known that a ground ladder will beused for rescue through a window, the ladder tip is

Figure 9.86 One method of securing afirefighter to a ladder is to use a ladder orsafety belt.

raised to just below the sill. This allows the victimeasier access to the ladder. The ladder is heeled,and all other loads and activity removed from itduring rescue operations. Since even healthy, con-scious occupants are probably unaccustomed toclimbing down a ladder, care must be exercised tokeep them from slipping and possibly hurting them-selves. To bring victims down a ground ladder, atleast four firefighters are needed: two inside thebuilding, one or two on the ladder, and one heelingthe ladder.

Several methods for lowering conscious or un-conscious victims are as follows:

• Conscious victims are lowered feet first fromthe building onto a ladder (Figure 9.87).

• An unconscious victim is held on a ladder inthe same way as a conscious victim exceptthat the victim’s body rests on the rescuer’ssupporting knee (Figure 9.88). The victim’sfeet are placed outside the rails to prevententanglement.

• A similar way to lower an unconscious vic-tim involves using the same hold by therescuer described in the previous bulletedparagraph, but the victim is turned aroundto face the rescuer (Figure 9.89). This posi-tion reduces the chances of the victim’slimbs catching between the rungs.

• An unconscious victim is supported at thecrotch by one of the rescuer’s arms and atthe chest by the other arm (Figure 9.90).The rescuer may be aided by anotherfirefighter.

Figure 9.87 A conscious victim islowered onto the ladder feet first.

Figure 9.88 An unconsciousvictim is supported by therescuer’s knee.

Figure 9.90 Another way to rescue anunconscious victim.

Figure 9.89 The victim faces therescuer in this method.

306 ESSENTIALS

• A conscious or unconscious victim is cradledin front of the rescuer, with the victim’s legsover the rescuer’s shoulders, and the victim’sarms draped over the rescuer’s arms (Fig-ure 9.91). If the ladder is set at a slightlysteeper than normal climbing angle, theunconscious victim’s head can be tilted for-ward to avoid hitting each rung duringdescent. This method is also very effectivewith extremely heavy victims, whether theyare conscious or not (Figure 9.92).

• Another method of removing extraordi-narily heavy victims involves severalfirefighters. Two ground ladders are placedside by side. One firefighter supports thevictim’s waist and legs. A second firefighteron the other ladder supports the victim’shead and upper torso (Figure 9.93).

• Small children who must be brought downa ladder can be cradled across the rescuer’sarms (Figure 9.94).

Figure 9.94 A small child is cradledacross the rescuer’s arms.

Figure 9.91 A victim is cradledbetween the rescuer and the ladder.

Figure 9.92 An effective methodfor handling very heavy victims.

Figure 9.93 Two ladders and tworescuers are needed for this method.

Ground Ladders 307

SKILL SHEET 9-1 ONE-FIREFIGHTER LOW-SHOULDER CARRY

From Flat on the Ground

Step 1: Kneel beside the ladder, facing the tip.

Step 2: Grasp the middle rung with your near hand.

Step 3: Lift the ladder.

Step 4: Pivot into the ladder as it rises.

Step 5: Place your free arm between two rungs so that theupper beam comes to rest on the shoulder.

308 ESSENTIALS

SKILL SHEET 9-2 TWO-FIREFIGHTER LOW-SHOULDER CARRY


NOTE: Firefighter #1 is located near the butt end of theladder. Firefighter #2 is located near the tip of theladder.

Step 1: Both Firefighters: Kneel on the same side of theladder facing the tip.

Step 2: Both Firefighters: Grasp a convenient rungwith the near hand, palm forward.

Step 3: Both Firefighters: Stand the ladder on edge.

Step 4: Firefighter #1: Give the command to “shoulderthe ladder.”

Step 5: Both Firefighters: Stand, using the leg musclesto lift the ladder.

Step 6: Both Firefighters: Tilt the far beam upward as theladder and the firefighters rise.

Step 7: Both Firefighters: Pivot and place the free armbetween two rungs.

2

1

Ground Ladders 309

Step 8: Both Firefighters: Place the upper beam on theshoulders.

NOTE: Both firefighters should be facing the butt. The liftshould be smooth and continuous.

310 ESSENTIALS

Step 1: Firefighters #1 and #2: Kneel on one side of theladder, one at either end, facing the tip.

Step 2: Firefighter #3: Kneel on the opposite side atmidpoint, also facing the tip end.

NOTE: In each case, the knee closer to the ladder is the onetouching the ground.

SKILL SHEET 9-3 THREE-FIREFIGHTER FLAT-SHOULDER CARRY


Step 3: All Firefighters: Stand and lift the ladder.

Step 4: All Firefighters: Pivot toward the butt when theladder is about chest high.

Step 5: All Firefighters: Place the beam onto the shoulders.

1

2

3

Ground Ladders 311

Step 1: Both Firefighters: Position on the same side of theladder (on the bed section side of extension ladders), onenear each end.

Step 2: Both Firefighters: Tilt up one beam so that theladder is resting on the other beam.

Step 3: Both Firefighters: Squat slightly, facing the butt.

Step 4: Both Firefighters: Grasp the upper beam with thenear hand (the beam of the outermost fly section on anextension ladder).

SKILL SHEET 9-4 TWO-FIREFIGHTER ARM’S LENGTH ON-EDGE CARRY


Step 5: Both Firefighters: Stand, lifting the ladder until itis at arm’s length.

312 ESSENTIALS

Step 1: Kneel facing the butt end of the ladder.

Step 2: Grasp the middle rung with your near hand, palmfacing forward.

SKILL SHEET 9-5 CARRYING A ROOF LADDER

From Flat on the GroundOne Firefighter

Step 3: Stand the ladder on edge.

Step 4: Stand and lift the ladder.

Step 5: Pivot toward the tip of the ladder.

Step 6: Place your free arm between two rungs so that theupper beam comes to rest on the shoulder.

Ground Ladders 313

Step 1: Wrap the excess halyard around two convenientrungs.

Step 2: Pull it taut.

SKILL SHEET 9-6 TYING THE HALYARD

Step 3: Hold the halyard between the thumb and forefingerwith the palm down.

Step 4: Turn the hand palm up.

Step 5: Push the halyard underneath and back over the topof the rung.

314 ESSENTIALS

Step 6: Grasp the halyard with the thumb and fingers.

Step 7: Pull it through the loop, making a clove hitch.

Step 8: Finish the tie by making a half hitch or overhandsafety on top of the clove hitch.

Ground Ladders 315

Step 1: Lower the butt to the ground at the proper distancefrom the building for climbing.

SKILL SHEET 9-7 ONE-FIREFIGHTER SINGLE LADDER RAISE

Ladders Under 14 Feet (4 m) in Length

Step 2: Raise the ladder simultaneously to a verticalposition.

Step 3: Grasp both beams.

Step 4: Heel the butt end of the ladder.

Step 5: Lower the ladder into the objective.

316 ESSENTIALS

Step 1: Place the butt end against the building to heel theladder as it is raised.

Step 2: Raise the ladder to a vertical position.

SKILL SHEET 9-8 ONE-FIREFIGHTER SINGLE LADDER RAISE

Ladders Over 14 Feet (4 m) in Length

Step 3: Pull the butt end out away from the building to theproper distance for a good climbing angle.

Ground Ladders 317

Step 1: Place the butt end of the ladder on the ground withthe butt spurs against the wall of the building.

Step 2: Grasp a rung in front of your shoulder with your freehand.

Step 3: Remove the opposite arm from between the rungs.

SKILL SHEET 9-9 ONE-FIREFIGHTER EXTENSION LADDER RAISE

From the Low-Shoulder Carry

Step 4: Step beneath the ladder.

Step 5: Grasp a convenient rung with the other hand.

NOTE: At this point, the ladder should be flat with both buttspurs against the building.

CAUTION: The area overhead should be visuallychecked for obstructions before bringing the ladder toa vertical position. The terrain in front of the firefightershould also be visually checked before steppingforward.

Step 6: Advance hand-over-hand down the rungs towardthe butt until the ladder is in a vertical position.

318 ESSENTIALS

Step 7: Extend the ladder by pulling the halyard until theladder has been raised to the desired level and the pawlsare engaged.

NOTE: Care must be taken to pull straight down on thehalyard so that the ladder is not pulled over.

Step 8: Position the ladder for climbing by pushing againstan upper rung to keep the ladder against the building.

Step 9: Grasp a lower rung with your other hand.

Step 10: Move the ladder butt carefully out from thebuilding to the desired location.

NOTE: If necessary, turn the ladder to bring the fly to the outposition.

Ground Ladders 319

NOTE: Firefighter #1 is located near the butt end of theladder. Firefighter #2 is located near the tip end of theladder.

Step 1: Both Firefighters: Carry the ladder to the desiredlocation for the raise.

Step 2: Firefighter #1: Place the butt end on the ground.

Step 3: Firefighter #2: Rest the ladder beam on a shoulder.

SKILL SHEET 9-10 TWO-FIREFIGHTER FLAT RAISE

Step 4: Firefighter #1: Heel the ladder by standing on thebottom rung.

Step 5: Firefighter #1: Crouch down to grasp a convenientrung or the beams with both hands.

Step 6: Firefighter #1: Lean back.

Step 7: Firefighter #2: Step beneath the ladder.

Step 8: Firefighter #2: Grasp a convenient rung with bothhands.

CAUTION: Visually check the area overhead forobstructions before bringing the ladder to a verticalposition. Before stepping forward, visually check theterrain.

21

320 ESSENTIALS

Step 9: Firefighter #2: Advance hand-over-hand down therungs toward the butt end until the ladder is in a verticalposition.

Step 10: Firefighter #1: Grasp successively higher rungsor higher on the beams as the ladder comes to a verticalposition until standing upright.

Step 11: Both Firefighters: Face each other.

Step 12: Both Firefighters: Heel the ladder by placingtoes against the beams.

NOTE: When raising extension ladders, pivot the ladder toposition the fly away from the building (fly in for woodenladders) if it is not already in that position.

Step 13: Firefighter #1: Grasp the halyard.

Step 14: Firefighter #1: Extend the fly section with a hand-over-hand motion until the tip reaches the desired elevation.

Step 15: Firefighter #1: Check that pawls are engaged.

Step 16: Firefighter #2: Place one foot against a butt spuror on the bottom rung.

Step 17: Firefighter #2: Grasp the beams.

Step 18: Both Firefighters: Lower the ladder gently ontothe building.

NOTE: If the ladder has not yet been turned to position thefly in the out position, it can be done at this time.

Ground Ladders 321

NOTE: Firefighter #1 is located near the butt end of theladder. Firefighter #2 is located near the tip end of theladder.

Step 1: Both Firefighters: Carry the ladder to the desiredlocation for the raise.

Step 2: Firefighter #1: Place the ladder beam on theground.

Step 3:Firefighter #2: Rest the beam on one shoulder.

SKILL SHEET 9-11 TWO-FIREFIGHTER BEAM RAISE

Step 4: Firefighter #1: Place the foot closest to the lowerbeam on the lower beam at the butt spur.

Step 5: Firefighter #1: Grasp the upper beam with handsapart and the other foot extended back to act as acounterbalance.

Step 6: Firefighter #2: Advance hand-over-hand downthe beam toward the butt until the ladder is in a verticalposition.


2

1

322 ESSENTIALS

Step 7: Both Firefighters: Pivot the ladder to position thefly away from the building (fly in for wooden ladders) if it isnot already in that position.



Step 10: Firefighter #2: Check that ladder locks are inplace.

Step 11: Firefighter #1: Place one foot against a butt spuror on the bottom rung and grasp the rung or beams.

Step 12: Both Firefighters: Lower the ladder gently ontothe building.

Ground Ladders 323

NOTE: Firefighter #1 is located near the butt end of theladder. Firefighters #2 and #3 are located near the tipend of the ladder.

Step 1: All Firefighters: Carry the ladder to the desiredlocation for the raise.

Step 2: Firefighter #1: Place the ladder butt end on theground. Firefighters #2 and #3: Rest the ladder flat on theshoulders.

SKILL SHEET 9-12 THREE-FIREFIGHTER FLAT RAISE

Step 3: Firefighter #1: Heel the ladder by standing on thebottom rung (A) or by placing the toes or insteps on thebeam (B).

Step 4: Firefighter #1: Crouch down to grasp a convenientrung with both hands.

Step 5: Firefighter #1: Lean back.

2

13

A

B

324 ESSENTIALS

Step 6: Firefighters #2 and #3: Advance in unison, withoutside hands on the beams and inside hands on the rungs,until the ladder is in a vertical position.

NOTE: If necessary, the firefighters pivot the ladder toposition the fly section away from the building. If using awood ladder, the fly should be in toward the building.


Step 7: Firefighters #2 and #3: Place the inside of a footagainst the butt spur.

Step 8: Firefighters #2 and #3: Steady the ladder withboth hands on the beam.


Step 10: Firefighter #1: Place the toe of one foot on thebutt spur.


Step 12: Firefighter #1: Check that the ladder locks are inplace.

Step 13: Firefighters #2 and #3: Grasp the beam or aconvenient rung.

NOTE: Either method is acceptable as long as both do it thesame way.

Step 14: Firefighter #1: Steady the ladder from the insideposition.

Step 15: All Firefighters: Lower the ladder gently onto thebuilding.

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1

3

Ground Ladders 325

NOTE: Firefighters #1 and #2 are located near the buttend of the ladder. Firefighters #3 and #4 are locatednear the tip end of the ladder.

Step 1: All Firefighters: Carry the ladder to the desiredlocation for the raise.

Step 2: Firefighters #1 and #2: Place the ladder butt onthe ground.

Step 3: Firefighters #3 and #4: Rest the ladder flat on theshoulders.

SKILL SHEET 9-13 FOUR-FIREFIGHTER FLAT RAISE

Step 4: Firefighters #1 and #2: Heel the ladder by placingthe inside feet on the bottom rung and the outside feet onthe ground outside the beam.

Step 5: Firefighters #1 and #2: Grasp a convenient rungwith the inside hands and the beam with the other hands.

Step 6: Firefighters #1 and #2: Pull back.

Step 7: Firefighters #3 and #4: Advance in unison, withthe hands on the beams until the ladder is in a verticalposition.

NOTE: If necessary, pivot the ladder to position the flysection away from the building. Wood ladders should bepositioned with the fly section toward the building.


2 1

3

4

326 ESSENTIALS

Step 8: Firefighter #1 or #2: Grasp the halyard.

Step 9: Firefighter #1 or #2: Extend the fly section with ahand-over-hand motion until the tip reaches the desiredelevation.

Step 10: Firefighters #1 and #2: Check that the ladderlocks are in place.

Step 11: Firefighters #3 and #4: Place the inside feetagainst the butt spur or bottom rung.

Step 12: Firefighters #3 and #4: Grasp the beams.

Step 13: All Firefighters: Lower the ladder gently onto thebuilding.

Ground Ladders 327

Step 1: Carry the roof ladder to the ladder that is to beclimbed.

Step 2: Set the roof ladder down.

Step 3: Open the hooks.

SKILL SHEET 9-14 ROOF LADDER DEPLOYMENT

One-Firefighter Method

Step 4: Face the hooks outward.

Step 5: Tilt the roof ladder up so that it rests against theother ladder.

328 ESSENTIALS

Step 6: Climb the main ladder until your shoulder is abouttwo rungs above the midpoint of the roof ladder.

Step 7: Reach through the rungs of the roof ladder.

Step 8: Hoist the ladder onto the shoulder.

Step 9: Climb to the top of the ladder.

Step 10: Lock into the ladder using a leg lock or life safetyharness.

Ground Ladders 329

Step 11: Take the roof ladder off the shoulder.

Step 12: Use a hand-over-hand method to push the roofladder onto the roof.

NOTE: The ladder should be pushed onto the roof so thatthe hooks are in the down position.

Step 13: Push the roof ladder up the roof until the hooks goover the edge of the peak and catch solidly.

NOTE: Remove the roof ladder by reversing the process.

330 ESSENTIALS

NOTE: Firefighter #1 is located near the butt of the roofladder. Firefighter #2 is located near the tip of the roofladder.

Step 1: Both Firefighters: Carry the roof ladder to theladder that has been raised.

NOTE: Use the low-shoulder carry, hooks (tip) first.

Step 2: Firefighter #2: Open the hooks in such a mannerthat the hooks face outward.


Hooks-First MethodTwo Firefighters

Step 3: Firefighter #2: Ascend the raised ladder using afree hand on the beam for support.

NOTE: Both firefighters will complete Step 3 if the height ofthe roof requires both of them to climb the ladder.

Step 4: Firefighter #2: Leg lock in or connect a safety beltto the ladder when reaching the roof edge.

Step 5: Both Firefighters: Remove the roof ladder fromthe shoulders.

Step 6: Both Firefighters: Push the ladder on its beamonto the roof.

Ground Ladders 331

Step 7: Firefighter #2: Slide the roof ladder up the roof onits beam until the balance point is reached.

Step 8: Firefighter #2: Turn the ladder flat with the hooksdown.

Step 9: Firefighter #2: Slide the ladder the remainingdistance to the roof peak on the hooks until the hooks dropover the peak.

Step 10: Firefighter #2: Pull back on the roof ladder to snugit in.

332 ESSENTIALS

NOTE: Firefighter #1 is located near the butt of the roofladder. Firefighter #2 is located near the tip of the roofladder.

Step 1: Firefighter #1: Lower the butt of the roof ladder tothe ground adjacent to the ladder that has been raised.

Step 2: Firefighter #2: Maintain the carry position.


Butt-First MethodTwo Firefighters

Step 3: Firefighter #1: Assume a heeler position.

Step 4: Firefighter #2: Shift out of the carry position andraise the ladder to vertical.

Step 5: Firefighter #2: Stand the roof ladder alongside theother ladder.

Step 6: Firefighter #1: Steady the roof ladder.

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Ground Ladders 333

Step 7: Firefighter #1: Heel the climbing ladder whileholding the roof ladder.

NOTE: Step 7 may be omitted if it is possible to eithersecure the butt of the climbing ladder with a rope or use athird firefighter as the heeler.

Step 8: Firefighter #2: Climb to a point near the tip.

Step 9: Firefighter #2: Leg lock in.

Step 10: Firefighter #2: Open the hooks away from thebody.

Step 11: Both Firefighters: Push the ladder upward.

Step 12: Firefighter #2: Slide the roof ladder up the roof onits beam until the balance point is reached.

334 ESSENTIALS

Step 13: Firefighter #2: Turn the ladder flat, hooks down.

Step 14: Firefighter #2: Slide the ladder the remainingdistance to the roof peak on its hooks until the hooks dropover the peak.

Step 15: Firefighter #2: Pull back on the roof ladder tosnug it in.

Ground Ladders 335

Step 1: Both Firefighters: Face each other through theladder.

Step 2: Both Firefighters: Grasp the ladder with bothhands.

SKILL SHEET 9-17 TWO-FIREFIGHTER LADDER PIVOT

Step 3: Appropriate Firefighter: Place a foot against theside of the beam on which the ladder will pivot.

Step 4: Both Firefighters: Tilt the ladder onto the pivotbeam.

Step 5: Both Firefighters: Pivot the ladder 90 degrees.Simultaneously adjust positions as necessary.

336 ESSENTIALS

Step 6: Both Firefighters: Repeat the process until theladder is turned a full 180 degrees and the fly is in the properposition.

NOTE: When firefighters become proficient in thismaneuver, they may be able to pivot the ladder 180degrees in one step.

Ground Ladders 337

Step 1: Face the ladder.

Step 2: Heel the ladder.

Step 3: Grasp the beams.

Step 4: Bring the ladder outward to vertical.

SKILL SHEET 9-18 ONE-FIREFIGHTER LADDER SHIFT

Step 5: Shift your grip on the ladder, one hand at a time, sothat one hand grasps as low a rung as convenient, palmupward.

Step 6: Grasp a rung as high as convenient with the otherhand, palm downward.

338 ESSENTIALS

Step 7: Turn slightly in the direction of travel.

Step 8: Check visually the terrain and the area overhead.

Step 9: Lift the ladder and proceed forward a shortdistance.

Step 10: Watch the tip as it is being moved.

WARNINGDo not attempt this procedure close to

overhead wires.

Step 11: Set the ladder down at the new position.

Step 12: Switch your grip back to the beams.

Step 13: Heel the ladder.

Step 14: Lower the ladder into position.

Ground Ladders 339

Step 1: Both Firefighters: Position on opposite sides ofthe ladder.

NOTE: If the ladder is not vertical, it is brought to vertical;if extended, it is fully retracted.

SKILL SHEET 9-19 TWO-FIREFIGHTER LADDER SHIFT

Step 2: Both Firefighters: Position hands.

NOTE: One hand grasps as low a rung as convenient,palm upward. The other hand grasps a rung as high asconvenient, palm downward. The side grasped low byone firefighter is grasped high by the other.

Step 3: Both Firefighters: Lift the ladder just clear of theground.

Step 4: Both Firefighters: Watch the tip while shifting theladder to the new position.

Step 5: Both Firefighters: Re-extend the ladder (ifnecessary).

Step 6: Both Firefighters: Lower the ladder gently intoposition.

340 ESSENTIALS

Step 1: Climb to the desired height.

Step 2: Advance one rung higher.

SKILL SHEET 9-20 APPLYING A LEG LOCK ON A GROUND LADDER

Step 3: Slide the leg on the opposite side from the workingside over and behind the rung that you will lock onto.

Ground Ladders 341

Step 4: Hook your foot either on the rung (A) or on the beam(B).

Step 5: Rest on your thigh.

Step 6: Step down with the opposite leg.

B

A

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Chapter 09